填空题An average human, utterly unremarkable in every way, can perceive a million different colors. Vermilion, puce, cerulean, periwinkle, chartreuse—we have thousands of words for them, but mere language can never 1 our extraordinary range of hues. Our powers of color vision 2 cells in our eyes called cones (视锥), three types in all, each 3 different wavelengths of light. Every moment our eyes are open, those three flavors of cone fire off messages to the brain. The brain then combines the signals to produce the 4 we call color. Vision is complex, but the calculus of color is strangely simple: Each cone confers the ability to 5 around a hundred shades, so the total number of 6 is at least 1003, or a million. The richness of the world we see is 7 only by that of birds and some insects, which also perceive the ultraviolet part of the spectrum. Researchers 8 , though, that some people see even more. Living among us are people with four cones, who might experience 9 colors invisible to the rest. It"s possible these so-called tetrachromats see a hundred million colors, with each familiar hue fracturing into a hundred more 10 shades for which there are no names, no paint swatches (样品). And because perceiving color is a personal experience, they would have no way of knowing they see far beyond what we consider the limits of human vision.

填空题Foreign students are valuable to the United States. Most have to pay the full costs for their education. That helps universities meet their{{U}} (36) {{/U}}. International students and their families put twelve-thousand-million dollars into the American economy last year. That number is from the {{U}}(37) {{/U}}of International Education, based in New York. Now, many education officials say they are concerned that fewer students will come to the United States for the next school year. The officials base their{{U}} (38) {{/U}}partly on a decrease in students planning to attend{{U}} (39) {{/U}}English programs during the summer. Just over half the schools in the American Association of Intensive English Programs were questioned for an online study in May. The members said they{{U}} (40) {{/U}}nineteen percent fewer students than last summer. They said they expected more than thirty percent fewer students than in the summer of two-thousand-one. The members said one reason for the expected decrease is slower and more{{U}} (41) {{/U}} United States action on travel documents. Security has increased since the{{U}} (42) {{/U}}attacks of September eleventh, two-thousand-one. The schools also blamed the travel problems caused by the {{U}}(43) {{/U}}of SAILS. {{U}} (44) {{/U}}. The Institute of International Education says these students represent more then four percent of all students in American colleges and universities.{{U}} (45) {{/U}}. The largest number came from India. Before last year the largest number came from China. For some years now,{{U}} (46) {{/U}}. These include Jones International University in Englewood, Colorado, and the University of Phoenix in Arizona.

填空题Happy hours should be banned

填空题Directions: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words on Answer Sheet 2. Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage. Wild ducks and other migratory (迁移的) birds could be important carriers of deadly bird flu, researchers say. Even so, the infectious-disease experts say there is no solid basis for killing wild birds to protect poultry and minimize the risk of human infection. The European team investigating the global spread of the H5N1 strain of avian influenza(禽流感) says certain duck species may be infecting wild bird populations. Geese and wading birds are also possible vectors(带菌者) of the virus, the team says. The team's study was led by Bjom Olsen of Umea University in Sweden. Olsen runs Europe's largest wild-bird flu monitoring program. Studies have shown that influenza viruses in lake water, generally passed via bird feces (粪), can stay infectious for up to 30 days. The migration or feeding behavior of dabbling ducks could at least partially explain the spread of the H5N1 strain of bird flu, the researchers add. This group of duck species includes mallards, teal, pintails, and others that feed at or near the surface, where viruses in water are most likely to be picked up. Perhaps as a result, dabblers have the highest known rates of avian influenza infection, the study says. For instance, nearly 13 percent of mallards tested positive for bird flu. Other species tested include the American black duck ( 18.1 percent ), blue-winged teal ( 11.5 percent ), and northern pintail ( 11.2 percent). However, bird flu viruses appear to exist in ducks in a low-pathogenic form, meaning infection doesn't usually lead to severe illness and death. "Dabbling ducks are for sure the prime hosts for low pathogenic viruses," said study co-author Ron Fouchier, a virologist at the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, Netherlands. "But the big question is, how much of our knowledge about these viruses can we translate to high-pathogenic viruses such as the H5NI strain of bird flu?" In poultry avian viruses can mutate(变异) into more virulent influenza strains, including H5N1. If this mutated virus then finds its way back into wild populations, the birds could then spread the disease through migration. Some scientists have argued that wild birds infected with HN51 would be too ill to migrate. Swans, for instance, appear to be particularly vulnerable to the strain. "Swans apparently drop dead quite easily, but they are unlikely to be the vector because they are not going to fly very far if they arc dead," Fouchier said. But the study team says that some birds that have been purposely infected for the sake of research show that wild birds can survive H5N1. "For some reason H5NI has adapted so it no longer kills dabbling ducks," Fouchier said. This means the ducks may be able to spread the virus over a wide area. The study team says migratory geese may also be vectors, because they often graze in huge flocks, a practice that could encourage transmission. Migrating ducks, the researchers add, "could provide an intercontinental bridge" for bird flu to North America, which has not yet had any known cases of H5N1.

填空题 In about 45 years, temperatures on Earth will be hotter than at anytime during the past one million years, says the U.S. {{U}}(36) {{/U}} top climatologist in a new report {{U}}(37) {{/U}} today. According to the report, published in the {{U}}(38) {{/U}} of the National Academy of Sciences, the planet is just two degrees shy of an {{U}}(39) {{/U}} temperature of 59 degrees Fahrenheit, which is what they {{U}}(40) {{/U}} the temperature was about a million years ago. NASA's James Hansen, along with {{U}}(41) {{/U}} from the University of California and Columbia University, are for the first time, marking a {{U}}(42) {{/U}} signaling the approach of temperatures that humans have never {{U}}(43) {{/U}} "Humans are now in control of the Earth's climate, for better or worse," Hansen says. {{U}} (44) {{/U}} What that temperature change means is that by mid-century, the world will experience even more record heat waves, wildfires, more intense storms and flooding. In other parts of the world, {{U}}(45) {{/U}}Hansen stresses we can't wait that long to cut greenhouse gas pollution, because of the decades it takes for the climate system to respond to changes. {{U}}(46) {{/U}}

填空题 By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns(酒馆), and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War(1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half of the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern fridge, had been invented. Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary(未发展的). The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox. But as early as 1803, and ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.

填空题What happened to the New York Knicks in the 1980s?

填空题Have you ever been on a long-haul flight? How did you pass the time? Perhaps you watched an in-flight movie or read a book. Well, it would have to be a very long book to keep you 1 for 520 days. That"s how long six men are going to be 2 from humanity in a warehouse in the 3 of Moscow from tomorrow. No, this isn"t another weird reality TV show, but an experiment from the European Space Agency and Russia"s Institute of Biomedical Problems to test the psychological 4 of a manned mission to Mars. The six astronauts will live in conditions approximating a real space mission. A 550-cubic-meter 5 within the warehouse includes an interplanetary spaceship, a Mars lander and a Martian 6 . The group of six will work, relax and sleep in eight-hour 7 , take two days off a week and shower once every ten days. All communication, with mission control will be 8 a 20-minute delay to reproduce the effects of distance. After 250 days, the astronauts will divide into two groups. Three will move to the Martian surface simulator for a month while the rest will remain "in orbit." Then the six will be reunited for a 240-day return journey to the outside world. Throughout, the organizers of the project will use cameras to 9 everything that happens "on board." They will gather new information about personal stress levels, emotional well-being and group dynamics. Dr. Maggie Aderin-Pocock, a scientist with the satellite manufacturer EADS Astrium, believes that the experiment will be extremely valuable. However, she 10 that without the glory of being the first humans to visit the Red Planet, it could be hard for these pioneers to maintain motivation.

填空题________________________________ when you drank so much last night.(你头疼也是不足为奇的)

填空题 {{B}}Directions:{{/B}} In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written. The American idea of respecting human rights came from several sources. First, the colonists had been {{U}}(36) {{/U}} of their fights in the Old World. They realized that people's rights must be {{U}}(37) {{/U}}. Moreover, the Bible and literature from Greece and Rome taught that people are born with basic rights. As a result, the U.S. Constitution included 10 {{U}}(38) {{/U}} to guarantee citizens basic rights. This "Bill of Rights" promised freedom of religion, freedom of speech and of the press, the right to bear arms and the right to a fair {{U}}(39) {{/U}}. Throughout American history, the belief in {{U}}(40) {{/U}} human rights has influenced government policies and laws. Slavery {{U}}(41) {{/U}} argued that even slaves had fights as human beings. Finally, after the Civil War, slavery was {{U}}(42) {{/U}}. As industries developed, many people protested the poor working conditions. Eventually, laws were passed {{U}}(43) {{/U}} workers fair wages and working hours and prohibiting child labor. The Civil Rights Movement used human rights arguments in the fight against discrimination. Human rights have become a global concern. {{U}}(44) {{/U}}. Three years later, the UN adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. {{U}}(45) {{/U}}. Later, groups like Amnesty International were formed to keep an eye out for human rights abuses wherever they occur. Most nations in the world today would agree that human beings have basic rights. Of course, different countries have different perspectives about the issue. {{U}}(46) {{/U}}.

填空题What aspect of the Basic English is evident in the last paragraph?

填空题The world health watchdogs are looking in the wrong places for the next dangerous epidemics, according to an analysis of global trends in emerging disease outbreaks over the past few decades. The study gives a fresh perspective on global disease by tracking the history, from 1940 to 2004, of the emergence and spread of 335 infectious diseases. The extensive work helps to quantify the effect of well-known risk factors, such as population density, on the probability of a disease taking hold in a given area. Although the data haven't yet been used to map out specific future hotspots for disease, they do suggest that watchdog groups should invest more in monitoring regions such as tropical Africa, Latin America and Asia. These areas have the greatest threats of newly emerging epidemics, say the survey's authors, but they have traditionally received the least surveillance. A globally coordinated strategy is required to spot and stop outbreaks before they can spread across the world, argues Kate Jones of the Institute of Zoology in London, one of the researchers behind the new report. "We need to think more broadly, with a global vision." she says, "Everyone will be affected by new disease outbreaks. We are all on the same planet--there's nowhere to hide." Jones and her colleagues tracked the infectious diseases over a 64-year span. They included many diseases that have gone on to cause worldwide misery. The survey paints a picture in which new diseases arise as a result of dramatic increases in human population density, international trade and travel, and changes to agricultural practices. Such changes have caused a dramatic increase in the rate at which new diseases have emerged since the 1940s, the researchers say. During the 1980s alone, the worst decade in their date set, almost 100 new pathogens emerged. That is probably due to the ravages of the most notorious pathogen(病原体，致病菌) to appear in the 1980s--HIV--the researchers note. HIV, like 60% of the diseases studies by the researchers, is a zoonotic(动物传染病的) pathogen-it leapt from animals to humans. Of these zoonotic diseases, 72% came from wildlife as opposed to domesticated animals, the researchers found. Recent examples include Nipah virus in Malaysia, and the infamous SARS outbreak in Guangdong, China, which practically shut down international travel in Southeast Asia in 2002.

填空题There"s a Price to Be Paid for Our Cheap Food The big food companies should be taxed for the damage they cause to our bodies and the planet. A. The world is throwing away a shocking amount of food. A report last week claimed that at least a third of the 4 billion tonnes of food the world produces each year never gets as far as our mouths. Between 30% and 50% of food purchased in Europe and the US is thrown away. The research is questioned, not least by the supermarkets, but it does echo the results of an exercise in Britain six years ago, when researchers for the government-funded Waste and Resources Action Programme (Wrap) went through the nation"s rubbish bins. It concluded that we were throwing away 30% of the food we"d bought while it was still edible (可信用的). B. Britain—and much of the rich world—has got used to filling the fridge with what looks nice, not what it actually needs. The cost of that indulgence (放纵) is, says the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, ￡10bn annually. Globally, the cost, in money, energy and ever-scarcer water, is unquantifiable. C. Our future food security has been climbing the top 10 of current global worries. The prospect of feeding a mid-century planet of around 9 billion people looks impossible without major and potentially unattractive changes to farming and our diet. If you accept the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation"s call for production to be increased by 70% to feed the population of 2050, most of the work will be achieved just by being a bit more thrifty (节俭的). All we have to do is to use better what is already there. D. However, throwing food out is easy. Using it sensibly, especially the less attractive bits, is not. The urge to bin and buy again, encouraged by multimillion pound advertising campaigns, is all the less resistible now because, despite recent price rises, for most of us, food is cheap. At Christmas, the average family spent just over ￡100 on the big meal, a quarter of what it spent on presents. Stopping the waste will take more than a few celebrity chefs telling us how to use the roast chicken leftovers or asking the supermarkets to relax a bit with buy one, get one free offers. E. Education of consumers and voluntary agreements with the retail industry have all been tried: Wrap is 13 years old this year and has not impressed. Its critics say that its expensive information campaigns under slogans such as "Love Food Hate Waste" lack targets and convincingly audited (审计) results. Like so many toothless quangos (半官方机构), it can only cajole (利诱) business rather than bring it firmly to heel. More households may be portion-planning and recycling now, because of Wrap"s adverts, but the slight reduction in the tonnage of food estimated to have been thrown away in British households (from 8.3m in 2006/07 to 7.2m in 2010) is probably accounted for by the price rises and stall in incomes that followed the global economic crash of 2008. F. Here we come to the uncomfortable core of the problem. Price is the key factor in our behaviour with food and food may, simply, be too cheap. Certainly, in Britain it is cheaper than at any time in history: we spend less than 10% of household income on food and drink. In 1950, we spent around 25%. In the developing world, 50% or more of income is spent on food. Tellingly, Britain spends less than any other country in Europe. Worldwide, it seems that the lower a country"s food/income ratio, the higher its incidence of obesity (肥胖). Presumably, the higher also the proportion of food it chucks out. G. Observers of food policy certainly believe that cheap food is a problem or, as Professor Tim Lang of City University tells it, that too much of the true cost of food is born not by the consumer or the retailer. The environmental and health damage caused by modern food production and its transport, as well as by excessive consumption, entails vast costs, often picked up by people far away from Tesco"s catchments. But it is the supermarkets" eternal price wars—their one-track marketing philosophy where "value" trumps all other qualities in food—that have driven prices so low. Without restoring a sense of the real value of food, how will we stop all but the hungry wasting it? H. Food inflation is a key political indicator, yet no government is going to risk price rises for all the good it might do for our health or our environment, let alone the chance of stopping the landfill. Supermarkets, with their powerful lobbying arms and political donations, habitually wriggle away from legislation and Competition Commission criticism merely with the threat that any new regulation will raise prices. That has to stop. A far tougher position is required. I. The government"s promise to abolish the use of "sell by" and "display until" labels has been parlayed into voluntary Food Standards Agency "advice". Because of industry resistance, Wrap has never fully measured waste caused upstream from the household, even though the retailers and manufacturers are certainly to blame for more of the tonnage that goes to landfill. It may always be easier to blame the consumer but what is required is far stricter regulation of the food giants. J. So how could we regulate? Producers complain that the major supermarket chains enslave them in very harsh contracts that set up a damaging chain reaction. Producers then pay low wages, which are in turn subsidised by taxpayers via tax credits. These boost incomes that are still so low that families are forced to buy inferior food. (Supermarket chains—hugely profitable—also pay risibly low wages to workers.) Ending this vicious cycle is not simply about food pricing, it"s a far larger debate. Even in austerity, the profits of the "big food" companies continue to rise. This is about more than pricing—it"s about a sense of responsibility about what"s fair. K. An alternative to voluntary change is to tax the food industry in just proportion to the damage it causes. Another idea gaining ground across Europe is for a sugar tax—the cheap processed foods and soft drinks that carry the largest profit margins (and which are a key cause of obesity) depend hugely on sugar for their appeal. Food price rises would result and the supermarkets" vast profits might have to take a hit. Those who would really suffer are the poor and their children and that is a challenge to be met fairly with a living wage, not by caps on benefits or food banks. L. There are lots of ideas around for the "zero-waste economy" that successive governments have repeatedly promised. But first and foremost, politicians have to conquer their fear of "big food".