填空题 The continuous presentation of scary stories about global warming in the popular media makes us unnecessarily frightened. Even worse, it {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}our kids. A1 Gore famously depicted how a sea-level rise of 20 feet would almost completely flood Florida, New York, Holland, and Shanghai, even though the United Nations says that such a thing will not even happen, estimating that sea levels will rise 20 times less than that. When {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}with these exaggerations, some of us say that they are for a good cause, and surely there is no harm done if the result is that we focus even more on tackling climate change. This {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}is astonishingly wrong. Such exaggerations do plenty of harm. Worrying {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}about global warming means that we worry less about other things, where we could do so much more good. We focus, for example, on {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}warming's impact on malaria (疟疾)—which will put slightly more people at risk in 100 years—instead of tackling the half a billion people suffering from malaria today with prevention and treatment policies that are much cheaper and dramatically more effective than carbon reduction would be. {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}also wears out the public's willingness to tackle global warming. If the planet is doomed, people wonder, why do anything? A record 54% of American voters now believe the news media make global warming appear worse than it really is. A {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}of people now believe—incorrectly—that global warming is not even caused by humans. But the worst cost of exaggeration, I believe, is the {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}alarm that it causes—particularly among children. An article in The Washington Post cited nine-year-old Alyssa, who cries about the possibility of mass animal {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}from global warming. The newspaper also reported that parents are searching for "productive" outlets for their eight-year-olds' obsessions (忧心忡忡) with dying polar bears. They might be better off educating them and letting them know that, contrary to common belief, the global polar bear population has {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}and perhaps even quadrupled (成为四倍) over the past half-century, to about 22,000. Despite diminishing—and eventually disappearing—summer Arctic ice, polar bears will not become extinct. A．terrifies F．Exaggeration K．equipped B．excessively G．confronted L．disgusts C．unnecessary H．doubled M．ignorantly D．argument I．majority N．suppresses E．extinction J．global O．urgent

填空题Directions: In this section, there is a passage with 10 blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Putting feelings into words makes sadness and anger less intense, US brain researchers said on Wednesday. They said talking about negative feelings activates a part of the brain {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}for impulse control. Matthew Lieberman, a Los Angeles researcher, and his colleagues {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}the brains of 30 people—18 women and 12 men between 18 and 36—who were shown pictures of faces {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}strong emotions. They were asked to {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}the feelings in words like "sad" or "angry". What they found is that when people {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}a word like "angry" to an angry-looking face, the response in the amygdale (扁桃核) portion of the brain that handles fear, panic and other strong emotions decreased. What lights up instead is the right ventrolateral (腹外侧的) prefrontal (前头叶的) cortex, part of the brain that controls impulses. Lieberman said the same region of the brain has been found in {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}studies to play a role in motor control. "If you are driving along and you see a yellow light, you have to inhibit one response in order to step on the brake," he said. "This same region helps to inhibit {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}responses as well." The researchers did not find {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}differences along gender lines, but Lieberman said prior studies had hinted at some differences in the {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}men and women derived from talking about their feelings. "Women may do more of this {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}, but when men are instructed to do it, they may get more benefits from it," he said. A. associated I. interpreting B. attached J. prior C. benefits K. responsible D. categorise L. scanned E. emotional M. significant F. expressing N. spontaneously G. generalise O. welfare H. instantaneously

填空题If they gain confidence in themselves, __________________(学生就不大可能在考试中作弊).

填空题By the time ______ (人们来营救他时，他已被困在倒塌的洞穴里) for three days.

填空题To see details of an item for auction, you may go to the _______________ section on auction page.

填空题If you force yourself to shorten the manual, in the best case you do it by ______that required so much explanation.

填空题In 2025, half of today' s population will be in shortage of water.

填空题When insects sleep, they may become inactive no matter whether it is in the day or at night.

填空题Most of the people believe that social lying helps to avoid ______.

填空题 {{B}}The Science of Lasting Happiness{{/B}} The day I meet Sonja Lyubomirsky, she keeps getting calls from her Toyota, Prius dealer. When she finally picks up, she is excited by the news：she can buy the car she wants in two days. Lyubomirsky wonders if her enthusiasm might come across as materialism, but I understand that she is buying an experience as much as a possession. Two weeks later, in late January, the 40-year-old Lyubomirsky, who smiles often and seems to approach life with zest and good humor, reports that she is "totally loving the Prius". But will the feeling wear off soon after the new-car smell, or will it last, making a naturally happy person even more so? {{B}}The Possibility of Lasting Happiness{{/B}} An experimental psychologist investigating the possibility of lasting happiness, Lyubomirsky understands far better than most of us the folly of pinning our hopes on a new car--or on any good fortune that comes our way. We tend to adapt, quickly returning to our usual level of happiness. The classic example of such "hedonic adaptatiou" (享乐适应)comes from a 1970s study of lottery winners, who ended up no happier than nonwinners a year. after their windfall (意外横财). Hedonic adaptation helps to explain why even changes in major life circumstances--such as income, marriage, physical health and where we live--do so little to boost our overall happiness. Not only that, but studies of twins and adoptees have shown that about 50 percent of each person's happiness is determined from birth. This "genetic set point" alone makes the happiness glass look half empty, because any upward swing in happiness seems doomed to fall back to near your baseline. "There's been a tension in the field, "explains Lyubomirsky's main collaborator, psychologist Kennon M. Sheldon of the University of Missouri-Columbia. "Some people were assuming you can affect happiness if, for example, you picked the right goals, but there was all this literature that suggested it was impossible, that what goes up must come down."{{B}}The Happiness Pie{{/B}} Lyubomirsky, Sheldon and another psychologist, David A. Schkade of the University of California, San Diego, put the existing findings together into a simple pie chart showing what determines happiness. Half the pie is the genetic set point. The smallest slice is circumstances, which explain only about 10 percent of people's differences in happiness. So what is the remaining 40 percent? "Because nobody had put it together before, that's unexplained," Lyubomirsky says. But she believes that when you take away genes and circumstances, what is left besides error must be "intentional activity", mental and behavioral strategies to counteract adaptation's downward pull.Lyubomirsky has been studying these activities in hopes of finding out whether and how people can stay above their set point. In theory, that is possible in much the same way regular diet and exercise can keep athletes' weight below their genetic set points. But before Lyubomirsky began, there was "a huge vacuum of research on how to increase happiness", she says. The lottery study in particular "made people shy away from interventions", explains eminent University of Pennsylvania psychologist Martin E. P. Seligman, the father of positive psychology and a mentor to Lyubomirsky. When science had scrutinized (细察) happiness at all, it was mainly through correlational studies, which cannot tell what came first--the happiness or what it is linked to--let alone determine the cause and effect. Finding out that individuals with strong social ties are more satisfied with their lives than loners, for example, begs the question of whether friends make us happier or whether happy people are simply like lier to seek and attract friends. {{B}}Lyubemirsky's Research{{/B}} Lyubomirsky began studying happiness as a graduate student in 1989 after an intriguing conversation with her adviser, Stanford University psychologist Lee D. Ross, who told her about a remarkably happy friend who had lost both parents to the Holocaust(大屠杀). Ross explains it this way, "For this person, the meaning of the Holocaust was that it was inappropriate to be unhappy about trivial things--and that one should strive to find joy in life and human relationships." Psychologists have long known that different people can see and think about the same events in different ways, but they had done little research on how these interpretations affect well-being. So Lyubomirsky had to lay some groundwork before she could go into the lab. Back then, happiness was "a fuzzy, unscientific topic", she says, and although no instrument yet exists for giving perfectly valid, reliable and precise readings of someone's happiness from session to session, Lyubomirsky has brought scientific strictness to the emerging field. From her firm belief that it is each person's self-reported happiness that matters, she developed a four-question Subjective Happiness Scale. Lyubomirsky's working definition of happiness--"a joyful, contented life"--gets at both the feelings and judgments necessary for overall happiness. To this day, she rarely sees her studies' participants; they do most exercises out in the real world and answer detailed questionnaires on the computer, often from home. To assess subjects' efforts and honesty, she uses several crosschecks, such as timing them as they complete the questionnaires. The research needed to answer questions about lasting happiness is costly, because studies need to follow a sizable group of people over a long time. Two and a half years ago Lyubomirsky and Sheldon received a five-year, $1million grant from the National Institute of Mental Health to do just that. Investigators have no shortage of possible strategies to test, with happiness advice coming "from the Buddha to Tony Robbins", as Seligman puts it. So Lyubomirsky started with three promising strategies: kindness, gratitude and optimism--all of which past research had linked with happiness. Her aim is not merely to confirm the strategies' effectiveness but to gain insights into how happiness works. For example, conventional wisdom suggests keeping a daily gratitude journal. But one study revealed that those who had been assigned to do that ended up less happy than those who had to count their blessings only once a week. Lyubomirsky therefore confirmed her hunch (预感)that timing is important. So is variety, it turned out: a kindness intervention found that participants told to vary their good deeds ended up happier than those forced into a kindness rut. Lyubomirsky is also asking about mediators: Why, for example, does acting kind make you happier? "I'm a basic researcher, not an applied researcher, so I'm interested not so much in the strategies but in how they work and what goes on behind the scenes," she explains. Initial results with the interventions have been promising, but sustaining them is tough. Months after a study is over, the people who have stopped the exercises show a drop in happiness. Like a drug or a diet, the exercises work only if you stick with them. Instilling habits is crucial. Another key: "fit", or how well the exercise matches the person. If sitting down to imagine your best possible self (an optimism exercise) feels contrived, you will be less likely to do it. The biggest factor may be getting over the idea that happiness is fixed-and realizing that sustained effort can boost it. "A lot of people don't apply the notion of effort to their emotional lives," Lyubomirsky declares, "but the effort it takes is enormous."

填空题It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes competitive success often depends on______in many countries.

填空题After the operation, ______ (他能否康复一定程度上取决于) his willpower now.

填空题Many criminals in England were sent to ______ because they were not "good wtizeus".

填空题To knowingly allow oneself to pursue unhealthy habits is compared by Fries and Crapo to ______.

填空题Some personal characteristics play a vital role in the development of one's intelligence. But people fail to realize the importance of (36) these factors in young people. The so-called non-intelligence factors include one's feelings, will, motivation, interests and habits. After a 30-year follow-up study of 800 males, American psychologists found out that the main cause of disparities in intelligence is not intelligence itself, but non-intelligence factors including the desire to learn, will-power and self-factors. Some parents are greatly worried when their children fail to do well in their studies. They blame either (37) factors, malnutrition, or laziness, but they never take into consideration these non-intelligence factors. At the same time, some teachers don't (38) into these, as reasons why students do poorly. They simply give them more courses and exercises, or even rebuke or (39) them. Gradually, these students lose self-confidence. Some of them just feel defeated and give themselves up as hopeless. Others may go (40) because they are sick of learning. The investigation of more than 1000 middle school students in Shanghai showed that 46.5 percent of them were afraid of learning, because of examinations, 36.4 percent lack persistence, (41) and conscientiousness and 10.3 percent were sick of learning. It is clear that the lack of cultivation of non-intelligence factors has been a main (42) to intelligence development in teenagers. It even causes an imbalance between physiological and psychological development among a few students. If we don't start now to (43) the cultivation of non-intelligence factors, it will not only obstruct the development of the intelligence of teenagers, but also affect the quality of a whole generation. Some experts have put forward proposals about how to develop students' non-intelligence factors. First, parents and teachers should fully understand teenage psychology. On this (44) , they can help them to pursue the objective of learning, stimulating their will-power. The cultivation of non-intelligence factors should also be part of (45) education for small children. Parents should attend to these qualities from the very beginning. A. strengthen I. genetic B. astray J. idle C. laugh K. primary D. cultivating L. obstacle E. acquire M. reserve F. basis N. base G. inquire O. ridicule H. initiative

填空题Your divorce application can be accepted if you make it in half a year after you find any adultery of your spouse.

填空题Alternative sentencing is now practiced in ______ siates and is spreading fast.

填空题The passage is mainly about ______on cutting down on it.