填空题 {{B}}Around the World in Eight Megabytes{{/B}} When Microsoft put the original Flight Simulator program onto the market, in the early 1980s, I tried it for a while and then gave up. I had thought it would be fun to "take off" from Meigs Field, the airport on the Chicago lakefront where the simulator was programmed to start, and fly between the skyscrapers of the city toward whatever destination I chose. But the on- screen scenery turned out to be sketchy and uninteresting. Worse, I had no idea how to "land" the plane, at Meigs or anywhere else, and the program was not much help in teaching me. After ten or twenty flights that ended mainly with nosedives into the lake or countryside, I decided I could have more fun in other ways. A dozen years later I became interested in learning to fly (and land) real airplanes, and I thought I should look at simulators again. There were now a range of programs, which were much more effective in teaching flying skills--or at least certain skills. They had also become a form of entertainment and virtual adventure captivating enough to attract vast numbers of users worldwide. According to Guinness World Records 2001, Microsoft's Flight Simulator had sold a total of 21 million copies by June of 1999. Simulators' success is certainly deserved. Not many people fly real airplanes; fewer than 650,000 Americans are licensed pilots. But a larger group probably would like to fly. And even people who have almost no interest in flying (surely everybody finds it a little bit exciting to pretend to zoom through the air) or who view computer games as inherently creepy would find it hard to ignore the best modem versions. On a big, high-resolution computer screen you can find yourself facing all amazingly exact rendition of a Learjet cockpit, flying low over the Grand Canyon at dawn, with flashes of lightning visible in the distance, as you listen to air-traffic controllers direct you to the Flagstaff airport. You can take off in a pontoon plane from a lagoon in Bali, fly over paddies on the terraced hillsides, and then head toward java's volcanic craters. You can approach Ayers Rock, in the center of Australia, and watch shadows move across it as the sun goes down. You can indulge in much of the visual romance of flying, without the time, expense, and training required to pilot a real plane. These riveting effects are the result of an intriguing de facto division of labor. The programs themselves are ail commercial products, from Microsoft and a number of small firms. But a wide variety of add-ons and improvements come from tens of thousands of hobbyists around the world, who spend countless hours polishing or improving some aspect of a program--and then post their work on the Internet for others to share. The flight-sim culture is a delightful reminder of a long-forgotten era, somewhere back in the 1990s, when people were excited about creating software for the new things it would let them do, not simply as a means of gaining market share. The flight-sim market resembles the rest of the software business mainly in that the most popular offering is from Microsoft. The current version of Microsoft's program is Flight Simulator 2000, or FS2000, which computer discounters offer for about $50. (A "professional" version costs about $70. It includes more simulated airplanes and a larger number of places whose scenery is presented in extra-realistic detail.) With FS2000 and most other programs you can "fly" from practically any point on earth to any other; the differences among the programs lie mostly in the degree of scenic detail, plus certain aspects of the airplanes' look and performance. With all these programs you can also specify the weather conditions through which you'll pass on any particular trip: clouds, wind, turbulence, rain. The fanciest programs let you download the real-time weather for your route, from aviation sites on the Internet. Then you can see what it would be like to pilot a plane from Buffalo to Detroit through the blustery night weather occurring just now. As with other Microsoft products, FS2000's strengths are related to its role as the industry standard. More hobbyists develop new airplanes or bits of scenery for this program than for the others. Its main shortcoming is its slow "frame rate" , which can result in a jerky on-screen image if the program is run on what is now considered a slow computer or one without an up-to-date video-display card. Although in many software categories Microsoft's product has become dominant, in flight sims there are still lively alternatives. The main ones are Flight Unlimited (FU3), by Electronic Arts; Fly! 2K, by Gathering of Developers; Pro Pilot 99, abandoned by its previous owner, Sierra Software, but being revived by ETC Interactive; and X-Plane, developed and sold by one Austin Meyer, of Columbia, South Carolina. Each of these programs has not only dedicated users, but also a reserve army of hobbyists creating enhancements and add-ons. Devotees discuss the programs on the main flight-sim Web sites, which included avsim, com and flightsim, com, and the Internet newsgroup. The good parts of all the programs keep getiing better, because of those hobbyists and their burgeoning offerings on the major Web sites. Thousands of scenery supplements are available free for FS2000, and hundreds for the other programs. The big step toward dramatically more- realistic-looking scenery came when FS2000 was released, in the fall of 1999. Previous versions of the program had presented the world basically as a flat surface, onto which polygons representing mountains were plunked down. FS2000 introduced a far more accurate "terrain mesh" system. Real-word data from satellites and geodetic surveys are mapped onto a topographic model of the earth's surface, with each square kilometer rendered at its actual average elevation. The "software developer kit" that Microsoft offers free with FS2000 allows hobbyists to apply the same approach and create much-finer detail using smaller geographic increments. Other add-ons, most of which are free, let you fly different kinds of planes--the Spirit of St. Louis, Air Force One, the space shuttle. Hobbyists, largely in Europe, have created virtual airlines, with whole fleets of imaginary Airbuses and DC-10s that fly on schedule from London to Berlin and from Amsterdam to New York's JFK. I have visited a Web site run by a virtual air traffic controller. Flight-sim users around the world send him their flight plans--say, Los Angeles to San Francisco, departing at noon. He tells them when they're cleared for takeoff and follows their route by way of Internet messages. A large number of add-on planes are exquisitely detailed representations of Boeing747s or 777s, with all the dials and controls in working order. With a good computer monitor, the right scenery add-ons, and the joystick and pedals, you can feel like an airline captain instead of one of the passengers habitually grousing in the back of the plane. The exhilarating part of flight sims is taking off in a certain direction and seeing what wonders unfold beneath you. This, to me, is the engrossing part of real flying, too. You head east out of Seattle, and soon enough there's Idaho, and the open range of Montana, and the beginning of the Midwest. Everyone understands the concept of how the states fit together, but seeing them in one continuous band, from an altitude low enough to make out individual farmhouses clustered in the prairie, yet high enough to see the way rivers and ridgelines snake around communities, is very different from looking at a map. And to take off from Charles de Gaulle, circle the monuments of Paris, and then head north until the cliffs of Dover come into view is something I don't expect ever to do in a real airplane. The cliffs looked beautiful, just a moment ago, on my computer screen.

填空题The book The Play of Power avoids over emphasizing on describing the roles of______in American political history and contemporary politics.

填空题Under the new law, if a boss forces his worker to take a polygraph test, what punishment will he get?

填空题As a manager, Dennis can earn ＄ 5000 or so every month.

填空题 "I am general manager of the recently established British division of a small Canadian wholesale company. My task is to set up the infrastructure for the British operation, including finance. Our bankers have offered an internet-based e-banking service that saves me a lot of administration time but I am worried about how secure it will be". "Is online banking reliable for a small business and what extra controls would you recommend to ensure the risk to the company's funds are minimized?" Keith Falconer, Director of Forensic Services, says: Internet banking can offer many benefits, but unless controls are properly considered it can provide an easy mechanism for unscrupulous people, both within and outside an organization, to divert company funds. It is important to ensure that controls on access to the e-banking system am put in place, with appropriate transaction limits. Everyone who is using the system should have their own log, in de, tails. Having too few log-in details can often lead to staff using each other's. Not only does this destroy any audit trail (审计跟踪), it also leads to the loss of the individual information in a company. Password selection is also important. Each user must choose an appropriate password, and one which is not vulnerable to attack by a hacker. One method is to choose a memorable word but replace certain letters with numbers and punctuation marks. For example, "password" could become "p@55w0rd". There have been reports of "key-logging" software being used by criminals record the keystrokes on a terminal in order to discover the password. Network security, therefore, is essential before implementing e-banking; a strong firewall should be in place to protect your system from external attacks; security updates should be applied promptly; and the system should be swept for viruses and spy-ware regularly One final area to be aware of is the "phishing" scam (网络钓鱼), whereby an account holder receives an e-mail claiming to be from the bank asking them to confirm or update details. The account holder is redirected to a fake site and the details entered are subsequently used to rob the account. All individuals with access privileges to your e-banking system should be made aware of this. Your bank will never send you an e-mail asking you to confirm your details, and you should never respond to an e-mail purporting to be from your bank. Normal e-mail is an unsecured system; your bank will establish a secure method of communicating with you from behind the protection of your log-in.

填空题The book Silent Spring, to a certain extent, marks the beginning of our understanding of modern ecology.

填空题A research has revealed that the majority of the British were so (26) when it came to accepting a genuine offer of goodwill that they (27) free money. Cash was offered by five women to commuters at busy bus stations up and down the UK but an average of only eight people at each station, out of thousands of bus travelers, (28) the offer. Women wearing a sandwich board that read "Ask me to pay your bus fare and I will" were positioned at bus stations in Newcastle, Medway, Manchester, Perth and Leicester, but were mostly just (29) The experiment ran during morning (30) each day for a week and just 38 people in total across the country accepted the offer. When questioned, the minority who did (31) accept the free cash admitted they were reluctant at first because they thought the offer was too good to be true. Those who did accept were generally teenagers, suggesting that the older we get, the more cynical of (32) gestures we become. Results showed that 69 percent of the British were too (33) to accept offers of goodwill and also felt rewards and free gifts are often too good to be true, while only 23 percent of people thought that it is possible to get something for nothing. The research was conducted by Ice, a loyalty scheme which (34) customers with Ice points for spending on eco-friendly goods and services. Jude Thorne, Chief Executive Officer of Ice, said, "Our experiment shows that as a nation, we simply don't accept the notion of genuine bargains, discounts and offers with no catch, (35) admitting that difficult times are forcing us to seek them out actively./

填空题 Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written. Dogs were first domesticated from wolves at least 17,000 years ago, but perhaps as early as 150,000 years ago based upon recent genetic fossil and DNA evidence. In this time, the dog has developed into hundreds of breeds with a great degree of {{U}}(36) {{/U}}. For example, heights at the {{U}}(37) {{/U}} range from just a few inches to roughly three feet, and colors range from white to black, with reds, grays, and browns {{U}}(38) {{/U}} in tremendous patterns. Dogs are highly social animals and this similarity in their {{U}}(39) {{/U}} behavioral system accounts for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human {{U}}(40) {{/U}} and social situations. This has earned dogs a unique position in the {{U}}(41) {{/U}} of interspecies relationships. The loyalty and {{U}}(42) {{/U}} that dogs demonstrate as a part of their natural instincts are {{U}}(43) {{/U}} to be reflections of the human idea of love and friendship, leading many dog owners to view their pets as full-fledged family members. {{U}}(44) {{/U}}. Dogs play a variety of roles in society and are often trained as working dogs. {{U}}(45) {{/U}}. In many countries, the most common and perhaps most important role of dogs is as a companion. {{U}}(46) {{/U}}.

填空题______(论文若有问题), please contact your tutor.

填空题Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage. The world famous Loch Ness monster, known affectionately as "Nessie" by most people and by the scientific believers goes back a long, long way, the first recorded sighting being by no less a person than a holy saint. The saint was St. Columba and the year 565 AD. When Columba was travelling in the Loch Ness area converting the Picts, his biographer, St. Adamnan, tells the story of the driving away of the monster by the power of prayer. Whilst on the banks of Loch Ness, St. Columba came upon some Picts burying a man who had been ravaged by, according to them, a "monster of the water". St. Columba miraculously restored the man to life by laying his staff across the man's chest. The next time that any reference to the monster surfaced, was in a letter to The Scotsman newspaper in 1933 from a Mr. D. Murray Rose. He tells of a story in an old book that spoke of the slaying of dragons and: "It goes on to say that Fraser killed the last known dragon in Scotland, but no one has yet managed to slay the monster of Loch Ness lately seen." It was also in 1933, a time of depression and general misery that Mr. and Mrs. Mackay, owners of the Drumnadrochit hotel were travelling along the new road. According to their account they saw in the centre of the loch "an enormous animal rolling and plunging". Cynics may say that being the owners of the Drumnadrochit hotel, this couple may well have wanted to see a monster but apparently they did not tell this story widely, although they did tell it to a young water bailiff in Fort Augustus who happened to be a correspondent for the Inverness Courier newspaper. Since then to the present day there have been many accounts of sightings. Such "evidence" as film footage of Nessie's humps travelling across the loch and the famous "Surgeon's" photograph taken by R. K. Wilson in 1934 have all since turned out to be fakes. Sonar surveys of the loch using the latest equipment have failed to find any conclusive evidence of Nessie's existence, but neither have they proved that she doesn't exist. Some accounts may well have been sighted through the bottom of a whisky glass, but there are still a remarkable number of eye witness accounts that ring true.

填空题A forger' must sell his work to people who don't have much knowledge in the field instead of ______.

填空题Some of the important customers were bored by late delivery of the watches.