填空题With tools made of______, the Mayans were able to build high temples and made various works of art.

填空题The counselor warned Brian and Chery that they would no longer be American citizens if they wanted to adopt children from South Korea.

填空题It is the driver's responsibility to make children uruler 14 wear seat belts if______.

填空题This time tomorrow you ______ (sit) here doing some more exercises.

填空题 No one knows exactly how many disabled people there are in theworld, but estimates suggest the figure is over 450 million. The numberof disabled people in India alone is probably more double the total 62. ______.population of Canada. In the United kingdom, about one in ten people has some disability. 63. ______.Disability is not just something that happens to other people. As we getolder, many of us will get less mobility, hard of hearing or have failing 64. ______. eyesight. Disablement can take many forms and occur at any time of life.Some people are born for disabilities. Many others become disabled as 65.they get older. There are many progressive disable diseases. The longer 66. ______.time goes on, the worse they become. Some people are disabled by accident.Many others may have a period of disability by the form of a mental 67. ______.illness. All are affected by people's attitudes toward them. Disabled people face many physical barriers. Next time you goshopping or to work or visit friends, imagine how you will manage if 68. ______.you could not get up steps, or on to buses and trains. But there are other barriers: prejudice can be even hard to break 69.down and ignorance inevitable represents by far the greatest barrier of 70. ______. all.It is almost impossible for the able-bodied to fully appreciate what the severely disabled to go through. Therefore, it is important to draw 71. ______.attention to these barriers and show that it is the individual person andtheir ability ,not their disability that counts.

填空题Complaints should be made to a responsible person. Go back to the shop where you bought the goods, taking with you any receipt you may have. Ask to see the buyer in a large store. In a small store the assistant may also be the owner so you can complain direct. In a chain store ask to see the manager. Even the bravest person finds it difficult to complain face to face, so if you do not want to do it in person, write a letter. Stick to the facts and keep a copy of what you write. At this stage you should give any receipt numbers, but you should not need to give receipts or other papers to prove you bought the article, If you are not satisfied with the answer you get, or if you do not get a reply, write to the managing director of the firm, shop, or organization. Be sure to keep copies of your own letters and any you receive. If your complaint is a just one, the shopkeeper may offer to replace or repair the faulty article. You may find this an attractive solution. In certain cases you may have the right to refuse the goods and ask for your money back, but this is only where you have hardly used the goods and have acted at once. Even when you cannot refuse the goods you may be able to get some money back as well. And if you have suffered some special loss, if for example a new washing machine tears your clothes, you might receive money to replace them. If the shopkeeper offers you a credit note to be used to buy goods in the same shops but you would rather have money, say so. If you accept a credit note remember that later you will not be able to ask for your money. If the shopkeeper refuses to give you money, ask for advice from your Citizens' Advice Bureau before you accept a credit note. In some cases the shopkeeper does not have to give you your money back—if, for example, he changes an article simply because you don't like it or it does not fit. He does not have to take back the goods in these circumstances.

填空题These crowded cities are____________(传染病传播的温床)

填空题In November 1965

填空题Unfamiliar threats are ______.

填空题Jim ______ (在心理学考试中作弊被发现), while Sam was scolded.

填空题The Science of Interruptions In 2000, Gloria Mark was hired as a professor at the University of California. She would arrive at her desk in the morning, full of energy and ready to tackle her to-do list. No sooner had she started one task than a colleague would e-mail her with an urgent request; when she went to work on that, the phone would ring. At the end of the day, Mark had accomplished a fraction of what she set out to do. Lots of people complain that office multitasking drives them nuts. But Mark studies how high-tech devices affect our behavior, so she was able to do more than complain: She set out to measure how nuts we've all become. She watched cubicle (办公室隔间) dwellers as they surfed the chaos of modern office life and found each employee spent only ten-and-a-half minutes on any given project before being interrupted. Each short project was itself fragmented into three-minute tasks, like answering e-mail messages or working on a sheet. Mark's study also revealed that interruptions are often crucial to office work. The high-tech workers admitted that many of their daily distractions were essential to their jobs. When someone forwards you an urgent e-mail message, it's often something you really do need to see; if a mobile phone call breaks through, it might be the call that saves your hide.For some computer engineers and academics, this realization has begun to raise an attractive possibility: Perhaps we can find an ideal middle ground. If high-tech work distractions are inevitable, maybe we can re-engineer them so we receive all of their benefits but few of their downsides.The Birth of Multitasking The science of interruptions began more than 100 years ago with the emergence of telegraph operators — the first high-stress, time-sensitive information-technology jobs. Psychologists discovered that if someone spoke to a telegraph operator while he was keying a message, the operator was more likely to make errors. Later, psychologists determined that whenever workers needed to focus on a job that required the monitoring of data, presentation was all important. Using this knowledge, cockpits (驶舱) for fighter pilots were carefully designed so that each dial and meter could be read with just a glance. Still, such issues seemed remote from the lives of everyday workers. Then, in the 1990s, computers began to experience a rapid increase in speed and power. "Multitasking" was born; instead of simply working on one program for hours at a time, a computer user works on several simultaneously. Office workers now stare at computer screens of overwhelming complexity, as they juggle (操纵) messages, text documents, PowerPoint presentations and web browsers. In the modern office we are all fighter pilots.Effect of Multitasking: Computer-affected Behavior Information is no longer a scarce resource — attention is. 20 years ago, an office worker had two types of communication technology: a phone, which required an instant answer, and postal mail, which took days. Now people have dozens of possibilities between these two poles. The result is something like "continuous partial attention", which makes us so busy keeping an eye on everything that we never fully focus on anything. This can actually be a positive feeling, inasmuch as the constant email dinging makes us feel needed and desired. But what happens when you take that to the extreme? You get overwhelmed. Sanity lies in danger. In 1997, Microsoft recruited Mary Czerwinski, who once worked in NASA's Human-computer Interaction Lab, to conduct basic research to find out how computers affect human behavior. She took 39 office workers and installed software on their computers that would record every mouse click. She discovered that computer users were as restless as hummingbirds. On average, they juggled eight windows at the same time. More astonishing, they would spend barely 20 seconds looking at one window before flipping to another. Why constant shifting? In part it was because of the way computers are laid out. A computer offers very little visual real estate. A Microsoft Word document can cover almost an entire screen. Once you begin multitasking, a computer desktop quickly becomes buried in windows. When someone is interrupted, it takes just over 23 minutes to cycle back to the original task. Once their work becomes buried beneath a screenful of interruptions, office workers appear to forget what tasks they were originally pursuing. The central danger of interruptions is not the interruption at all, but the confusion they bring to our short-term memory.Ways to Cope with Interruptions When Mark and Czerwinski, working separately, looked at the desks of the people they were studying, they each noticed the same thing: Post-it notes. Workers would write brief reminders of the task they were supposed to be working on ("Test DA's PC, Waiting for AL... "). Then they would place them directly in their fields of vision, often in a circle around the edge of their computer screens. These piecemeal efforts at coping pointed to ways that our high-tech tools could be engineered to be less distracting. Czerwinski also noticed many Microsoft people attached three monitors to their computers. They placed their applications on different screens — the email on the right side, a web browser on the right and their main work project in the middle — so that each application was read at a glance. When the ding on their email program went off, they just peek to the left to see the message. The workers said this arrangement made them feel calmer. But did more screen area actually help with cognition? To find out, Czerwinski had 15 volunteers sit in front of a regular size 38 cm monitor and complete a variety of tasks designed to challenge their concentration — a web search, some cutting and pasting, and memorizing phone numbers. Then the volunteers repeated the tasks using a computer with a massive 105 cm screen. On the bigger screen, some people completed the tasks as much as 44% more quickly. In two decades of research, Czerwinski had never seen a single change to a computer system so significantly improve a user's productivity. The clearer your screen, the calmer your mind.Looking for Better Interruptions Mark compared the way people work when sitting in cubicles with how they work when they're at different locations and interact online. She discovered people working in cubicles suffer more interruptions, but they have better interruptions because their co-workers have a social sense of what they're doing. When you work next to others, they sense whether you're deeply immersed or relatively free to talk and interrupt you accordingly. Why don't computers work this way? Instead of alerting us to email messages the instant they arrive, our machines could deliver them at optimum moments, when our brains are relaxed. Eric Horvitz at Microsoft is trying to do precisely that. He has been building automated reasoning systems equipped with artificial intelligence that observes a computer user's behavior and tries to predict the moment the user will be mentally free and ready to be interrupted. (1,161 words)

填空题Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2. Norman Borlaug: "Father of the Green Revolution" A．Few people have quietly changed the world for the better more than this rural lad from the midwestern state of Iowa in the United States. The man in focus is Norman Borlaug, the Father of the 'Green Revolution', who died on September 12, 2009 at age 95. Norman Borlaug spent most of his 60 working years in the farmlands of Mexico, South Asia and later in Africa, fighting world hunger, and saving by some estimates up to a billion lives in the process. An achievement, fit for a Nobel Peace Prize. Early Years B．"I'm a product of the great depression" is how Borlaug described himself. A great-grandson of Norwegian immigrants to the United States, Borlaug was born in 1914 and grew up on a small farm in the northeastern corner of Iowa in a town called Cresco. His family had a 40-hectare (公顷) farm on which they grew wheat, maize (玉米) and hay and raised pigs and cattle. Norman spent most of his time from age 7-17 on the farm, even as he attended a one-room, one-teacher school at New Oregon in Howard County. C．Borlaug didn't have money to go to college. But through a Great Depression era programme, known as the National Youth Administration, Borlaug was able to enroll in the University of Minnesota at Minneapolis to study forestry. He excelled in studies and received his Ph.D. in plant pathology (病理学) and genetics in 1942. From 1942 to 1944, Borlaug was employed as a microbiologist at DuPont in Wilmington. However, following the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, Borlaug tried to join the military, but was rejected under wartime labour regulations. In Mexico D．In 1944, many experts warned of mass starvation in developing nations where populations were expanding faster than crop production. Borlaug began work at a Rockefeller Foundation-funded project in Mexico to increase wheat production by developing higher-yielding varieties of the crop. It involved research in genetics, plant breeding, plant pathology, entomology (昆虫学), agronomy (农艺学), soil science, and cereal technology. The goal of the project was to boost wheat production in Mexico, which at the time was importing a large portion of its grain. Borlaug said that his first couple of years in Mexico were difficult. He lacked trained scientists and equipment. Native farmers were hostile towards the wheat programme because of serious crop losses from 1939 to 1941 due to stem rust. E．Wheat varieties that Borlaug worked with had tall, thin stalks. While taller wheat competed better for sunlight, they had a tendency to collapse under the weight of extra grain—a trait called lodging. To overcome this, Borlaug worked on breeding wheat with shorter and stronger stalks, which could hold on larger seed heads. Borlaug's new semi-dwarf, disease-resistant varieties, called Pitic 62 and Penjamo 62, changed the potential yield of Mexican wheat dramatically. By 1963 wheat production in Mexico stood six times more than that of 1944. Green Revolution in India F．During the 1960s, South Asia experienced severe drought condition and India had been importing wheat on a large scale from the United States. Borlaug came to India in 1963 along with Dr. Robert Anderson to duplicate his Mexican success in the sub-continent. The experiments began with planting a few of the high-yielding variety strains in the fields of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute at Pusa in New Delhi, under the supervision of Dr. M. S. Swaminathan. These strains were subsequently planted in test plots at Ludhiana, Pantnagar, Kanpur, Pune and Indore. The results were promising, but large-scale success, however, was not instant. Cultural opposition to new agricultural techniques initially prevented Borlaug from going ahead with planting of new wheat strains in India. By 1965, when the drought situation turned alarming, the Government took the lead and allowed wheat revolution to move forward. By employing agricultural techniques he developed in Mexico, Borlaug was able to nearly double South Asian wheat harvests between 1965 and 1970. G．India subsequently made a huge commitment to Mexican wheat, importing some 18,000 tonnes of seed. By 1968, it was clear that the Indian wheat harvest was nothing short of revolutionary. It was so productive that there was a shortage of labour to harvest it, of bull carts to haul it to the threshing floor (打谷场), of jute (黄麻) bags to store it. Local governments in some areas were forced to shut down schools temporarily to use them as store houses. H．United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) observed that in 40 years between 1961 and 2001, "India more than doubled its population, from 452 million to more than 1 billion. At the same time, it nearly tripled its grain production from 87 million tonnes to 231 million tonnes. It accomplished this feat while increasing cultivated grain acreage (土地面积) a mere 8 percent." It was in India that Norman Borlaug's work was described as the 'Green Revolution.' In Africa I．Africa suffered widespread hunger and starvation through the 70s and 80s. Food and aid poured in from most developed countries into the continent, but thanks to the absence of efficient distribution system, the hungry remained empty-stomach. Then the Chairman of the Nippon Foundation, Ryoichi Sasakawa wondered why the methods used in Mexico and India were not extended to Africa. He called up Norman Borlaug, now leading a semi-retired life, for help. He managed to convince Borlaug to help with his new effort and subsequently founded the Sasakawa Africa Association. Borlaug later recalled, "but after I saw the terrible circumstances there, I said, 'Let's just start growing.'" J．The success in Africa was not as spectacular as it was in India or Mexico. Those elements that allowed Borlaug's projects to succeed, such as well-organized economies and transportation and irrigation systems, were severely lacking throughout Africa. Because of this, Borlaug's initial projects were restricted to developed regions of the continent. Nevertheless, yields of maize, sorghum (高粱) and wheat doubled between 1983 and 1985. Nobel Prize K．For his contributions to the world food supply, Borlaug was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970. Norwegian officials notified his wife in Mexico City at 4:00 a.m., but Borlaug had already left for the test fields in the Toluca valley, about 65 km west of Mexico City. A chauffeur (司机) took her to the fields to inform her husband. In his acceptance speech, Borlaug said, "the first essential component of social justice is adequate food for all mankind. Food is the moral fight of all who are born into this world. Yet, 50 percent of the world population goes hungry." Green Revolution vs Environmentalists L．Borlaug's advocacy of intensive high-yield agriculture came under severe criticism from environmentalists in recent years. His work faced environmental and socio-economic criticisms including charges that his methods have created dependence on monoculture crops, unsustainable farming practices, heavy indebtedness among subsistence farmers, and high levels of cancer among those who work With agriculture chemicals. There are also concerns about the long-term sustainability of farming practices encouraged by the Green Revolution in both the developed and the developing world. M．In India, the Green Revolution is blamed for the destruction of Indian crop diversity, drought vulnerability, dependence on agro-chemicals that poison soils but reap large-scale benefits mostly to the American multi-national corporations. What these critics overwhelmingly advocate is a global movement towards "organic" or "sustainable" farming practices that avoid using chemicals and high technology in favour of natural fertilizers, cultivation and pest-control programmes.

填空题The author of this article wants to give people some advice on how to make a household financial plan properly and keep the passion as well.

填空题Before 1920s，American women were______(在很大程度上被剥夺了选举权)．

填空题 Planning and People In all kinds of organizations--companies, schools, hospitals, etc. --decisions appear correct in theory but do not work in practice. There are many reasons for this. To illustrate the problems involved we will consider four cases where different decisions have to be taken. Case No. 1 The manager of a shipping company was interested in using large metal containers for the company's cargo instead of conventional methods of loading and unloading. He discovered that the use of containers was less expensive and quicker than conventional methods. More cargo could be sent at one time and delays on the way were shorter. The only major disadvantage (apart from the initial cost of the containers) was that not all ships could take them. However, the manager believed that his company could find enough ships for their containers. His plan to use containers was adopted by the board of directors. Unfortunately, however, it was never put into practice. The dockers heard about the plan and did not like it. The reason was that the containers would make about a quarter of the dockers redundant. The plan was killed. The comparison of containers with conventional methods is shown in the following table./r/n /r/n /r/n Advantages/r/n Disadvantages/r/n /r/n /r/n Containers/r/n 1. less freight expenses/r/n 2. quicker delivery/r/n 3. more cargo can be sent at one time/r/n 4. shorter delays on the way /r/n 1. not all ships can take them/r/n 2. heavy initial cost /r/n /r/n /r/n Conventional/r/n methods /r/n 1. all ships can use them/r/n 2. no need to spend money on the containers /r/n 1. more freight expenses/r/n 2. slower delivery/r/n 3. less cargo can be sent at one time/r/n 4. longer delays on the way /r/n /r/nCase No. 2　　A solar pump was built in a small desert village. The pump used the desert's most common resource-sunlight, to increase its greatest necessity-water. Solar collectors were used to collect the sun's rays. Flat collectors can be stationary and do not have moving parts which can be broken in sand storms. The system used the 20 degree centigrade temperature difference between the solar collectors and the ground water to work a gas expansion engine which pumped water from under the ground.　　Some of the social effects of the new pumps were planned for. Children aged 6 to15 used to bring the water from wells, where they met the old men of the village and received informal education from them. In order to replace this, a school was also included in the project. But the project had not considered the traditional power structure of the village. As soon as the foreign experts left, the two richest men in the village took control of the pump and started selling water to everyone else. The result was that the majority of people were poorer than before.Case No. 3　　In 1946 there was a program in the Rio Grande valley to substitute hybrid corn for the native corn. The native corn was of poor nutritional quality and gave a poor quantity of grain while the hybrid corn was of excellent quality and gave about three times as large a crop as the native variety. In the first year half of the 84 farmers in the village planted hybrid corn and doubled the corn production. Three years later, however, only three farmers planted hybrid corn. The others were planting the traditional variety. At the beginning of the project the program leader studied the ecology of the area and showed films demonstrating the superiority of the new corn. The farmers agreed that the hybrid corn had great advantages. The size of the crop confirmed these advantages. Why did they stop planting it? The answer was simple: their wives did not like it. They complained that it wasn't good for cooking and they didn't like the flavor.Case No. 4　　The manager of a large office building had received many complaints about the lift service in the building. He engaged a group of engineers to study the situation and make recommendations for improvement. The engineers suggested two alternative solutions:　　1. adding more lifts of the same types;　　2. replacing the existing lifts by faster ones.　　The manager decided that both alternative solutions were too expensive. So the firm's psychologist offered to study the problem. He noticed that many people arrived at their offices feeling angry and impatient. The reason they gave was the length of time they had to wait for the lift. However, the psychologist was impressed by the fact that they had only had to wait a relatively short time. It occurred to him that the reason for their annoyance was the fact they had to stand by the lifts inactive. He suggested a simple, inexpensive solution to the manager. This was adopted and complaints stopped immediately. The solution was to place a large mirror next to the lifts.　　Three of these cases show failure, and one success. What conclusions can be made about the decision involved? First, in any decision, some considerations are more relevant than others. It is a mistake to attempt to, solve a problem in engineering terms when the problem is a psychological one. Similarly, it is wrong to concentrate on the social effects of a new invention if it is mechanically inadequate. It is a mistake to attempt to improve one part of a system if the whole system has to be changed.　　Secondly, there is a more fundamental question. A solution may be technically very crude but will work because people are enthusiastic about it. Some projects predict negative human reactions but are unable to persuade people that the project is right. Other projects fail because of indifference--people neither like it nor dislike it-they just do not think it is necessary. A project will be successful only if the people involved believe that it is necessary and valuable for their own lives.　　Some people believe that in these cases the plans are right but the people are wrong. History, however, has shown this belief to be dangerous.

填空题In the medical profession, technology is advancing so fast that questions of law and ethics cannot be discussed and answered fast enough. Most of these questions{{U}} (36) {{/U}}ending or beginning a human life. For example, we have the medical ability to keep a person{{U}} (37) {{/U}}"alive" for years, on machines, after he or she is "brain dead". But is it ethical to do this? And what about the{{U}} (38) {{/U}}In other words, is it{{U}} (39) {{/U}}not to keep a person alive if we have the technology to do so? And there are also many ethical questions involving the{{U}} (40) {{/U}}of a human baby. External fertilization, for example, is becoming more and more common. By this method, couples who have difficulty{{U}} (41) {{/U}}a child may still become parents. At a cost between $ 70,000 and $ 75,000 for the{{U}} (42) {{/U}}of one such baby, should society have to pay for this especially when there are many{{U}} (43) {{/U}}children who need parents?{{U}} (44) {{/U}}; is this fertilized egg a human being? If the parents get a divorce, to whom do these frozen eggs belong? And there is the question of surrogate mothers. There have been several cases of a woman{{U}} (45) {{/U}}.After delivering the baby, the surrogate mother sometimes changes her mind and wants to keep the baby. Whose baby is it?{{U}} (46) {{/U}}?

填空题Just as the Corporate cowboys of the 1970s destroyed the reputation of the corporations they headed, and engaged in grand scale self indulgence at corporate expense, now Australia is in the era of the campus cowboy (and female counterpart). They too overstate the performance of their product and corporation, and indulge in grand scale self indulgence, despite their claims of academic excellence and projecting a holier 'than holy image. Academics are put under various pressures to drop the standard of university education so that more students are retained through to graduation, thereby maximizing the revenue collected by governments of both persuasions and the more revenue handed back to the universities to fund the outrageous perquisites of senior management at those institutions. Australian universities artificially boost student numbers by accepting many Australians who should not be allowed within 100 kilometers of a university on the grounds of their intellectual rigor and/or lack of diligence and by actively recruiting full fee paying overseas students. Despite increased HECS fees, lecturers have been instructed to neglect their teaching in favor of research which generates further university revenue. Both tactics by Australian universities have resulted in a dumbing down of Australian tertiary (高等的) education. Sure the courses look good on paper, but how they are administered results in the massive abandonment of educational standards. For example, in some cases, students can pass a subject having scored only 30% on the final exam. In some instances, the English of the overseas students is limited and lecturers have trouble understanding what students are trying to say. They are under pressure to pass the student in order to retain them as cash cows. Lecturers are under so much pressure from their university managers that they employ tactics such as giving the students the exam questions and answers before the exam giving 'mock' exams and answers that are the same as the 'real' exam and setting only the simplest of questions (which are similar to questions students have already done in tutorials. Why aren't various parties doing something about the situation? Students don't complain because they get their qualification and higher grades with less work. Lecturers complain but bow to the pressure imposed on them because they have mortgages to pay, families to feed and a career investment in tertiary education. Universities win because lower standards and easier success means more students will come back to do higher degrees—a win-win situation? Professions which employ large groups of graduates don't complain because the system produces more 'qualified' graduates for employers to choose from, thus forcing down salaries and generating more revenue for the profession's administrators from increased numbers of people undertaking postgraduate professional exams necessary for admittance to the relevant profession.