填空题Cancer is the world"s top "economic killer" as well as its likely leading cause of death. Cancer costs more in 1 and lost life than AIDS, malaria, the flu and other diseases that spread person-to-person. Chronic diseases including cancer, heart disease and diabetes 2 for more than 60 percent of deaths worldwide but less than 3 percent of public and private 3 for global health, said Rachel Nugent of the Center for Global Development, a Washington-based policy research group. Money shouldn"t be taken away from fighting diseases that 4 person-to-person, but the amount 5 to cancer is way out of whack (重击) with the impact it has, said Otis Brawley, the cancer society"s chief medical officer. Cancer"s economic toll (损耗) was $895 billion in 2008—equivalent to 1.5 percent of the world"s gross 6 product, the report says. That"s in terms of disability and years of life lost—not the cost of treating the disease, which wasn"t addressed in the report. Many groups have been pushing for more attention to non-infectious causes of death, and the United Nations General Assembly has set a meeting on this a year from now. Some policy experts are 7 it to the global initiative that led to big increases in spending on AIDS nearly a decade ago. "This needs to he discussed at the UN—how we are going to deal with this rising burden of 8 disease", said Dr. Andreas Ullrich, medical officer for cancer control at WHO. Researchers used the World Health Organization"s death and disability reports, and economic data from the World Bank. They 9 disability-adjusted life years, which reflect the impact a disease has on how long and how 10 people live. A. productively B. supplying C. shifting D. spread E. account F. funding G. calculated H. devoted I. productivity J. chronic K. comparing L. domestic M. doubtful N. clumsily O. disability

填空题(幸好我带了足够的钱) __________: it is more expensive than I expected.

填空题Engineers can perfect the mechanism to all sorts of complicated real-world problems.

填空题It is imperative that the government ______ (吸引跟多资金投入汽车业).

填空题We must realize that TV itself is neither good nor bad, _________________________(它对人和社会的价值取决于我们如何看待它).

填空题We tend to think of memory as unique to animals. But it isn't. Plants also have a form of memory. Yes: they, too, are shaped by what happens to them, and alter their responses to future events based on their experiences in the past. For example, like all plants, wild tobacco, (also called Nicotiana sylvestris) can't move to escape from its enenfies--the caterpillars (毛虫) and other animals that enjoy eating its leaves. It can, however, act to stop them. It can detect damaged leaves; in response, it produces nicotine. The nicotine travels from the roots, through the sap (树液) and into the leaves~ Nicotine apparently doesn't taste good: caterpillars fed on leaves from plants that recently experienced damage--and so are high in nicotine--eat much less than caterpillars fed on leaves from previously undamaged plants. But here's the interesting part. Tobacco plants attacked for the first time take longer to mount their defense than tobacco plants that have previously experienced an attack. This isn't because the previously attacked plants keep on producing a higher level of nicotine--they don't. Nicotine is expensive for a plant to make, so they only do it when necessary. And plants that have been attacked twice are faster to respond than plants that have only been damaged once. Somehow, they remember. The physical basis of plant memory is still being figured out. Of course trees don't have conscious memory. But by now it's clear that wild tobacco is not the only plant with the capacity for memory, nor is caterpillar attack the only stress that produces such an effect. Drought, cold and altered salt levels in the soil all do so; likewise, exposure to bacteria. If plants remember-can they also forget? As far as I can tell, no one knows the answer to this yet. Nor does anyone know how many different kinds of stresses a plant can keep track of at once. But the subject is important, as the stresses plants are exposed to can affect how well they grow. Being able to prime them to respond to pests, or enable them to forget about a drought, could have big implications for agriculture.

填空题It was not until he arrived at the railway station(他才意识到忘了拿车票).

填空题Who Pressed the Pause Button? A. Between 1998 and 2013, the Earth"s surface temperature rose at a rate of 0.04℃ a decade, far slower than the 0.18℃ increase in the 1990s. Meanwhile, emissions of carbon dioxide (which would be expected to push temperatures up) rose uninterruptedly. This pause in warming has raised doubts in the public mind about climate change. A few sceptics say flatly that global warming has stopped. Others argue that scientists" understanding of the climate is so flawed that their judgments about it cannot be accepted with any confidence. A convincing explanation of the pause therefore matters both to a proper understanding of the climate and to the credibility of climate science—and papers published over the past few weeks do their best to provide one. Indeed, they do almost too good a job. If all were correct, the pause would now be explained twice over. B. This is the opposite of what happened at first. As evidence piled up that temperatures were not rising much, some scientists dismissed it as a blip (暂时的问题). The temperature, they pointed out, had fallen for much longer periods twice in the past century or so, in 1880-1910 and again in 1945-1975, even though the general trend was up. Variability is part of the climate system and a 15-year hiatus (间断), they suggested, was not worth getting excited about. C. An alternative way of looking at the pause"s significance was to say that there had been a slowdown but not a big one. Most records, including one of the best known (kept by Britain"s Meteorological Office), do not include measurements from the Arctic, which has been warming faster than anywhere else in the world. Using satellite data to fill in the missing Arctic numbers, Kevin Cowtan of the University of York, in Britain, and Robert Way of the University of Ottawa, in Canada, put the overall rate of global warming at 0.12℃ a decade between 1998 and 2012—not far from the 1990s" rate. A study by NASA puts the "Arctic effect" over the same period somewhat lower, at 0.07℃ a decade, but that is still not negligible. D. It is also worth remembering that average warming is not the only measure of climate change. According to a study just published by Sonia Seneviratne of the Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, in Zurich, the number of hot days, the number of extremely hot days and the length of warm periods all increased during the pause (1998-2012). A more stable average temperature hides wider extremes. E. Still, attempts to explain away that stable average have not been convincing, partly because of the conflict between flat temperatures and rising CO 2 emissions, and partly because observed temperatures are now falling outside the range climate models predict. The models embody the state of climate knowledge. If they are wrong, the knowledge is probably faulty, too. Hence attempts to explain the pause. Chilling news. F. In September 2013 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change did so in terms of fluctuating solar output, atmospheric pollution and volcanoes. All three, it thought, were unusually influential. G. The sun"s power output fluctuates slightly over a cycle that lasts about 11 years. The current cycle seems to have gone on longer than normal and may have started from a lower base, so for the past decade less heat has been reaching Earth than usual. Pollution throws aerosols (气溶胶) into the air, where they reflect sunlight back into space. The more there are, the greater their cooling effect—and pollution from coal-fired power plants, in particular, has been rising. Volcanoes do the same thing, so increased volcanic activity tends to reduce temperatures. H. Gavin Schmidt and two colleagues at NASA"s Goddard Institute quantify the effects of these trends in Nature Geoscience . They argue that climate models underplay the delayed and subdued solar cycle. They think the models do not fully account for the effects of pollution. And they claim that the impact of volcanic activity since 2000 has been greater than previously thought. Adjusting for all this, they find that the difference between actual temperature readings and computer-generated ones largely disappears. The implication is that the solar cycle and aerosols explain much of the pause. Blowing hot and cold. I. There is, however, another type of explanation. Much of the incoming heat is absorbed by oceans, especially the largest, the Pacific. Several new studies link the pause with changes in the Pacific and in the trade winds that influence the circulation of water within it. Trade winds blow east-west at tropical latitudes. In so doing they push warm surface water towards Asia and draw cooler, deep water to the surface in the central and eastern Pacific, which chills the atmosphere. Water movement at the surface also speeds up a giant churn (剧烈翻腾) in the ocean. This pulls some warm water downwards, sequestering (使隔绝) heat at greater depth. In a study published in Nature in 2013, Yu Kosaka and Shang-Ping Xie of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, in San Diego, argued that much of the difference between climate models and actual temperatures could be accounted for by cooling in the eastern Pacific. J. Every few years, as Dr Kosaka and Dr Xie observe, the trade winds slacken and the warm water in the western Pacific sloshes (晃荡) back to replace the cool surface layer of the central and eastern parts of the ocean. This weather pattern is called El Ni ? o and it warms the whole atmosphere. There was an exceptionally strong Ni ? o in 1997-1998, an unusually hot year. The opposite pattern, with cooler temperatures and stronger trade winds, is called La Ni ? o. The 1997-98 Ni ? o was followed by a series of Ni ? as, explaining part of the pause. K. Switches between El Ni ? o and La Ni ? o are frequent. But there is also a long-term cycle called the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (波动) (PDO), which switches from a warm (or positive) phase to a cool (negative) one every 20 or 30 years. The positive phase encourages more frequent, powerful Ni ? os. According to Kevin Trenberth and John Fasullo of America"s National Centre for Atmospheric Research, the PDO was positive in 1976-1998—a period of rising temperatures—and negative in 1943-1976 and since 2000, producing a series of cooling Ni ? as. L. But that is not the end of it. Laid on top of these cyclical patterns is what looks like a one-off increase in the strength of trade winds during the past 20 years. According to a study in Nature Climate Change , by Matthew England of the University of New South Wales and others, record trade winds have produced a sort of super-Ni ? a. On average, sea levels have risen by about 3ram a year in the past 30 years. But those in the eastern Pacific have barely budged (挪动), whereas those near the Philippines have risen by 20cm since the late 1990s. A wall of warm water, in other words, is being held in place by powerful winds, with cool water rising behind it. According to Dr England, the effect of the trade winds explains most of the temperature pause. M. If so, the pause has gone from being not explained to explained twice over—once by aerosols and the solar cycle, and again by ocean winds and currents. These two accounts are not contradictory. The processes at work are understood, but their relative contributions are not. N. Nor is the answer to what is, from the human point of view, the biggest question of all, namely what these explanations imply about how long the pause might continue. On the face of it, if some heat is being sucked into the deep ocean, the process could simply carry on: The ocean has a huge capacity to absorb heat as long as the pump sending it to the bottom remains in working order. But that is not all there is to it. Gravity wants the western-Pacific water wall to slosh back; it is held in place only by exceptionally strong trade winds. If those winds slacken, temperatures will start to rise again. O. The solar cycle is already turning. And aerosol cooling is likely to be reined in by China"s antipollution laws. Most of the circumstances that have put the planet"s temperature rise on "pause" look temporary. Like the Terminator, global warming will be back.

填空题 The human brain is somewhat like an archaeological site, preserving within its layers the basic brain structures of its evolutionary predecessors— the lower mammals and reptiles (爬行动物). Consequently, it has a relatively recent outer layer that is distinctly primate (灵长目动物的), with special developments and tissues that distinguish human beings from other primates. Nevertheless, we have not one brain, but at least three—that is, three connected parts carry out distinctive but interrelated functions. The oldest part of the human brain is the "reptilian brain," which is found in the lower center of the brain. It resembles a basic part of the brain of reptiles and serves many of the same functions in humans that it serves in reptiles. It regulates a large number of innate behavior patterns that are related to preserving the species. During the course of evolution, a new formation of brain cells, developed in lower mammals giving them two brains. This ancient, mammal brain adds new things to the behavior repertoire (全部功能) of mammals. The business of this new brain is basically the desires and emotions that keep mammals moving, mating, and avoiding pain. For many mammals, evolution stopped here. The brain continued to develop with the addition of a third layer called the "neocortex" (新皮层). This new part of the brain reached its peak of development in human beings. This is the brain that gives humans the capacity of rational thought. Because of the new part of the brain we are able to en gage in verbal communication, to read and write, to empathize (表同情) with others, and to contemplate our own existence.

填空题Rainforests are critically important to our well-being. Because they 31 carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, and produce oxygen. They are sometimes called the 32 of the planet. Despite the fact that rainforests cover only 12 percent of the land-area of the Earth, they are home to between 50 and 90 percent of the world"s plant and animal species, and for local populations they are a 33 source for food, fiber, fuel and medicines. Tropical forests regulate global and regional climate-systems, and release 34 into the atmosphere, which then returns to earth in the form of rain. But where the land has been logged, there are no longer trees to produce the rain cycle which 35 the atmosphere, or to reduce carbon dioxide levels, contributing to climate change. Because of tropical deforestation, animal and plant habitat is 36 , and at least one species dies out every day. Thus, the United States has partnered with the private sector, other governments and civil society organizations to form the Tropical Forest Alliance 2020, or TFA 2020. The alliance aims to mobilize and 37 actions by all partners to reduce tropical deforestation related to key agricultural commodities such as palm oil, soy, beef, and paper and pulp. The United States has 38 worked to promote the conservation of tropical forests by advancing innovative and cooperative development 39 , diverse technical expertise and services, and diplomatic leadership. With the new multi-national, public-private TFA 2020 partnership, we 40 further increasing the breadth of our engagement.

填空题There is not much change in the weather in the tropical rainforests all the year round.

填空题In one's 60s and 70s, people should strengthen functional fitness which adapts their workouts toward ______.

填空题Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Although language is used to transmit information, the informative functions of language are fused (融合) with older and deeper functions so that only a small portion of our everyday speech can be described as {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}informative. The ability to use language for strictly informative purposes was probably developed relatively late in the course of linguistic {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}Long before that time, our ancestral species probably made the sorts of cries animals do to express feelings of hunger, fear, loneliness, and the like. Gradually these noises seem to have become more differentiated, {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}the cries into language as we know it today. Although we have developed language in which {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}reports may be given, we still use language as vocal equivalents of gestures such as crying in pain. When words are used as the vocal equivalent of expressive gestures, language is functioning in presymbolic (前符号的) ways. These presymbolic uses of language coexist with our symbolic system, so that the talking we do in everyday life is a thorough {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}of symbolic and presymbolic language. What we call social conversation is mainly presymbolic in {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}. When we are at a large social gathering, for example, we all have to talk. It is {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}of these conversations that, except among very good friends, few of the remarks made have any informative value. We talk together about nothing at all and thereby establish a relationship. There is a {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}at work in the selection of the subject matter we deem {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}for social conversation. Since the purpose of this kind of talk is the establishment of communion, we are careful to select subjects about which agreement is immediately possible. With each new agreement, no matter how commonplace, the fear and {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}of the stranger wear away, and the possibility of friendship emerges. When further conversation reveals that we have friends or political views or artistic values or hobbies in common, a friend is made, and genuine communication and cooperation can begin. A. appropriate I. evolution B. suspicion J. blending C. transforming K. accurate D. purely L. unquestionable E. principle M. illustration F. typical N. compiling G. character O. concept H. efficiently