填空题A scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way in which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behavior. To form round conclusion, he must (36) data both on resources of consumers and on the (37) that tend to encourage or discourage money spending. If an economist were asked which of three groups borrow most — people with rising incomes, (38) incomes, or declining incomes — he would probably answer: those with declining incomes. Actually, in the years 1947-1950, the answer was: people with rising incomes. People with declining incomes were next and people with stable incomes borrowed the least. This shows us that traditional (39) about earning and spending are not always (40) . Another traditional conclusion is that if people who have money expect prices to go up, they will (41) to buy. If they expect prices to go down, they will postpone buying. But research (42) have shown that this is not always true. The expectations of price increases may not (43) buying. (44) . "In a few months," she said, "we'll have to pay more for meat and milk; that is to say we'll have much less to spend on other things we need. It's really annoying." (45) . Furthermore, the rise in prices that has already taken place may be resented and buyer's resistance may arise. (46) .

填空题This passage is mainly about how epidemics spread and how to prevent in advance.

填空题______ seems to give a good explanation to natural disasters.

填空题A vegetable crop expert advised ______ (将这些蔬菜放置在可以接受八到十个小时日晒的地方 ) a day.

填空题 {{B}} Suggestions for Improving Reading SpeedImprovement of Reading Rate{{/B}} It is safe to say that almost anyone can double his or her speed of reading while maintaining equal or even better comprehension. In other words, you can improve the speed with which you get what you want from your reading. The average college student reads between 250 and 350 words per minute on fiction and non-technical materials. A "good" reading speed is around 500 to 700 words per minute, but some people can read 1,000 words per minute or more on these materials. What makes the difference? There are three main factors involved in improving reading speed: (1) the desire to improve, (2) the willingness to try new techniques and (3) the motivation to practice. Learning to read rapidly and well presupposes that you have the necessary vocabulary and comprehension skills. When you have advanced on the reading comprehension materials to a level at which you can understand college-level materials, you will be ready to practice speed reading in earnest.{{B}}The Role of Speed in the Reading Process{{/B}} Understanding the role of speed in the reading process is essential. Research shows a close relation between speed and understanding--although it is the opposite of what you might expect! Among thousands of individuals taking reading training, in most cases an increase in rate was accompanied by an increase in comprehension and a decrease in rate brought decreased comprehension with it. It appears that plodding or word-by-word analysis inhibits rather than increases understanding. Most adults are able to increase their reading rate considerably and rather quickly without lowering their comprehension. These same individuals usually show a decrease in comprehension when they reduce their rate. Such results, of course are heavily dependent upon the method used to gain the increased rate. Simply reading more rapidly without actual improvement in basic reading habits usually results in lowered comprehension.{{B}}Factors that Reduce Reading Rate{{/B}} Some of the factors which reduce reading rate: 1. Limited perceptual span (word-by-word reading); 2. Slow perceptual reaction time (slow recognition and response to the material) 3. Vocalization (reading aloud) 4. Faulty eye movements (including inaccuracy in placement of the page, in return sweep, in rhythm and regularity of movement, etc.); 5. Regression (needless or unconscious re-reading) 6. Faulty habits of attention and concentration (including simple inattention during the reading act and faulty processes of retention) 7. Lack of practice in reading--use it or lose it! 8. Fear of losing comprehension, causing the person to deliberately read more slowly; 9. Habitual slow reading, in which the person cannot read faster because he or she has always read slowly; 10. Poor evaluation of which aspects are important and which are unimportant; 11. The effort to remember everything rather than to remember selectively. Since these conditions also tend to reduce comprehension, increasing the reading rate by eliminating them is likely to produce increased comprehension, too. This is entirely different from simply speeding up the rate of reading--which may actually make the real reading problem more severe. In addition, forced acceleration may destroy confidence in one's ability to read. The obvious solution, then, is to increase rate as a part of a total improvement of the whole reading process, as special training programs in reading do.{{B}}Basic Conditions for Increasing Reading Rate{{/B}} A well-planned program prepares for maximum increase in rate by establishing the necessary conditions. Four basic conditions include: 1. Have your eyes checked. Often, very slow reading is related to uncorrected eye defects. Before embarking on a speed reading program, make sure that any correctable eye defects you may have are taken care of. 2. Eliminate the habit of pronouncing words as you read. If you sound out words in your throat or whisper them, your reading rate is slowed considerably. You should be able to read most materials at least two or three times faster silently than orally, because you can get meaning from phrases without reading each word individually. If you are aware of sounding or "hearing" words as you read, try to concentrate on key words and meaningful ideas as you force yourself to read faster. 3. Avoid regressing (rereading). The average student reading at 250 words per minute regresses or rereads about 20 times per page. Rereading words and phrases is a habit which will slow your reading speed down to a snail's pace. Usually, it is unnecessary to reread words, for the ideas you want are explained and elaborated more fully later. Furthermore, the slowest reader usually regresses most frequently. Because he reads slowly, his mind has time to wander and his rereading reflects both his inability to concentrate and his lack of confidence in his comprehension skills. 4. Develop a wider eye-span. This will help you read more than one word at a glance. Since written material is less meaningful if read word by word, this will help you learn to read by phrases or thought units.{{B}}Rate Adjustment{{/B}} Poor results are inevitable if the reader attempts to use the same rate for all types of material and for all reading purposes. He must learn to adjust his rate to his purpose in reading and to the difficulty of the material. The fastest rate works on easy, familiar, interesting material or in reading to gather information on a particular point; A slower rate is better for material which is unfamiliar in content and language structure or which must be thoroughly digested. The effective reader adjusts his rater the ineffective reader always uses the same. Rate may be adjusted overall for an entire article, or internally for parts of an article. As an analogy, imagine that you plan to take a 100-mile mountain trip. Since this trip will include hills, curves, and a mountain pass, you estimate it will take three hours for the total trip, averaging about 35 miles an hour. This is your overall rate adjustment. In actual driving, however, you may slow down to no more than 15 miles per hour on some curves and hills, while speeding up to 50 miles per hour or more on relatively straight and level sections. This is your internal rate adjustment. Similarly, there is no set rate which the good reader follows inflexibly in reading a particular selection, even though he has set himself an overall rate for the total job. Reading rate should vary according to your reading purpose. To understand information, for example, skim or scan at a rapid rate. To determine the value of material or to read for enjoyment, read rapidly or slowly according to your feeling. To read analytically, read at a moderate pace to permit you to interrelated ideas. The nature and difficulty of the material also calls for adjustments in rate. Obviously, level of difficulty depends greatly on the particular reader's knowledge. While Einstein's theories may be extremely difficult for most laymen, they would be very simple and clear to a professor of physics. Hence, the layman and the physics professor will read the same material at different rates. Generally, difficult material will entail a slower rater simpler material will permit a faster rate. {{B}}In general, decrease speed when you find the following:{{/B}} 1. Unfamiliar terminology. Try to understand it in context at that point; otherwise, read on and return to it later. 2. Difficult sentence and paragraph structure. Slow down enough to enable you to untangle them and get accurate context for the passage. 3. Unfamiliar or abstract concepts. Look for applications or examples of your own as well as studying those of the writer. Take enough time to get them clearly in mind. 4. Detailed, technical material. This includes complicated directions, statements of difficult principles, and materials on which you have scant background. 5. Material on which you want detailed retention.{{B}}In general, Increase speed when you meet the following:{{/B}} 1. Simple material with few ideas which are new to you. Move rapidly over the familiar ones; spend most of your time on the unfamiliar ideas. 2. Unnecessary examples and illustrations. Since these are included to clarify ideas, move over them rapidly when they are not needed. 3. Detailed explanation and idea elaboration which you do not need. 4. Broad, generalized ideas and ideas which are restatements of previous ones. These can be readily grasped, even with scan techniques.

填空题Two cities that lay at the edge of the Mediterranean more than 1.200 years ago, Herakleion and Eastern Canopus. disappeared suddenly, swallowed by the sea. Now, an international team of scientists may have figured out the mystery of why it happened. The researchers have concluded that the two cities collapsed when the land they were built on suddenly liquefied(液化). Until recently, the only evidence that they existed came from Greek mythology and the writings of ancient historians. Then, during expeditions in 1999 and 2000. a team of French marine archaeologists headed by Franck Goddio found the ruins--almost completely intact--buried on the seafloor of the Abu Qir Bay in Egypt. Since then, there has been much speculation (猜测) about why the cities disappeared so suddenly. Earthquakes, subsistence(生存) conditions, and a rise in sea level have all been suggested as possibilities. "There are no written documents on how. When, or why these two cities went down," said Jean-Daniel Stanley, a geoarchaeologist with the Smithsonian Institution in Washington.D.C. Stanley and his colleagues at the Institute Europeen d'Archeologie Sans-Marine in Paris (the European Institute of Marine Archaeology) argue that a major flood of the Nile in the middle of the eighth centuryA.D. was to blame. The flood, they say, triggered the sinking of Eastern Canopus and Herakleion by turning the ground beneath the cities into liquefied mud. The collapse was sudden and catastrophic, said Stanley. "We can tell," he said, "because in both places we've found gold and jewelry, which, if there had been time, people would have taken with them when feeing." Herakleion and East Canopus once stood at the mouth of the now-extinct Canopic branch of the Nile. Built sometime between the seventh and sixth centuriesB.C., as the days of the Egyptian Pharaohs ware coming to an and, the cities flourished as gateways to Egypt. Harakleinn was a port of entry to Egypt and grew wealthy by collecting taxes on goods being shipped upriver. Frozen in time below the waters were many temples and statues of gods and goddesses, also attesting to the cities' role as destinations for religious pilgrims. Until the undersea discovery, historians knew about the cities only through myth and ancient literature. Menelaus, the king of Sparta and husband to Helen, over whom the Trojan War was fought, was said to have stayed in Herakleion following the ten-year war against Troy. Greek mythology holds that the city of Canopus was named after Menelaus' helmsman(舵手), who was bitten by a viper (毒蛇) and transformed into a god. The Greek historian Herodotus wrote of having visited the cities in 450B.C. The cities' fortunes declined when Alexander the Great founded Alexandria in 331B.C. Yet centuries later, Greek geographer Strabo (63B.C.-21A.D.) described the location and wealth of Herakleion, while Seneca (5B.C.-65A.D.) condemned the cities for decadent(颓废的) and corrupt lifestyles.

填空题According to the author, how. would an American family with a car and a house in the suburbs probably feel about themselves today?

填空题It's said very few children survived cancer before the 1970s. (36) treatments now show hops of long-term survival for almost eighty percent of young cancer patients. Yet the chemical drugs and radiation (37) to cure their cancers can cause other problems later. A newly reported study (38) more than 12,000 grown-ups who (39) childhood cancers. Their average age at the time of the study was twenty-eight. The researchers found that sixty-two percent of the cancer survivors had at least one (40) health problem. And they were eight times as likely as their sisters or brothers to (41) life-threatening conditions, because chemical drugs can damage bone growth during an important period of (42) and radiation for some cancers can (43) the risk of other cancers later. Survivors of bone cancers, and cancers of the central nervous system were at highest risk for health problems as adults. (44) . Doctors say newer cancer treatments are a little safer but not much. Still, (45) According to the author of the study, doctors should watch closely for problems as childhood cancer survivors get older, He says (46) . And he says it is especially important for survivors to eat right, exercise and not smoke.

填空题Life-style is the way a person lives work, leisure time, hobbies, other interests, and personal philosophy. One's personal life-style may be{{U}} (36) {{/U}}work, including few social activities. Another's may involve hobbies,{{U}} (37) {{/U}}activities, or personal philosophy. There is little doubt that life-styles are changing and that these changes will have an{{U}} (38) {{/U}}on the way business operates in the years{{U}} (39) {{/U}}. Several factors are causing life-style changes in U.S. society. First, there is more leisure time than ever before. The workweek is now less than forty hours, as{{U}} (40) {{/U}}to seventy hours a century ago. Some{{U}} (41) {{/U}}believe it will be twenty-five hours or less before the year 2000. Several firms have{{U}} (42) {{/U}}four day workweeks with more hours per day. Others have cut the number of hours worked each week. Reduced work{{U}} (43) {{/U}}mean increased leisure time. Second, families have fewer children than before—{{U}} (44) {{/U}}This trend has forced many businessman to modify their competitive strategies. Gerber products Company used to advertise "babies are our business—and our only business".{{U}} (45) {{/U}}. Third, people are better educated and more prosperous now than, they were earlier.{{U}} (46) {{/U}}Inquiries of this nature have sometimes led to personal life-style changes.

填空题Attending school at an early age may cause more school-related problems.

填空题The railway companies, though still private business was managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. A. though B. was managed C. benefit D. family

填空题"Nothing raises more fear in a repressive government than challenges to the control of information. And nothing is more important to the development of a civil, (26) society." These are the words of David Hoffman, the president of Internews. Mr. Hoffman leads a (27) organization that helps build media that are open and independent. Internews was created in California in 1982. By its count as of July, the group had trained 32 thousand media (28) around the world. In Afghanistan, for example, Internews helped (29) a network of more than 20 independent radio stations. Internews has also helped form the first independent (30) media in Pakistan in 60 years. And it has trained what it says are the first media lawyers there. The group has also trained a number of (31) reporters in Pakistan. The same is true in the Middle East. In Africa, Internews is teaching journalists in Kenya and Nigeria how to report about H.I.V. and AIDS. The organization also supplies international news (32) of the trials related to the 1994 killings in Rwanda. The International (33) Tribunal for Rwanda is holding the trials in Tanzania. Intemews (34) . Internews International, a membership group of non- governmental organizations, is at work in more than 40 countries. (35) . The organization had been working with Rustavi-two. This is a small independent television station in Tbilisi. (36) . Eduard Shevardnadze resigned as president of Georgia. Today, Internews says Rustavi-two is an example for non-governmental stations throughout the Southern Caucasus.

填空题_______________________________ (必须立即采取有效措施) to keep our country, from going under.

填空题As in studio transmissions, __________ are normally used for an outside broadcast for different viewpoints.

填空题The makes San Francisco different from other cities.