填空题Handwriting has become a dying art, now that kids start using keyboards as soon as they begin school. But writing things out by hand may be a 1 way we train our brains, several studies suggest. Writing by hand is different from typing because it requires using 2 to create a letter, rather than just 3 the whole letter by touching a key, says Virginia Berninger, a professor of psychology at the University of Washington. These finger movements activate large regions of the brain 4 thinking, memory, and language. Studies show that handwriting helps children learn letters and shapes, improve their composition of ideas, and may also 5 fine-motor skills development. A study by Berninger found that in grades two, four, and six, children wrote more words, faster, and expressed more ideas when writing 6 by hand than when typing on a keyboard. Separate study by researchers at Indiana University found that children who practiced 7 by hand had more active brains than kids who simply looked at letters. It"s not just children who 8 writing things out by hand, says a study in the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience . Adults learning a new language remember its 9 better if they write them out by hand than if they produce them with a keyboard. According to P. Murali Doraiswamy of Duke University, 10 people in handwriting skills could be a useful cognitive exercise as more people spend their days on the computer.

填空题Psychologists suggest that to knowing give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. A. knowing B. over C. a D. is

填空题The problems that were discovered since the completion of the initial research caused the committee members to give up the original plan for the time being . A. were discovered B. initial research C. to give D. being

填空题It can be inferred from the passage that in a crowded elevator, a Frenchman could make no particular effort to _____.

填空题In the past, wives____________(应该屈从丈夫的意志).

填空题The small company is____________(面临着市场份额的激烈竞争).

填空题Trying too Hard Can Slow New Language Development A. Neuroscientists have long observed that learning a language presents a different set of opportunities and challenges for adults and children. B. Adults easily grasp the vocabulary needed to navigate a grocery store or order food in a restaurant, but children have an innate ability to pick up on subtle nuances of language that often elude adults. For example, within months of living in a foreign country, a young child may speak a second language like a native speaker. C. Experts believe that brain structure plays an important role in this "sensitive period" for learning language, which is believed to end around adolescence. The young brain is equipped with neural circuits that can analyze sounds and build a coherent set of rules for constructing words and sentences out of those sounds. Once these language structures are established, it"s difficult to build another one for a new language. D. In a new study, a team of neuroscientists and psychologists from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) discovered another factor that contributes to adults" language difficulties: When learning certain elements of language, adults" more highly developed cognitive skills actually get in the way. E. The researchers discovered that the harder adults tried to learn an artificial language, the worse they were at deciphering the language"s morphology—the structure and deployment of linguistic units such as root words, suffixes, and prefixes. F. "We found that effort helps you in most situations, for things like figuring out what the units of language that you need to know are, and basic ordering of elements. But when trying to learn morphology, at least in this artificial language we created, it"s actually worse when you try," said Amy Flynn a postdoc at MIT"s McGovern Institute for Brain Research. G. Finn and colleagues from the University of California at Santa Barbara, Stanford University, and the University of British Columbia describe their findings in journal PLOS ONE. H. Linguists have known for decades that children are skilled at absorbing certain tricky elements of language, such as irregular past participles (examples of which, in English, include "gone" and "been") or complicated verb tenses like the subjunctive. "Children will ultimately perform better than adults in terms of their command of the grammar and the structural components of language—some of the more idiosyncratic, difficult-to-articulate aspects of language that even most native speakers don"t have conscious awareness of," Finn says. I. In 1990, linguist Elissa Newport hypothesized that adults have trouble learning those nuances because they try to analyze too much information at once. Adults have a much more highly developed prefrontal cortex than children, and they tend to throw all of that brainpower at learning a second language. J. This high-powered processing may actually interfere with certain elements of learning language. "It"s an idea that"s been around for a long time, but there hasn"t been any data that experimentally show that it"s true," Finn says. Finn and her colleagues designed an experiment to test whether exerting more effort would help or hinder success. The study K. First, they created nine nonsense words, each with two syllables. Each word fell into one of three categories (A, B, and C), defined by the order of consonant and vowel sounds. Study subjects listened to the artificial language for about 10 minutes. One group of subjects was told not to overanalyze what they heard, but not to tune it out either. L. To help them not overthink the language, they were given the option of completing a puzzle or colouring while they listened. The other group was told to try to identify the words they were hearing. Each group heard the same recording, which was a series of three-word sequences—first a word from category A, then one from category B, then category C—with no pauses between words. M. Previous studies have shown that adults, babies, and even monkeys can parse this kind of information into word units, a task known as word segmentation. Subjects from both groups were successful at word segmentation, although the group that tried harder performed a little better. Both groups also performed well in a task called word ordering, which required subjects to choose between a correct word sequence (ABC) and an incorrect sequence (such as ACB) of words they had previously heard. N. The final test measured skill in identifying the language"s morphology. The researchers played a three-word sequence that included a word the subjects had not heard before, but which fit into one of the three categories. O. When asked to judge whether this new word was in the correct location, the subjects who had been asked to pay closer attention to the original word stream performed much worse than those who had listened more passively. The findings support a theory of language acquisition that suggests that some parts of language are learned through procedural memory, while others are learned through declarative memory. P. Under this theory, declarative memory, which stores knowledge and facts, would be more useful for learning vocabulary and certain rules of grammar. Procedural memory, which guides tasks we perform without conscious awareness of how we learned them, would be more useful for learning subtle rules related to language morphology. Q. "It"s likely to be the procedural memory system that"s really important for learning these difficult morphological aspects of language. In fact, when you use the declarative memory system, it doesn"t help you, it harms you," Finn says. Still unresolved is the question of whether adults can overcome this language-learning obstacle. Finn says she does not have a good answer yet but she is now testing the effects of "turning off" the adult prefrontal cortex using a technique called transcranial magnetic stimulation. R. Other interventions she plans to study include distracting the prefrontal cortex by forcing it to perform other tasks while language is heard, and treating subjects with drugs that impair activity in that brain region.

填空题 Around the world more and more people are taking part in dangerous sports and activities. Of course, there have always been people who have looked for {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}—those who have climbed the highest mountains, {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}unknown parts of the world or sailed in small boats across the greatest oceans. Now, however, there are people who seek an immediate excitement from a risky activity which may only last a few minutes or even seconds. I would consider bungee jumping to be a good example of such an activity. You jump from a high place, 200 meters above the ground with an {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}rope tied to your ankles. You fall at up to 150 kilometers an hour until the rope stops you from hitting the ground. Other activities which most people would say are as risky as bungee jumping {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}jumping from tall buildings and {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}into the sea from the top of high {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Why do people take part in such activities as these? Some psychologists suggest that it is because life in modem societies has become safe and boring. Not very long ago, people's lives were constantly under threat. They had to go out and {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}food; diseases could not easily be cured, and life was a {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}battle for survival. Nowadays, according to many people, life offers little excitement. They live in {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}safe environment; they buy food in shops; and there are doctors to {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}them ff they become ill. The answer for some of these people is to seek danger in activities such as bungee jumping.

填空题 I'm interested in the criminal justice system of our country. It seems to me that something has to be done, if we're to{{U}} (36) {{/U}}as a country. I certainly don't know what the answers to our problems are. Things certainly get{{U}} (37) {{/U}}in a hurry when you get into them, but I wonder if something couldn't be done to deal with some of these problems. One thing I'm concerned about is our practice of putting{{U}} (38) {{/U}}in jail who haven't harmed anyone. Why not work out some system{{U}} (39) {{/U}}they can pay back the debts they owe society instead of{{U}} (40) {{/U}}another debt by going to prison and, of course, coming under the{{U}} (41) {{/U}}of hardened criminals. I'm also concerned about the short prison sentences people are{{U}} (42) {{/U}}for serious crimes. Of course one alternative to this is to{{U}} (43) {{/U}}capital punishment, but I'm not sure I would be for that. I'm not sure it's right to take an eye for eye．{{U}} (44) {{/U}}. I also think we must do something about the insanity plea. In my opinion, anyone who takes another person's life intentionally is insane, however，{{U}} (45) {{/U}}It's sad, of course, that a person may have to spend the rest of his life, or{{U}} (46) {{/U}}.

填空题Shopper 46 is making a decision. Stopwatch in hand, I observe her from behind a cereal display. Shopper 46 has been contemplating bananas for four minutes and 43 seconds. Finally, she moves to place one with minimal brown spots in her cart, changes her mind and quickly de posits the unfit specimen back onto the pile of fruit. Shopper 46 exits the produce department with a bargain tub of banana pudding instead. Working as a consumer behavior researcher since last summer for Brian Wansink, director of the Cornell University Food and Brand Lab, I have observed thousands of supermarket patrons on the spot from Whole Foods to Safeway. In this economy, people are increasingly trying to save money by eating in. As Americans make the transition from restaurant tables to supermarket aisles, they are making mistakes that translate into unnecessary expenses at the checkout lane. Grocery. shopping might seem like an ordinary, mechanical activity, but look around next time you're in the store: Despite our best intentions, we buy food impulsively and irrationally. We go to the supermarket resolved to watch our pennies and choose healthful foods. But we become lost when we're confronted with thousands of products and brands. So we end up spending ＄3.49 on an accidental bag of Doritos, ＄1.99 on M＆M's. And besides the calories, these wasted dollars add up fast. You might think that browsing slowly through the store would help you pick out the best products. But our research shows that's not the case. The shoppers I studied who took the longest, examining packages, stopping at whatever caught their eye, invariably spent more money. They tumbled stray, often unhealthy, items into their baskets, and later, when questioned, couldn't cite a reason for the purchases. It turns out that making up a precise list beforehand and getting the errand done as quickly as possible is the best way to save money. Cutting time cuts costs, as well. Bananas? Check. Special on Kozy Shack banana pudding? If it wasn't marked on your grocery list, control your instincts and move on quickly.

填空题Savings can not solve the problem of financial loss in that it is not available to every- one.

填空题Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smalle (36) faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs. There can be little (37) of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know, and while hanks may agree to provide short-term (38) , they are generally unwilling to provide money' on a (39) basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in (40) for a share in future profits. They do this by (41) stocks and shares in the business through tire Stock Exchange. By doing so, they can put into circulation the savings of (42) and institution, both at home and overseas. When the saver needs his money hack, he does not have to go to the company with whom he (43) placed it. Instead, (44) .Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function. (45) , requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore (46)

填空题The car broke down just when __________________(我们正准备去度假).

填空题In his autobiography, he ______ (把那场战争的失败归咎于客观条件).

填空题Following ______ , the 1980s band Duran Duran is going to hold a live concert later this month on Second Life on its own virtual island.