填空题Hurricane (飓风) Hurricane is a name given to violent storms that originate over the tropical (热带的) or subtropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, or North Pacific Ocean east of the International Date Line. Such storms over the North Pacific west of the International Date Line are called typhoons (台风); those elsewhere are known as tropical cyclones (热带气旋), which is the general name for all such storms including hurricanes and typhoons. These storms can cause great damage to property and loss of human life due to high winds, flooding, and large waves crashing against shorelines. The deadliest natural disaster in the United States history was caused by a hurricane that struck the coast of Texas in 1990. The costliest natural disaster in U.S. history stemmed from Hurricane Katrina in 2005. How hurricanes form Oceans can become warm enough in the summer for hurricanes to develop, and the oceans also retain summer heat through the fall. As a result, the hurricane season in the Atlantic Basin, which comprises the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico, runs from June 1 through November 30. At least 25 out-of-season storms, however, have occurred from 1887 through 2003, and 9 of these strengthened into hurricanes for at least a few hours. Hurricanes weaken and die out when cut off from warm, humid air as they move over cooler water or land but can remain dangerous as they weaken. Hurricanes and other tropical cyclones begin as disorganized clusters of showers and thunderstorms. When one of these clusters becomes organized with its winds making a complete circle around a center, it is called a tropical depression (热带低气压) When a depression's sustained winds reach 63 km/h or more, it becomes a tropical storm and is given a name. By definition, a tropical storm becomes a hurricane when winds reach 119 km/h or more. For a tropical depression to grow into a hurricane, winds from just above the surface of the ocean to more than 12,000 m in altitude must be blowing from roughly the same direction and at the same speed. Winds that blow in opposite directions create wind shear--different wind speeds or direction at upper and lower altitudes (海拔)--that can prevent a storm from growing. Characteristics of hurricanes A hurricane consists of bands of thunderstorms that spiral (盘旋) toward the low-pressure center, or "eye" of the storm. Winds also spiral in toward the center, speeding up as they approach the eye. Large thunderstorms create an "eye wall" around the center where winds are the strongest. Winds in the eye itself are nearly calm, and the sky is often clear. Air pressures in the eye at the surface range from around 982 hectopascals (百帕) in a weak hurricane to lower than 914 hectopascals in the strongest storms. In a large, strong storm, hurricane-force winds may be felt over an area with a diameter of more than 100 km. The diameter of the area effected by gale winds and torrential rain can extend another 200 km or more outward from the eye of the storm. The diameter of the eye may be less than 16 km in a strong hurricane to more than 48 km in a weak storm. The smaller the diameter of the eye, the stronger the hurricane winds will be. A hurricane's strength is rated from Category 1, which has winds of at least 119 km/h, to Category 5, which has winds of more than 249 km/h. These categories, known as the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale, were developed in the 1970s. In the tropics, hurricanes move generally east to west, steered by global-scale winds. Hurricane, typhoons, and cyclones usually "recurve" in the direction of either the South Pole in the Southern Hemisphere or the North Pole in the Northern Hemisphere. Eventually the storms move toward the east in the middle latitudes, but not all storms recurve. Hurricanes travel at varying rates. In the lower latitudes the rate usually ranges from 8 to 32 kin/h, and in the higher latitudes it may increase to as much as 80 km/h. In addition to generating large weaves that travel out in all directions, hurricane winds pile up water. This piling up of water is known as a storm surge, and it can raise the sea level more than 6 m when the storm hits land. The deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history was the 1990 Galveston Texas hurricane, which killed an estimated 8,000 people. The storm surge accounted for most of the deaths. The costliest natural disaster in U.S. history wag caused by the storm surge created by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The hurricane's storm surge burst levees protecting New Orleans, Louisiana, flooding the city and forcing a complete evacuation. The worst tropical storm disaster since the 20th century began was a 1970 cyclone that struck East Pakistan when a storm surge killed an estimated 300,000 people. Since the last third of the 20th century, floods and landslides from heavy rain were the leading cause of hurricane and tropical storm deaths. In October 1998 Hurricane Mitch's torrential rain caused floods and landslides that killed more than 9,000 people with another 9,000 missing and presumed dead in Central America, according to the U.S. National Hurricane Center. Although the hurricane death toll steadily declined in the United States during the 20th century and at the start of the 21st century, the costs of damage soared as coastal populations grew and the value of property exceeded population growth. Before Hurricane Katrina, the costliest U.S. natural disaster was Hurricane Andrew, which hit the Miami, Florida, metropolitan area in 1992, causing ＄ 26.5 billion in damages, including both insured and uninsured losses. Some estimates of Hurricane Katrina's damages ran as high as ＄125 billion. In addition, federal relief efforts were expected to cost in the hundreds of billions. Hurricanes and global warming In recent years concerns have arisen that a general warming of the Earth's climate could increase the numbers or strength of hurricanes and tropical cyclones. In a January 2001 report the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said it had found no evidence that peak wind speeds or amounts of precipitation (降水量) in tropical cyclones had increased in the last half of the 20th century. Long-term records do not provide enough information to conclude whether the global total of tropical cyclones increased during the 20th century. But detailed records of Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico hurricanes show that the numbers of storms increase and decrease in cycles. Many hurricane researchers think the cycles are related to changes in Atlantic Ocean temperatures that last decades. From the late 19th century through the 1980s about one-third of the major hurricanes that formed in the Atlantic hit the United States, which means around ten such hurricanes could have been expected to hit from 1995 through 2003. Yet for reasons atmospheric scientists do not understand, only three such hurricanes hit the United States from 1995 through 2003. Researchers who study hurricanes and climate say that the computer models used to predict global climate changes do not look at weather in the detail needed to forecast whether a warmer world would increase the number or strength of hurricanes. On the other hand, scientists have no reason to expect fewer or weaker hurricanes to form than has occurred in the past. They also have no reason to think that many storms will miss the United States as they did in the 1990s and early 2000s. This means that no matter how global climate change affects hurricanes, increased population along the coasts places more people and property in harm's way.

填空题The only sounds are bird calls and the soft noise ______ (当水缓缓推动草时草所发出的).

填空题Much_______(使研究人员感到宽慰)，the outcome of the experiment was exactly the same as they had expected.

填空题He always accused himself, since he believed____________(他让妻子和孩子吃了很多苦头).

填空题The food that Mark is cooking in the kitchen is smelling delicious . A. The food B. is cooking C. is smelling D. delicious

填空题The main purpose of the author is to introduce to students how to have an effective study.

填空题Five Myths about College Debt A．The trillion-dollar student debt burden has caused many debates about the value of college. Some argue that we educate too many young people. Indeed, average tuition costs have gone up faster than the rate of inflation. The cost of college today is, in inflation-adjusted terms, roughly double what it was in 1980. This creates legitimate concerns about the continued affordability of a college education. B．But the debaters often have their facts wrong. Very few Americans graduate with ＄100,000 in debt; college makes more sense today than ever; and no, our universities aren't blowing their money to fund college dorms and football stadiums. Myth 1: The financial return for going to college is less now than it used to be. C．If anything, the value of an investment in college is higher now than it's ever been. The college premium (the difference between the earnings of college graduates and high school graduates) is at its highest level ever. D．It is true that in the years since the Great Recession, wages for recent college graduates have declined about 5 percent, but wages for those without a college degree have declined more than twice that, between 10 and 12 percent, increasing the college premium. Furthermore, the proportion of recent graduates who have gotten jobs coming out of college has been virtually unchanged from before the recession. In contrast, the employment rate for nigh school graduates and associate-degree holders has dropped by 8 to 10 percent. Similarly, throughout the recession, the overall unemployment rate for bachelor's degree holders has consistently been half that of non-college graduates. Myth 2: Colleges are not preparing students with the skills needed in the current workplace. E．All of the economic data suggests the exact opposite—that the productivity of U.S. college graduates in the workplace is increasing. The broadest measure of the productivity differential between high school graduates and college graduates is how much employers are willing to pay for the latter over the former. This is known as the "college premium", and it has increased steadily since the 1970s. This is not due to a diminished supply of college graduates (indeed, the supply has risen over that period). F．The college premium is larger in the United States than in virtually any other economically developed country. Across the 34 countries that make up the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), employers on average are willing to pay 1.8 times as much for a college graduate as they are for an unskilled worker. But in the United States, employers pay 2.6 times as much for a college graduate. G．A recent Milken Institute study found that for each additional year of college attained by the residents of a region, the per capita gross domestic product of the region increases a remarkable 17.4 percent. The authors argue that the increased regional productivity is largely the result of the increased productivity of a college-educated workforce. (Interestingly, they do not see a similar jump in productivity for additional education at the high school level.) Myth 3: On average, students are now borrowing ＄______ to pay for their college education. H．This is a myth, or at the very least misleading, for almost any figure reported in the national press. (Though the reported figures vary, the amount is generally more than ＄25,000.) There are several reasons for this, principally that the data being reported are generally based on one or another report of outstanding student loan balances or average debt levels for those with loans. I．What most people are interested in, and what most people interpret these figures to represent, is how much a typical student must borrow to finance an undergraduate (bachelor's) degree. Unfortunately, most figures reported lump together all student loan debt—for both undergraduate degrees and professional degrees. Furthermore, they report data on the average (mean) debt level among those who borrowed, not the median debt among all students, both those who borrowed and those who did not. J．Data on debt levels at time of graduation is far harder to obtain. The Department of Education periodically gathers this information, but its most recent report only covers those who received bachelor's degrees in 2008. Myth 4: College debt is at a crisis level. K．College debt now exceeds total credit-card debt and total auto loans, both of which have dropped since the beginning of the recession. It is in fact the only kind of household debt that continued to increase throughout the recession. L．There are three reasons for the increase. First, more students are going to college. Second, a higher percentage of them are borrowing to finance their education. And third, the amount they are borrowing has increased. Obviously, the first reason is to be applauded. It is in the interest of the students and the nation that more high school graduates go on to college. M．The fact that more students are borrowing more to attend college is the result of several different factors, only partly the increased cost of tuition. Another major factor is a marked decline in college savings. According to Moody's, during the past three years, the proportion of families with any college savings dropped from 60 percent to 50 percent, and those who saved set aside an average of only ＄11,781, down from ＄21,615 three years ago (a 45 percent decline). N．What this means is that more families are substituting debt for college savings. But these are just alternative ways of spreading the cost of college over multiple years. This is certainly no more worrisome than the switch from buying refrigerators with debt rather than layaway plans. O．But even more important is the fact that college spending is an investment in human capital. The Hamilton Project estimates that a student's spending on college has a financial return of over 15 percent, more than twice the average return of a stock market investment over the past 60 years. When corporate America increases its debt to invest in physical capital—new factories, etc.—we do not consider it a crisis. It is a positive investment in future productivity. Similarly, when individuals borrow to invest in their own human capital, this is an investment in future productivity. We should arguably celebrate the fact that college debt, an investment in the future, exceeds credit-card debt, which represents current consumption. Myth 5: College costs are increasing faster than inflation largely because of wasteful spending on lavish dorms, recreation centers etc. P．In a university's overall budget, capital costs for "sweetness" (such as recreation centers) constitute a very small fraction of the budget. Amortized (分期偿还) over the life of the asset, they may account for a few dollars of the annual tuition bill, but not much more. Q．Ironically, one of the main factors pushing up costs at universities is the fact that the college premium—the wages paid to highly educated employees—is higher than ever. College costs are dominated by employee salaries, and most of these employees (whether faculty, staff or administrators) are themselves highly educated. So the same phenomenon that increases the financial return of going to college for students also increases the cost of attending college!

填空题She studies at Pennsylvania College for Women first with a major in ______ then changed her major to ______.

填空题 {{B}}Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.{{/B}} With the global economy now taking more executives to far-away places like Beijing and Mumbai, jet lag is becoming a bigger problem, leading sleep researchers to work harder than ever to find suitable remedies. Trips to the other side of the globe make adjusting a traveler's body clock a more lasting process. Jet lag experts say they believe it takes one day for each time zone away from home, up to a maximum of six or seven days, to get fully in sync (同步) with local time.There is no easy remedy. One problem in developing solutions is all the variation in travelers' ability to handle jet lag. Sleep researchers have found that people who have dealt with sleep loss over long periods—on night shifts, for example can tolerate jet lag better than most. And older travelers also tend to get harder hit than the young by jet lag. About eight million corporate travelers made overseas trips last year, most of whom were flying to Europe or the Pacific area, throwing their body clocks off kilter and the effects are considered greater going East than West. Using a combination of nap and caffeine (咖啡因) is better than using them separately, if you can believe it. It takes 15 to 30 minutes for caffeine to kick in. So you do the two together. All it takes is a cup of coffee--not even a pill. By the time the caffeine is working, your nap is over.Sleep experts are also working with professional and amateur athletes who, of course, change time zones to play "away" games or perform at international meets. A proper amount of sleep can boost an athlete's performance as much as 30 percent. They are broadening their research to include the disconnection between flying fatigue and work patterns called "journey management". For example, when companies bring together staff from all over the world for a project, the experts will help coordinate the trips to help make sure everyone is productive when they arrive. Jet lag may be largely sleep interruption, but it's really a complex mixture of being out of sync with your normal pattern of behavior, plus other factors, even including airline food. If you're going to be abroad for only a few days. why fool around with so many solutions? If you keep resetting your body clock, you'll end up confusing your feelings.

填空题Deciding how much discomfort and risk we are preparing to put up with in the name of better health is a highly personal matter, not a decision we should leave to doctors alone. A. Deciding B. are preparing C. in the name of D. highly

填空题Scientists scanning and mapping the Giza pyramids say they"ve discovered that the Great Pyramid of Giza is not exactly even. But really not by much. This pyramid is the oldest of the world"s Seven Wonders. The pyramid"s exact size has 1 experts for centuries, as the "more than 21 acres of hard, white casing stones" that originally covered it were 2 long ago. Reporting in the most recent issue of the newsletter "AERAGRAM," which 3 the work of the Ancient Egypt Research Associates, engineer Glen Dash says his team used a new measuring approach that involved finding any surviving 4 of the Casing in order to determine where the original edge was. They found the east side of the pyramid to be a 5 of 5.5 inches shorter than the west side. The question that most 6 him, however, isn"t how the Egyptians who designed and built the pyramid got it wrong 4,500 years ago, but how they got it so close to 7 . "We can only speculate as to how the Egyptians could have laid out these lines with such 8 using only the tools they had," Dash writes. He says his 9 is that the Egyptians laid out their design on a grid, noting that the great pyramid is oriented only 10 away from the cardinal directions (its north-south axis runs 3 minutes 54 seconds west of due north, while its east-west axis runs 3 minutes 51 seconds north of due east)—an amount that"s "tiny, but similar," archeologist Atlas Obscura points out. A. chronicles B. complete C. established D. fascinates E. hypothesis F. maximum G. momentum H. mysteriously I. perfect J. precision K. puzzled L. remnants M. removed N. revelations O. slightly

填空题"We have won a great victory on our enemy ," the captain said. A. have won B. a C. on D. enemy

填空题Controlling our physical reactions and our thoughts is an effective means of managing stress.