填空题Directions: In, this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words on Answer Sheet 2.Look at the keyboard of any standard typewriter or computer. "Q", "W", "E" ," R","T" and "Y" are the first six letters. Who decided on this arrangement of the letters.'? And why? People tried for centuries to invent the typewriter. In 1714 in England, Henry Mill filed a patent for a machine called An Artificial Machine or Method for the Impressing or Transcribing of Letters, singly or progressively one after another, as in writing, whereby all writing whatsoever may be engrossed in paper or parchment so neat and exact as not to be distinguished from print. That machine probably didn't sell because no one could remember its name! The first practical typewriter was patented in the United States in 1868 by Christopher Latham Sholes. His machine was known as the typewriter. It had a movable carriage, a lever for turning paper from line to line, and a keyboard on which the letters were arranged in alphabetical order. But Sholes had a problem. On his first model, his" ABC" key arrangement caused the keys to jam when the typist worked quickly. Sholes didn't know how to keep the keys from sticking, so his solution was to keep the typist from typing too fast. Sholes asked his brother-in-law to rearrange the keyboard so that the commonest letters were not so close together and the type bars would come from opposite directions. Thus they would not clash together and jam the machine. The new arrangement was the QWERTY arrangement typists use today. Of course, Sholes claimed that the new arrangement was scientific and would add speed and efficiency. The only efficiency it added was to slow the typist down, since almost any word in the English language required the typist' s fingers to cover more distance on the keyboard. The advantages of the typewriter outweighed the disadvantages of the keyboard. Typists memorized the crazy letter arrangement, and the typewriter became a huge success. By the time typists had memorized the new arrangement of letters and built their speed, typewriter technology had improved, and the keys didn't stick as badly as they had at first.

填空题It"s Hard to Clean Big Data A. Karim Keshavjee, a Toronto physician and digital health consultant, crunches mountains of data from 500 doctors to figure out how to improve patient treatment. But it"s a frustrating slog to get a computer to decipher all the misspellings, abbreviations, and notes written in unintelligible medical shorthand. B. For example, "smoking information is very hard to parse," Keshavjee said. "If you read the records, you understand right away what the doctor meant. But good luck is trying to make a computer understand. There"s "never smoked" and "smoking=0." How many cigarettes does a patient smoke? That"s impossible to figure out." C. The hype around slicing and dicing massive amounts of data, or big data, makes it sound so easy: Just plug a library"s worth of information into a computer and wait for valuable insights to pour out about how to speed up an auto assembly line, get online shoppers to buy more sneakers, or fight cancer. The reality is much more complicated. Data is inevitably "dirty" thanks to obsolete, inaccurate, and missing information. Cleaning it up is an increasingly important and overlooked job that can help prevent costly mistakes. D. Although techniques are improving all the time, scrubbing data can only accomplish so much. Even when dealing with a relatively tidy set of information, getting useful results can be arduous and time-consuming. "I tell my clients that the world is messy and dirty," said Josh Sullivan, a vice president at business consulting firm Booz Allen who handles data crunching for clients. "There are no clean data sets." E. Data analysts start by looking for information that"s out of the norm. Because the volume of data is so huge, they typically hand the job over to software that automatically sifts through numbers and text to look for anything unusual that needs further review. Over time, computers can improve their accuracy in spotting what"s belongs and what doesn"t. They can also better understand what words and phrases mean by clustering similar examples together and then grading their interpretations for accuracy. "The approach is easy and straightforward, but training your models can take weeks and weeks," Sullivan said. F. A constellation of companies offer software and services for cleaning data. They range from technology giants like IBM IBM-0.24% and SAP SAP 0.12% to big data and analytics specialists like Cloudera and Talend Open Studio. A legion of start-ups is also trying to get a toehold as data janitors including Trifacta, Tatar, and Paxata. G. Healthcare, with all its dirty data, is one of the toughest industries for big data technology. Electronic health records make medical information increasingly easy to dump into computers, but there"s still a lot room for improvement before researchers, pharmaceutical companies and hospital business analysts can slice and dice all the information they want. H. Keshavjee, the doctor and CEO of InfoClin, a health data consulting firm, spends his days trying to tease out ways to improve patient treatment by sifting through tens of thousands of electronic medical records. Obstacles pop up all the time. I. Many doctors neglect to note a patient"s blood pressure in their medical records, something that no amount of data cleaning can fix. Simply determining what ails patients—based on what"s in their files—is surprisingly difficult for computers. Doctors may enter the proper code for diabetes without clearly indicating whether it"s the patient who has the disease or a family member. Or they may just enter "insulin" without mentioning the underlying diagnosis because, to them, it"s obvious. J. Physicians also use a lot of idiosyncratic shorthand for medications, illnesses and basic patient details. Deciphering it takes a lot of head scratching for humans and is nearly impossible for a computer. For example, Keshavjee came across one doctor who used the abbreviation "gpa." Only after coming across a variation, "gma," did he finally solve the puzzle—they were shorthand for "grandpa" and "grandma."? "It took a while to figure that one out," he said. K. Ultimately, Keshavjee said one of the only ways to solve the problem of dirty data in medical records is "data discipline." Doctors need to be trained to enter information correctly so that cleaning up after them is less of a chore. Incorporating something like Google"s helpful tool that suggests how to spell words as users type them would be a great addition for electronic medical records, he said. Computers can learn to pick out spelling errors, but minimizing the need is a step in the right direction. L. Another of Keshavjee"s suggestions is to create medical records with more standardized fields. A computer would then know where to look for specific information, reducing the chance of error. Of course, doing so is not as easy as it sounds because many patients suffer from multiple illnesses, he said. A standard form would have to be flexible enough to take such complications into account. M. Still, doctors would need to be able to jot down more free-form electronic notes that could never fit in a small box. Nuance like why a patient fell, for example, and not just the injury suffered, is critical for research. But software is hit and misses in understanding free-form writing without context. Humans searching by keyword may do a better job, but they still inevitably miss many relevant records. N. Of course, in some cases, what appears to be dirty data, really isn"t. Sullivan, from Booz Allen, gave the example the time his team was analyzing demographic information about customers for a luxury hotel chain and came across data showing that teens from a wealthy Middle Eastern country were frequent guests. "There were a whole group of 17 year-olds staying at the properties worldwide," Sullivan said. "We thought, "That can"t be true."" O. But after some digging, they found that the information was, in fact, correct. The hotel had legions of young customers that it didn"t even realize were there, and had never done anything to market to them. All guests under 22 were automatically logged as "low-income" in the company"s computers. Hotel executives had never considered the possibility of teens with deep pockets.? "I think it"s harder to build models if you don"t have outliers," Sullivan said. P. Even when data is clearly dirty, it can sometimes be put to good use. Take the example, again, of Google"s spelling suggestion technology. It automatically recognizes misspelled words and offers alternative spellings. It"s only possible because Google GOOG-0.34% has collected millions and perhaps billions of misspelled queries over the years. Instead of garbage, the dirty data is an opportunity. Q. Ultimately, humans, and not machines, draw conclusions from the data they crunch. Computers can sort through millions of documents, but they can"t interpret the findings. Cleaning data is just one of step in a long trial and error process to get to that point. Big data, for all its hype about its ability to lift business profits and help humanity, is a big headache. "The idea of failure is completely different in data science," Sullivan said. "If they don"t fail 10 or 12 times a day to get to where they should be, they"re not doing it right."

填空题What does human society depend on to make progress according to the author?

填空题If you want to set up a company, you must ______ (遵守官方规定的章程)．

填空题Freezing weather can mean (36) and hypothermia unless a person is prepared. Thus, how to stay warm, dry and safe are very important. Frostbite damages that happen when skin is exposed to extreme cold for too long. It mainly happens on the hands, feet, nose and ears. People with minor cases of frostbite that affect only the skin may not suffer any (37) damage. But if deeper tissue is affected, a person is likely to feel pain every time the area gets cold. If blood (38) are damaged, people can suffer a gangrene infection. Sometimes the only way doctors can treat an injury like this is to remove frostbitten areas like fingers and toes. (39) is a condition that develops when the body cannot produce as much heat as it releases. Hypothermia can lead to death if the person does not receive help. To avoid cold-related injuries, here are some simple (40) to remember. Think of COLD—C. O. L. D. The C (41) for cover. Wear a hat and scarf to keep heat from escaping through the head, neck and ears. Wear mittens instead of gloves. In gloves, the fingers are separated, so the hands might not stay as warm as they would in (42) 。 The O stands for overexertion. Avoid activities that will make you sweaty. Wet clothes and cold weather are a dangerous combination. The L is for layers. Wearing loose, lightweight clothes, one layer on top of another, is better than wearing a single heavy layer of clothing. The D is for dry. In other words, stay as dry as possible. Pay (43) to the places where snow can enter clothing. Here are two other things to keep in (44) —one for children and the other for adults. Eating snow might be fun but it lowers the body's (45) . And drinking alcohols might make a person feel warm. But what it really does is to weaken the body's ability to hold heat. A. permanent F. answer K. attention B. temperature G. stands L. means C. pressure H. mittens M. vessels D. mind I. gloves N. Hypothermia E. frostbite J. methods O. touch

填空题As a superpower, America spreads its culture to nearly every corner of the world.

填空题In addition to the work with local agency, a foster parent needs to meet the foster child's ________.

填空题Millions of sports lovers are thinking about just one thing right now—the Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. Close to 2,900 men and women are set to compete in the 2014 Winter Games. The 11 were held on Friday night. The games continue through Sunday, February 23. At least $50 billion are being spent on the 2014 Winter Games, making it the 12 Olympics in history. Seven billion dollars was spent on the 2010 Winter Games in Vancouver, Canada. Olympic officials chose Sochi to host the 2014 games almost seven years ago. At the time, Russian President Vladimir Putin said the games would cost about $13 billion. Yet the real cost is four times his 13 . So where did all the money go? Many Russians say people 14 the project have taken some of it. One research group found that 38 percent of Russians it spoke with said the Olympics increased the likelihood of 15 . Other observers say the high cost is partly the result of 16 measures. Brian Jenkins is a 17 expert from the RAND Corporation. "There are anywhere between 70,000 and 100,000 policemen and military troops deployed around the city. 18 , we hear reports that Russian authorities are going door to door in Sochi looking for 19 ." The main threat comes from separatist and Islamist groups from the North Caucasus. One group 20 two suicide bombings in Volgograd last December. The attacks killed more than 30 people. The city is only about 600 kilometers away from Sochi.

填空题______ (他刚写完纸条) than the telephone rang once again.

填空题In the short span of the last decade,__________________(我们国发展的这么快，使人民高兴，令世界瞩目).

填空题A. importantD. petG. handsJ. follow M. shareB. hesitantlyE. delayH. knife K. acceptable N. calmlyC. differF. considerableI. lady L. mouth O. uncomfortable Social customs and ways of behaving change. Things which were considered impolite many years ago are now (1) . Just a few years ago, it was considered impolite for a man to smoke on street. No man smoked when a(n) (2) was in a room. Customs also (3) from country to country. Does a man walk on the left or the right of a woman in your country? Or doesn't it matter? Should you use both (4) when you are eating? Should you leave one in your lap, or on the table? The Americans and the British not only speak the same language but also (5) a large number of social customs. For example, most Englishmen will open a door for a woman or offer their seat to a woman, and so will most Americans. Promptness is (6) both in England and in America. That is, if a dinner invitation is for 7 o'clock, the dinner guest either arrives close to that time or calls up to explain his (7) . The important thing to remember about social customs is not to do anything that might make other people feel (8) —especially if they are your guests. When the food was served, one of the guests started to eat his peas with a(n) (9) . The other guests were amused or shocked, but the host (10) picked up his knife and began eating in the same way. It would have been bad manners to make his guest feel foolish or uncomfortabl

填空题Which state in America covers the largest territory?

填空题Executive managers" pay is still determined by simplistic measures of performance that bear little relation to long-term drivers of companies" value, according to an analysis of pay at FTSE (Financial Times Stock Exchange) 100 companies over the past decade. The research 1 executive remuneration (报酬) over the 10 years from 2003-2013 at 30 FTSE 100 companies, and found there was 2 correlation between the key performance indicators that companies highlighted to shareholders and the measures used to incentivize and reward senior staff. "Much of the discussion around executive compensation focuses on the 3 of bonus payments," said Natalie Winter Frost, chairwoman of CFA UK. "The more important question centers around the way that performance is measured and consequently incentivized." The research found that chief executives" pay showed a low level of correlation with company performance, regardless of the specific measure of performance used. "A large 4 of CEO pay appears unrelated to periodic value creation," said the report"s authors. Relatively simplistic performance measures such as earnings per share and total shareholder return continued to 5 the criteria which were used to measure executives" performance over the period. Value-based metrics that 6 performances to the cost of capital were rarely used. Earnings per share can be boosted by, for example, M&A activity that does not 7 enhance profitability. The report said the dangers of over-reliance on such measures of executives" performance were well documented and included: "investment myopia (目光短浅), earnings manipulation, excessive risk-taking, and 8 to organizational culture". "There are 9 flaws in current remuneration policies and whilst our report highlights that compensation practices have improved, the journey is far from 10 ," said Ms Winter Frost. A. ambiguous B. complete C. consensus D. dominate E. evident F. examined G. extract H. fraction I. magnitude J. necessarily K. overworked L. related M. resources N. scant O. threats

填空题Being a foreign student, __________ (他没能领会中文老师所说的笑话).