填空题New Year's Day is the last bank holiday of the festive season. It means most people have to go to work the next day: (36) and fresh and ready for the new year (37) . New Year in the UK usually starts with a (38) on New Year's Eve (31st December). Some people spend the evening at home with their family, or have a party for friends at their house. Others go to a (39) to celebrate, or spend the evening in a large (40) space, for example, Trafalgar Square in London. The beginning of the New Year is (41) by the chiming of Big Ben, the famous London clock, at midnight, which is also shown on TV for those who (42) staying in. In Scotland, New Year is called Hogmanay, and for some people, it's a bigger celebration than Christmas. In big cities like Edinburgh and Glasgow there are street parties with around 100,000 people, enjoying (43) , music, entertainment and dance at midnight. (44) . "Auld Lang Syne", reminds us to think of old friends and remember the good times of the past, as we look to the future. (45) , as some people make New Year's resolutions. Often these are connected with fitness and health, for example giving up smoking or drinking, taking more exercise or losing weight. (46) .

填空题Humanity will be dramatically influenced because of ______.

填空题Some factors led to the traditional characterization of Chinese as a single language with a number of______.

填空题Google"s Plan for World"s Biggest Online Library: Philanthropy or Act of Piracy? A．In recent years, teams of workers dispatched by Google have been working hard to make digital copies of books. So far, Google has scanned more than 10 million titles from libraries in America and Europe—including half a million volumes held by the Bodleian in Oxford. The exact method it uses is unclear; the company does not allow outsiders to observe the process. Why is Google undertaking such a venture? B．Why is it even interested in all those out-of-print library books, most of which have been gathering dust on forgotten shelves for decades? The company claims its motives are essentially public-spirited. Its overall mission, after all, is to "organise the world"s information", so it would be odd if that information did not include books. The company likes to present itself as having lofty aspirations. "This really isn"t about making money. We are doing this for the good of society." As Santiago de la Mora, head of Google Books for Europe, puts it: "By making it possible to search the millions of books that exist today, we hope to expand the frontiers of human knowledge." C．Dan Clancy, the chief architect of Google Books, does seem genuine in his conviction that this is primarily a philanthropic (慈善的) exercise. "Google"s core business is search and find, so obviously what helps improve Google"s search engine is good for Google," he says. "But we have never built a spreadsheet (电子数据表) outlining the financial benefits of this, and I have never had to justify the amount I am spending to the company"s founders." D．It is easy, talking to Clancy and his colleagues, to be swept along by their missionary passion. But Google"s book-scanning project is proving controversial. Several opponents have recently emerged, ranging from rival tech giants such as Microsoft and Amazon to small bodies representing authors and publishers across the world. In broad terms, these opponents have levelled two sets of criticisms at Google. E．First, they have questioned whether the primary responsibility for digitally archiving the world"s books should be allowed to fall to a commercial company. In a recent essay in the New York Review of Books , Robert Darnton, the head of Harvard University"s library, argued that because such books are a common resource—the possession of us all—only public, not-for-profit bodies should be given the power to control them. F．The second related criticism is that Google"s scanning of books is actually illegal. This allegation has led to Google becoming mired in (陷入) a legal battle whose scope and complexity makes the Jarndyce and Jarndyce case in Charles Dickens" Bleak House look straightforward. At its centre, however, is one simple issue: that of copyright. The inconvenient fact about most books, to which Google has arguably paid insufficient attention, is that they are protected by copyright. Copyright laws differ from country to country, but in general protection extends for the duration of an author"s life and for a substantial period afterwards, thus allowing the author"s heirs to benefit. (In Britain and America, this post-death period is 70 years.) This means, of course, that almost all of the books published in the 20th century are still under copyright—and the last century saw more books published than in all previous centuries combined. Of the roughly 40 million books in US libraries, for example, an estimated 32 million are in copyright. Of these, some 27 million are out of print. G．Outside the US, Google has made sure only to scan books that are out of copyright and thus in the "public domain" (works such as the Bodleian"s first edition of Middlemarch, which anyone can read for free on Google Books Search). H．But, within the US, the company has scanned both in-copyright and out-of-copyright works. In its defence, Google points out that it displays only small segments of books that are in copyright—arguing that such displays are "fair use". But critics allege that by making electronic copies of these books without first seeking the permission of copyright holders, Google has committed piracy. "The key principle of copyright law has always been that works can be copied only once authors have expressly given their permission," says Piers Blofeld, of the Sheil Land literary agency in London. "Google has reversed this—it has simply copied all these works without bothering to ask." I．In 2005, the Authors Guild of America, together with a group of US publishers, launched a class action suit (集团诉讼) against Google that, after more than two years of negotiation, ended with an announcement last October that Google and the claimants had reached an out-of-court settlement. The full details are complicated—the text alone runs to 385 pages—and trying to summarise it is no easy task. "Part of the problem is that it is basically incomprehensible," says Blofeld, one of the settlement"s most vocal British critics. J．Broadly, the deal provides a mechanism for Google to compensate authors and publishers whose rights it has breached (including giving them a share of any future revenue it generates from their works). In exchange for this, the rights holders agree not to sue Google in future. K．This settlement hands Google the power—but only with the agreement of individual rights holders—to exploit its database of out-of-print books. It can include them in subscription deals sold to libraries or sell them individually under a consumer licence. It is these commercial provisions that are proving the settlement"s most controversial aspect. L．Critics point out that, by giving Google the right to commercially exploit its database, the settlement paves the way for a subtle shift in the company"s role from provider of information to seller. "Google"s business model has always been to provide information for free, and sell advertising on the basis of the traffic this generates," points out James Grimmelmann, associate professor at New York Law School. Now, he says, because of the settlement"s provisions, Google could become a significant force in bookselling. M．Interest in this aspect of the settlement has focused on "orphan" works, where there is no known copyright holder—these make up an estimated 5-10% of the books Google has scanned. Under the settlement, when no rights holders come forward and register their interest in a work, commercial control automatically reverts to Google. Google will be able to display up to 20% of orphan works for free, include them in its subscription deals to libraries and sell them to individual buyers under the consumer licence. N．It is by no means certain that the settlement will be enacted (执行)—it is the subject of a fairness hearing in the US courts. But if it is enacted, Google will in effect be off the hook as far as copyright violations in the US are concerned. Many people are seriously concerned by this—and the company is likely to face challenges in other courts around the world. O．No one knows the precise use Google will make of the intellectual property it has gained by scanning the world"s library books, and the truth, as Gleick, an American science writer and member of the Authors Guild, points out, is that the company probably doesn"t even know itself. But what is certain is that, in some way or other, Google"s entrance into digital bookselling will have a significant impact on the book world in years to come.

填空题Before their son was born, the spouse could see each other______.

填空题Young as my sister is, she_____________________________ . (已经明确了将要从事的职业)

填空题The United States smashed Arab nationalism so as to______.

填空题The mayor of a Spanish town once tried to use free air passage and housing to ________.

填空题Among all the GM crops, Bt genes have proved most effective in ______ when the largest reduction in pesticide use has been reported.

填空题Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-4, mark Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. For questions 5-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. Tsunami Up until December of 2004, the phenomena of tsunami was not on the minds of most of the world's population. That changed on the morning of December 24, 2004 when an earthquake of moment magnitude 9.1 occurred along the oceanic trench off the coast of Sumatra in Indonesia. This large earthquake resulted in vertical displacement of the sea floor and generated a tsunami that eventually killed 280,000 people and affected the lives of several million people. Although people living on the coastline near the epicenter of the earthquake had little time or warning of the approaching tsunami, those living farther away along the coasts of Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, and East Africa had plenty of time to move to higher ground to escape. But, there was no tsunami warning system in place in the Indian Ocean, and although other tsunami warning centers attempted to provide a warning, there was no effective communication system in place. Unfortunately, it has taken a disaster of great magnitude to point out the failings of the world's scientific community and to educate almost every person on the planet about tsunami. How Tsunamis Are Generated There is an average of two destructive tsunamis per year in the Pacific basin. Pacific wide tsunamis are a rare phenomenon, occurring every 10-12 years on the average. Most of these tsunamis are generated by earthquakes that cause displacement of the seafloor. Earthquakes cause tsunami by causing a disturbance of the seafloor. Thus, earthquakes that occur along coastlines or anywhere beneath the oceans can generate tsunami. The size of the tsunami is usually related to the size of the earthquake, with larger tsunami generated by larger earthquakes. But the sense of displacement is also important. Tsunamis are generally only formed when an earthquake causes vertical displacement of the seafloor. The 1906 earthquake near San Francisco California had a Richter Magnitude of about 7.1, yet no tsunami was generated because the motion on the fault (断层) was strike-slip motion with no vertical displacement. Thus, tsunami only occur if the fault generating the earthquake has normal or reverse displacement. Because of this, most tsunamis are generated by earthquakes that occur along the subduction boundaries of plates, along the oceanic trenches. Since the Pacific Ocean is surrounded by plate boundaries of this type, tsunamis are frequently generated by earthquakes around the margins of the Pacific Ocean. {{B}}Examples of Tsunami Generated by Earthquakes {{/B}} May 22, 1960-A moment magnitude 9.5 earthquake occurred along the subduction zone off South America. Because the population of Chile is familiar with earthquakes and potential tsunami, most people along the coast moved to higher ground. 15 minutes after the earthquake, a tsunami with a run-up of 4.5 m hit the coast. The first wave then retreated, dragging broken houses and boats back into the ocean. Many people saw this smooth retreat of the sea as a sign they could ride their boats out to sea and recover some of the property swept away, by the first wave. But, about 1 hour later, the second wave traveling at a velocity of 166 km/hr crashed in with a run-up of 8 m. This wave crushed boats along the coast and destroyed coastal buildings. This was followed by a third wave traveling at only 83 km/hr that crashed in later with a run-up of 11 m, destroying all that was left of coastal villages. The resulting causalities listed 909 dead with 834 missing. In Hawaii, a tsunami warning system was in place and the tsunami was expected to arrive at 9:57 AM. It hit at 9:58 AM and 61 people died, mostly sightseers that wanted to watch the wave roll in at close range (obviously they were too close). The tsunami continued across the Pacific Ocean, eventually reaching Japan where it killed an additional 185 people. Prediction and Early Warning For areas located at great distances from earthquakes that could potentially generate a tsunami there, is usually plenty of time for warnings to be sent and coastal areas evacuated, even though tsunami travels at high velocities across the oceans. Hawaii is a good example of an area located far from most of the sources of tsunami, where early warning is possible and has saved lives. For earthquakes occurring anywhere on the subduction margins of the Pacific Ocean there is a minimum of 4 hours of warning before a tsunami would strike any of the Hawaiian Islands. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has set up a Pacific warning system for areas in the Pacific Ocean, called the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. It consists of an international network of seismographic stations, and tidal stations around the Pacific basin that can all send information via satellite to the Center located in Hawaii. When an earthquake occurs somewhere in the region, the Center immediately begins to analyze the data looking for signs that the earthquake could have generated a tsunami. The tidal stations are also monitored, and if a tsunami is detected, a warning is sent out to all areas on the Pacific coast. It takes at least 1 hour to assimilate all of the information and issue a warning. Thus for an average velocity of a tsunami of 750 km/hr, the regional system can provide a warning sufficient for adequate evacuation of coastal areas within 750 km of the earthquake. In order to be able to issue warnings about tsunami generated within 100 to 750 km of an earthquake, several regional warning centers have been set up in areas prone to tsunami generating earthquakes. These include centers in Japan, Kamchatka, Alaska, Hawaii, French Polynesia, and Chile. These systems have been very successful at saving lives. For example, before the Japanese warning system was established, 14 tsunamis killed over 6000 people in Japan. Since the establishment of the warning system 20 tsunamis have killed 215 people in Japan. Tsunami Safety Rules A strong earthquake felt in a low-lying coastal area is a natural warning of possible, immediate danger. Keep calm and quickly move to higher ground away from the coast. A tsunami is not a single wave, but a series of waves. Stay out of danger until an "ALL CLEAR" is issued by a competent authority. Approaching tsunamis are sometimes heralded by noticeable rise or fall of coastal waters. This is nature's tsunami warning and should be heeded. A small tsunami at one beach can be a giant a few miles away. Do not let modest size of one make you lose respect for all. Never go down to the beach to watch for a tsunami? WHEN YOU CAN SEE THE WAVE YOU ARE TOO CLOSE TO ESCAPE. Tsunami can move faster than a person can run? Homes and other buildings located in low lying coastal areas are not safe. Do NOT stay in such buildings if there is a tsunami warning. The upper floors of high, multi-story, reinforced concrete hotels can provide refuge if there is no time to quickly move inland or to higher ground. If you are on a boat or ship and there is time, move your vessel to deeper water (at least 100 fathoms). If it is the case that there is concurrent severe weather, it may be safer to leave the boat at the pier and physically move to higher ground. Damaging wave activity and unpredictable currents can affect harbor conditions for a period of time after the tsunami's initial impact. Be sure conditions are safe before you return your boat or ship to the harbor. Stay tuned to your local radio, marine radio, NOAA Weather Radio, or television stations during a tsunami emergency--bulletins issued through your local emergency management office and National Weather Service offices can save your life.

填空题______ means a lot of time, especially for those hard charging executives who are not used to having any time.

填空题 Now we travel to the north central part of the United States. We are in the state of South Dakota. The land is big and mostly fiat with many{{U}} (36) {{/U}}of com, wheat and soybeans. But as we travel west, the cropland gives way to wild grasses. A strong dry wind blows{{U}} (37) {{/U}}from the west. Suddenly, the land' becomes{{U}} (38) {{/U}}and rocky, dry and dusty—no longer green and gold. It is now a light red- brown color. All around arc broken{{U}} (39) {{/U}}forms. There are hills and valleys of all sizes and strange shapes. These are the Badlands. Hundreds of thousands of years ago the area was{{U}} (40) {{/U}}, but, then, forces of nature{{U}} (41) {{/U}}the grass. Water and ice cut into the surface of the earth. They beat at the rocks,{{U}} (42) {{/U}}them away. The result is one of the world's{{U}} (43) {{/U}}sights. {{U}} (44) {{/U}}. The area is a study in extremes. Temperatures in the summer have been as high as forty-six degrees Celsius.{{U}} (45) {{/U}}. Life in the Badlands is difficult, but animals do survive. The most well known is the prairie dog.{{U}} (46) {{/U}}.

填空题To judge how serious a flood is, we have to consider the volumes of rivers and streams in an area and ______.

填空题The chairman____________(分配给每个人20分钟的讲话时间).

填空题Directions: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word Or delete a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections" in the blanks provided, lf you change a word, class it out and write the correct word in the corresponding blank. If you add a word, put an insertion mark (∧) in the right place and write the missing word in the blank. If" you delete a word, cross it out and put a slash (—) in the blank. "Home, sweet home" is a phrase that express an essential attitude in theUnited States. Whether the reality of life in the family house is sweet or no 62. ______sweet, the cherished ideal of home has great importance for many people. This ideal is a vital part of the American dream. This dream,dramatized in the history of nineteenth century European settlers ofAmerican West, was to find a piece of place, build a house for one's 63. ______family, and started a farm. These small households were portraits of 64. ______independence: the entire family—mother, father, children, even grandparents-live in a small house and working together to support each other. 65. ______Anyone understood the life-and-death importance of family cooperation and hard 66. ______work. Although most people in the United States no longer live on farms, but 67. ______the ideal of home ownership is just as strong in the twentieth century as it was inthe nineteenth. When U. S soldiers came home before World War II, for example, they 68. ______dreamed of buying houses and starting families. But there was a tremendous 69. ______boom in home building. The new houses, typically in the suburbs, were oftensmall and more or less identical, but it satisfied a deep need. Many regarded the 70. ______single-family house the basis of their way of life. 71. ______

填空题For years the advice has been clear: Eating five portions a day of fruit and vegetables is the key to a healthy life. But five may no longer be enough. A study has found that to get 1 defense against heart disease, you need to eat at least eight daily servings of fresh food. The government"s five-a-day advice has its 2 in World Health Organization guidelines to include 14 ounces of vegetables in a daily diet. But there have been doubts over whether eating more than this level of fruit and vegetables meant even greater health 3 . Now the new study suggests every extra portion provides added protection. 4 , those in the highest category—eating eight or more a day—have a 22 percent lower chance of dying from heart disease than those who 5 three portions, the UK average. A "portion" 6 just under three ounces, equal to a small banana, a medium apple or a small carrot. The findings come from an ongoing European 7 diet and health, looking at 300000 people in eight countries. Dr. Francesca Crowe of Oxford University is working on the project. She said that although ischemic (缺血性的) heart disease (IHD)—the most common 8 —was less likely in those who ate lots of vegetables, it could be explained by the probably healthier lifestyles. 9 these things, the study specifically showed a reduced risk of dying from IHD of around four percent for each 10 portion of fruit and vegetables eaten above the lowest category, which was those who ate two or fewer portions.