填空题Apps Designed for Distracted Drivers A. Marty Williams recalls the conversations he and his wife would have with their two daughters about the dangers of talking and texting while driving. "It"s always a concern," said Williams. "We just drilled it into their heads over and over until they said "Okay, we get it," and when we saw something [about the dangers of drivers texting] on TV we made sure they saw it, too." B. Parents like Williams have good reason to worry. Half of teens say they talk on a cell phone while driving, a third say they swap text messages, and almost half say they"ve been a passenger in a vehicle with a teen driver whose phone use put them at risk, according to federal statistics. Teen drivers are more likely to get into a fatal crash than anyone under the age of 80, in part because their brains are still developing the system that evaluates risk. C. These days, however, there"s an app for that, several of them, in fact. There are apps that prevent mobile-device use while driving, and some of them alert parents or employers when a user tries to beat the system. They"ve emerged on the market as alarm grows over the carnage caused by distracted driving. D. More than 3,300 people die and 420,000 are injured annually in crashes attributed to distracted drivers. But those numbers may be low because, other than a driver"s admission of fault, it"s a challenge to prove that distraction caused a crash. Among all drivers involved in fatal crashes, teens were the most likely to have been distracted, National Highway Traffic Administration data show. "They feel invincible," said Jurek Grabowski, director of research at the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. "They have large social networks and they want to stay in contact with them." E. Conversations on the go, texting, surfing the Internet and taking selfies (自拍) are such a habit among teens that studies show they underestimate the risk. Teens make up a significant percentage of the approximately 660,000 drivers who are having phone conversations or manipulating electronic devices while driving at any given moment during daylight hours in the United States. And most teenagers who chat, text or surf while driving are breaking the law. The District and 37 states—including Maryland and Virginia—ban novice drivers from talking on the phone while driving. The three local jurisdictions (管辖区) and 41 other states bar all drivers from sending and receiving text messages while driving. But respect for those laws is similar to that given the speed limit. F. "We need to almost turn this thing into a brick," David Coleman said recently, holding up his cell phone while sitting in a Bowie Starbucks. "It can"t just be about texting. It has to be about e-mail, Facebook and no inappropriate calls." Coleman is marketing director for Louisiana-based Cellcontrol, one of several companies competing for the chance to shut down people"s mobile devices while they"re driving. Most of the companies that sell cell phone service—Verizon, AT&T, Sprint and others—also provide apps that can limit access. G. Many of the apps are triggered when a GPS sensor detects that a vehicle is in motion, and some—such as AT&T"s DriveMode—will alert parents or employers when the app has been turned off or disabled. Independent experts consider that a feature buyers should look for. "Especially for younger drivers. As clever as you can be, they will be more clever," said Leo McCloskey, a tech specialist for the Intelligent Transportation Society of America. "The best way to do it is to integrate the device with the vehicle so that you could have more precise control." H. That precise control means that parents or employers can select the features they want to allow their drivers to use and block those that worry them. "It"s important to have a solid oversight function so that use can be monitored by a fleet (车队) manager or parent," said Russ Rader of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. "Cellcontrol is one of the better, most complete systems. TeenSafer is another one that we"ve looked at that works pretty well. These products are going to be the most useful for fleet operators and for parents trying to control phone use by their driving teens. Both Cellcontrol and TeenSafer will report attempts to disrupt the system." I. Businesses that send fleets of cars, vans or trucks onto the streets have shown increasing interest in those products, as juries have issued multimillion-dollar rewards to those injured or killed by distracted drivers who were on the job. J. Systems integrated into the vehicle are triggered when the car or truck begins to move. "We"re not guessing based on a satellite, we"re depending on the vehicle to tell us," said Cellcontrol"s Coleman as he spent a morning demonstrating his company"s product in Prince George"s County. "Otherwise, how do I know you"re not on a Greyhound bus or on a plane that has landed and is taxiing (滑行) to the gate?" K. Cellcontrol provides two options for connecting to a vehicle. One is a device the size of an E-Zpass transponder (电子收费应答器) that is glued to the windshield with the same adhesive material used to secure rearview mirrors. The more sophisticated choice plugs in to a vehicle"s diagnostic computer port. The $129-system works with iPhones, Androids, BlackBerrys and Windows Mobile. L. The system involves an app that is downloaded to the phone of the driver—teenager or employee. The key to the system is software that can be installed on a home computer, tablet or mobile device that allows an authorized person—parent or boss—to customize what the driver is permitted to do, and to monitor compliance (遵从). "We"re not blocking the signal, we"re allowing a protective policy to be brought into the device," he said. "The administrator has the option to make the policy as restrictive as possible, or not." For example, phone use could be restricted to a hands-free device. Or calls could be restricted to an emergency number or a parent or office. Or parents could attempt to mandate (命令) that all passengers in the car driven by their teenager download the app. "You could decide this is the kids" car and we don"t want a stupid sitting in the passenger"s seat showing the driver YouTube videos," Coleman said. M. Coleman demonstrated how his phone was pre-programmed to go into safe mode when he drove, but when handed to a passenger it was fully operative. A second phone he brought along went into safe mode when the car was moving, regardless of whether it was in his hands or those of a passenger. Acknowledging that parents are dealing with a technology-savvy (精通科技的) generation and that employers exist in a technologically smart world, Coleman said, "We"ve built in some traps and fail-safes (故障安全装置) to notify the parent or employer." N. McCloskey said that companies like Cellcontrol that provide integrated services are "where we need to go." "The operating system of the phone itself can interact with the operating system of the vehicle in such a way that services can be authorized, services can be presented, and services can be consumed all in a safe and predictable manner," McCloskey said. O. Although he is concerned about distracted driving, McCloskey thinks it as a relatively short-term problem. "In the medium to long term, as autonomous vehicles really start making a mark, all this goes away as a concern," he said.

填空题Both mother-to-child transmission and partner-to-partner transmission can be prevented or protected effectively by drugs for ________________.

填空题They built deep shelters, ______ (希望如果发生核战争他们可以生存下去).

填空题An extraordinary education is the greatest gift you can give yourself. But if you are a young woman who has had that blessing, the task of finding a life partner who shares your intellectual 1 and potential for success is difficult. Those men who are as well-educated as you are often interested in younger, less challenging women. So what"s a smart girl to do? Start seeking early and stop wasting time dating men who aren"t good for you: bad boys, crazy guys and married men. College is the best place to look for your mate. It is an environment teeming with like-minded 2 single men with whom you already share many things. You will never again have this concentration of exceptional men to choose from. Can you meet 3 , marriageable men after college? Yes, but just not that many of them. Once you"re 4 and in the real world, you"ll be 5 by how smart the men are not. Before your marriage, try to 6 the men that you meet in college, especially the super smart ones. They"ll probably do very well for themselves and their 7 will only increase after graduation. Not all women want marriage or motherhood, but if you do, you have to start listening to your intuition and avoid falling for the P.C. 8 line that has misled so many young women for years. There is nothing incongruous about educated, 9 women wanting to be wives and mothers. Don"t let anyone tell you that these traditional roles are retrograde; they are perfectly natural and even wonderful. And if you 10 "the one" while you"re in college, don"t worry—there"s always a graduate school.

填空题He encouraged her to ______________________ (振作起来而不要过分沉溺在令人心碎的回忆之中).

填空题Before he went to elementary school, Nixon had become a keen reader of ______,______, and ______.

填空题Each autumn, teachers spend many hours writing references in support of their pupils' university applications, and university admissions tutors subsequently spend many hours reading them. Indeed, the official advice is that when there are more qualified applicants than can be accommodated, or when applicants' suitability for professions is being assessed, admissions staff should consider "additional information, including references". The pressure to widen access has brought us to the point where references axe hardly worth the paper they are written on. Of come, some applicants' results may not do them justice and will not therefore be an accurate predictor of future achievement. However, the almost total absence of anything but positive comments makes it impossible to distinguish between such applicants and those for whom higher education may be a step too far. It is the same story with access courses, which provide an opportunity for those who left school without qualifications to develop their confidence and study skills. Not all access students will be able to achieve a higher education qualification, but I cannot recall one who was not predicated by his or her access tutor to pass with flying colors and be an ideal candidate for higher education. Taking up referees' invitations to contact them for more information, in the hope that this may indicate that they are wishing to say something they are not prepared to write, rarely proves fruitful. I am repeatedly told that they are "not free to talk", or they express discomfort at being asked for specific information. "I'm sure you see how difficult it is for me", "I don't really know her that well" and "I rather wish you hadn't asked me that" are among the most common responses. Even university tutors are overstating the truth. One stated that an applicant had "gained passed in four modules and then decided to leave the course". Further inquiry revealed that he, and another who "came to the view that teaching was not for her", both left because they had failed. I also suspect that the student who "has many skills and qualities that, unfortunately, are not easily demonstrable through our system of academic assessment" was heading in a similar direction. If a pupil has "faced the challenge of A4evel work", is he or she rising to it or not? This is like trying to communicate in an unfamiliar language. Since in most cases we cannot establish what is meant, let us abandon the whole system of academic references for university entry and save us all the time and effort.

填空题 A Brief History of ClockClocks At best, historians know that 5,000-6,000 years ago, great civilizations in the Middle East and North Africa started to examine forms of clock-making instead of working with only the monthly and annual calendar. Little is known on exactly how these forms worked or indeed the actual deconstruction of the time, but it has been suggested that the intention was to maximize time available to achieve more as the size of the population grew. Perhaps such future periods of time were intended to benefit the community by allotting specific lengths of time to tasks. Was this the beginning of the working week? Sun Clocks With the disappearance of any ancient civilization, such as the Sumerian culture, knowledge is also lost. Whilst we can only hypothesize on the reasons of why the equivalent to the modern wristwatch was never completed, we know that the ancient Egyptians were next to layout a system of dividing the day into parts, similar to hours. "Obelisks" (tall four-sided tapered monuments) were carefully constructed and even purposefully geographically located around 3500 BC. A shadow was east as the Sun moved across the sky by the obelisk, which it appears was then marked out in sections, allowing people to clearly see the two halves of the day. Some of the sections have also been found to indicate the "year"s longest and shortest days, which it is thought were developments added later to allow identification of other important time subdivisions. Another ancient Egyptian "shadow clock" or "sundial" has been discovered to have been in use around 1500 BC, which allowed the measuring of the passage of "hours". The sections were divided into ten parts, With two "twilight hours" indicated, occurring in the morning and the evening. For it to work successfully then at midday or noon, the device had to be turned 180 degrees to measure the afternoon hours.Water Clocks "Water clocks" were among the earliest time keeping devices that didn't use the observation of the celestial bodies to calculate the passage of time. The ancient Greeks, it is believed, began using water clocks around 325 BC. Most of these clocks were used to determine the hours of the night, but may have also been used during daylight. An inherent problem with the water clock was that they were not totally accurate, as the system of measurement was based on the flow of water either into, or out of, a container which had markers around the sides. Another very similar form was that of a bowl that sank during a period as it was filled of water from a regulated flow. It is known that water clocks were common across the Middle East, and that these were still being used in North Africa during the early part of the twentieth-century.Mechanical Clocks In 1656, "Christian Huygens' (Dutch scientist), made the first "Pendulum(钟摆) clock", with a mechanism using a "natural" period of oscillation(振幅). "Galileo Galilei" is credited, in most historical books, for inventing the pendulum as early as 1582, but his design was not built before his death. Huygens' clock, when built, had an error of "less than only one minute a day". This was a massive leap in the development of maintaining accuracy, as this had previously never been achieved. Later refinements to the pendulum clock reduced this margin of error to "less than 10 seconds a day". The mechanical clock continued to develop until they achieved an accuracy of "a hundredth-of- a-second a day", when the pendulum clock became the accepted standard in most astronomical observatories.Quartz Clocks The running of a "Quartz clock" is based on the piezoelectric property of the quartz crystal. When an electric field is applied to a quartz crystal, it actually changes the shape of the crystal itself, If you then squeeze it or bend it, an electric field is generated. When placed in an appropriate electronic circuit, this interaction between the mechanical stress and the electrical field causes the crystal to vibrate, generating a constant electric signal which can then be used for example on an electronic clock display. The first wrist-watches that appeared in mass production used "LED", "Light Emitting Diode" displays. By the 1970's these were to be replaced by a "LCD", "Liquid Crystal Display". Quartz clocks continue to dominate the market because of the accuracy and reliability of the performance, also being inexpensive to produce on mass scale. The time keeping performance of the quartz clock has now been surpassed by the "Atomic clock".Atomic Clocks Scientists discovered some time ago that atoms and molecules have "resonances" and that each chemical element and compound absorbs and emits "electromagnetic radiation" within its own characteristic "frequencies". This we are told is highly accurate even over "Time and Space". The development of radar and the subsequent experimentation with high frequency radio communications during the 1930s and 1940s created a vast amount of knowledge regarding "electromagnetic waves", also known as "microwaves". which interact with the atoms. The development of atomic clocks focused firstly on microwave resonances in the chemical Ammonia and its molecules. In 1957. "NIST". the "National Institute of Standards and Technology", completed a series of tests using a "Cesium Atomic Beam" device, followed by a second program of experiments by NIST in order to have something for comparison when working at the atomic level. By 1960, as the outcome of the programs, "Cesium Time Standards" were incorporated as the official time keeping system at NIST. The "Natural frequency" recognized currently is the measurement of time. used by all scientists, defines the period of "one second" as exactly "9,192,631,770 Oscillations" or "9,192,631,770 Cycles of the Cesium Atom's Resonant Frequency". From the "Macrocosm", or "Planetary Alignment", to the "Microcosm", or "Atomic Frequency", the cesium now maintains accuracy with a degree of error to about "one-millionth of a second per year". Much of modern life has come to depend on such precise measurements of time. The day is long past when we could get by with a timepiece(钟)accurate to the nearest quarter hour. Transportation, financial markets, communication, manufacturing, electric power and many other technologies have become dependent on super-accurate clocks. Scientific research and the demands of modern technology continue re drive our search for ever more accuracy, The next generation of Cesium Time Standards is presently under development at NIST's "Boulder Laboratory" and other laboratories around the world.Something to Remember The only thing that should be remembered during all this technological development is that we should never lose the ability to tell the time approximately by natural means and the powers of deduction without requiring crutches(拐杖)to lean on. Our concept of TIME and using it together with TECHNOLOGY still has room for radical reassessment in terms of man's evolutionary thinking regarding our view of the past, our onward journey into the future and our concept of time in relationship to universe.

填空题____________(受到有关绝好机会和人们白手起家的报道的吸引), immigrants from many countries flocked to the United States.

填空题Over the next century the temperature will be more likely to rise from ______ according to the estimation of IPCC.

填空题When I was at school, my {{U}}(36) {{/U}} was to be a pilot in the airforce. But my eyesight wasn't good enough. So I had to give up that idea. I went to university and {{U}}(37) {{/U}} in physics. I wanted to stay on there and do research. But my father died at about that time. So I thought I'd better get a job and earn my living. I started working in an engineering firm. I expected to stay in that job for a {{U}}(38) {{/U}} long time. But then, they {{U}}(39) {{/U}} a new managing director. I didn't get on with him, so I resigned and {{U}}(40) {{/U}} for a job with another engineering company. I would {{U}}(41) {{/U}} have accepted the job if they had offered it to me. But on my way to the {{U}}(42) {{/U}}, I met a friend who was working for a travel {{U}}(43) {{/U}}. He offered me a job in Spain. And I had always liked Spain, so I took it. I worked in the travel agency for two years and then they wanted to send me to South America. But I just got married. So I decided to stay there. {{U}}(44) {{/U}}. So I started giving English lessons at a school in the evenings. {{U}}(45) {{/U}}. So I resigned from the agency. {{U}}(46) {{/U}}. And here I am.