填空题Is your family interested in buying a dog? A dog can be a happy (36) to your family, but if you choose the wrong kind of dog, the (37) can cause you a lot of trouble. Families should sit down and thoroughly discuss the problems (38) before buying a dog. Even if the children in your family are the ones who want the dog, the parents are the ones who are really (39) for seeing that the animal is properly cared for. If you don't know much about dogs, it's a good idea to go to the library of the ASPCA for books about various kinds of dogs, as well as books about how to (40) a puppy. In reading about the different breeds, you should know that a dog described as very (41) may be too jumpy and bouncy. When a book describes a dog as an (42) hunting dog, it probably means that the dog won't be happy living in a small apartment. Dog breeds (43) in popularity as the years go by. (44) . This is because it provides protection as well as companionship. (45) . If space is limited, a toy dog may be a good choice. These dogs are very small and easy to raise. (46)

填空题How do sharks survive without food for a long time?

填空题The book The Play of Power was published by New York St. Martin's Press in 1996.

填空题The reduction of the ______ can lead to greater economic activity.

填空题International migration differs from internal movement in distance and volume, but share the similar______.

填空题__________________(大力发展轻工业，有助于改善人民生活) and increase social accumulation.

填空题America's Brain Drain Crisis Losing the Global Edge William Kunz is described as a computer geek or a computer genius. When he was just 11, he started writing software programs, and by 14 he had created his own video game. As a high school student in Houston, Texas, he won first prize in a local science fair for a data encryption(编密码) program he wrote. In his senior year, he took up prize in an international science and engineering fair for designing a program to analyze and sort DNA patterns. Kunz went on to attend Carnegie Mellon, among the nation's highest-ranked universities in computer science. After college he landed a job with Oracle in Silicon Valley, writing software used by companies around the world. Kunz seemed to become a star in his field. Then he gave it all up. Today, Kunz is in his first year at Harvard Business School. He left software engineering partly because his earning potential paled next to friends who were going into law or business. He also worded about job security, especially as more companies move their programming overseas to lower costs. "Every time you're asked to train someone in India, you think, am I training my replacement?" Kunz says. This snapshot illustrates part of a deeply disturbing picture. In the disciplines underpinning the high-tech economy—math, science and engineering—America is steadily losing its global edge. The depth and breadth of the problem is clear. Several of America's key agencies for scientific research and development will face a retirement crisis within the next ten years. Less than 6% of America's high school seniors plan to pursue engineering degrees, down 36% from a decade ago. In 2000, 56% of China's undergraduate degrees were in the hard sciences; in the United States, the figure was 17%. China will likely produce six times the number of engineers next year than America will graduate. Japan, with half America's population, has minted(铸造) twice as many in recent years. "Most Americans are unaware of the facts that how much science does for this country and what we stand to lose if we can't keep up, " says Shirley Ann Jackson, president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. David Baltimore, president of the California Institute of Technology, puts it bluntly, "We can't hope to keep intact our standard of living, our national security, our way of life, if Americans aren't competitive in science. " The Crisis Americans Created In January 2001, the Hart-Rudman Commission, tasked with finding solutions to America's major national security threats, concluded that the failures of America's math and science education and America's system of research "pose a greater threat...than any potential conventional war". The roots of this failure lie in primary and secondary education. The nation that produced most of the great technological advances of the last century now scores poorly in international science testing. A 2003 survey of math and science literacy ranked American 15-year-olds against kids from other industrialized nations. In math, American students came in 24th out of 28 countries; in science, Americans were 24th out of 40 countries, tied with Latvia. This test, in conjunction with others, indicates Americans start out with sufficient smarts—their fourth-graders score well—but they begin to slide by eighth grade, and sink almost to the bottom by high school. Don't blame school budgets. Americans shell out more than $ 440 billion each year on public education, and spend more per capita than any nation save Switzerland. The problem is that too many of their high school science and math teachers just aren't qualified. A survey in 2000 revealed that 38% of math teachers and 28% of science teachers in grades 7-12 lacked a college major or minor in their subject area. In schools with high poverty rates, the figures jumped to 52% of math teachers and 32% of science teachers. "The highest predictor of student performance boils down to teacher knowledge, " says Gerald Wheeler, executive director of the National Science Teachers Association. California Congressman Buck McKeon puts it to this, "How can you pass on a passion to your students if you don't know the subject?" Perhaps it's no surprise that, according to a 2004 Indiana University survey, 18% of college kids weren't taking math their senior year of high school. "When I compare our high schools to what I see when I'm traveling abroad, I'm terrified for our workforce of tomorrow, " Microsoft chairman Bill Gates told a summit of state governors earlier this year, "Our high schools, even when they're working exactly as designed, cannot teach our kids what they need to know today. " The Bush Administration has also proposed cutting the fiscal 2006 budget for research and development in such key federal agencies as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the latter of which acts as a liaison with industry and researchers to apply new technology. "Funding cuts are job cuts, " says Rep. Vernon J. Ehlers, a member of the Science Committee in the House. Reduced funding has put the squeeze on research positions, further smothering(使窒息) incentives (动机) for students to go into hard science. What Americans Must Do Americans have done it before: the Manhattan Project, the technology surge that followed Sputnik. They've demonstrated that they can commit themselves to daunting goals and achieve them. But they can't minimize the challenges they're facing. Americans need out-of-the-box thinking, of the sort suggested by experts in a report released in October called "Rising above the Gathering Storm", a study group within the National Academy of Sciences came up with innovative proposals. Among them are: Four-year scholarships for 25000 undergraduate students who commit to degrees in math, science or engineering, and who qualify based on a competitive national exam; Four-year scholarships for 10000 college students who commit to being math or science teachers, and who agree to teach in a public school for five years after graduation; Extended visas for foreign students who earn a math or science Phi) in the United States, giving them a year after graduation to look for employment here. If they find jobs, work permits and permanent residency status would be expedited. Many experts are also urging that non-credentialed but knowledgeable people with industry experience be allowed to teach. That experiment is already underway at High Tech High in San Diego. Conceived by Gary Jacobs, whose father founded Qualcomm, this charter school stresses a cutting-edge curriculum, whether the classes are on biotechnology or web design. To teach these courses, the school hires industry professionals. High Tech High also arranges internships at robotics labs, Internet start-ups and university research centers. In just five years, 750 kids have enrolled, three classes have graduated and the vast majority of students have gone on to college. One of the success stories is Jeff Jensen, class of 2005, who was a decidedly apathetic(缺乏兴趣的) student before High Tech High. He is now a freshman at Stanford University on a partial scholarship, planning to study chemistry or medicine. IBM is one of the companies encouraging its workers to teach. This past September, IBM announced a tuition-assistance plan, pledging to pay for teacher certification as well as a leave of absence for employees who wish to teach in public schools. The philanthropic (博爱的) arms of corporations are also getting involved. The Siemens Foundation sponsors a yearly math, science and technology competition, considered the Nobel Prize for high school research and a great distiller of American talent. Honeywell spends $ 2 million each year on science programs geared to middle school students, including a hip-hop touring group that teaches physical science, and a robotics lab program that teaches kids how to design', build and program their own robot. "We've found that if we don't get kids excited about science by middle school, it's too late, " says Michael Holland, a spokesperson for Honeywell. As important as all these initiatives are, they barely begin to take Americans where they need to go. Americans' shortcomings are vast, and time, unfortunately, is working against them. "The whole world is running a race, " says Intel's Howard High, "only we don't know it. " No one knows whether or when the United States will relinquish(放弃) its lead in that race. Or how far back in the pack they could ultimately fall. But the first order of business is to recognize what's at stake and get in the game.

填空题In the past, women tended to assume that they would be overtakenby men in the race to the top. And, today's young women are far less 62. ______.philosophical about their status and are more aggressive in their 63. ______.resentment in being treated as in some way inferior than men. On the 64. ______.other hand, since lack of drive is one of the criticisms leveled with 65. ______.women, perhaps this aggression is a positive advantage. Some youngwomen, though, find it very difficult to come to term with the feeling that 66. ______.characteristics of authority which are acceptable in men are often notacceptable in women. A reason often advanced for women fail to reach the 67. ______.top is their desire for balance between work and a life outside work.Employers know this and tend, when a woman with young childrenapplies for promotion, treat the fact that she has young children as an 68. ______.important factor and, giving the choice, are more likely to give promotion 69. ______.to. a man than to her. What about women whose children are almost grown up? Well, thewriters of the study recommend a far much more positive approach to 70. ______.women who want to return to their careers before their children are off 71. ______.their hands.

填空题Four recent events should between them trigger the required overthrow of the mindset. The first compo- nents and second components have been manufactured for the International Space Station.

填空题I took the subway;______(否则，我会花更长的时间才能抵达物馆).

填空题The Advantages of Being Helpless A. At every stage of early development, human babies lag behind infants from other species. A kitten can walk slowly across a room within moments of birth and catch its first mouse within weeks, while its human counterpart takes months to make her first step, and years to learn even simple tasks, such as how to tie a shoelace or skip a rope. Yet, in the cognitive race, human babies turn out to be much like the tortoise (乌龟) in Aesop"s fable: emerging triumphant after a slow and steady climb to the finish. B. Yet, this victory seems puzzling. In the fable, the tortoise wins the race because the hare takes a nap. But, if anything, human infants nap even more than kittens! And unlike the noble tortoise, babies are helpless, and more to the point, hopeless. They could not learn the basic skills necessary to their independent survival. How do human babies manage to turn things around in the end? C. In a recent article in Current Directions in Psychological Science , Sharon Thompson-Schill, Michael Ramscarand Evangelia Chrysikou make the case that this very helplessness is what allows human babies to advance far beyond other animals. They propose that our delayed cortical development (皮质发育) is precisely what enables us to acquire the cultural building blocks, such as language, that make up the foundations of human achievement. In the same way, they suggest, our ability to learn language comes at the price of an extended period of cognitive immaturity. D. This claim hinges on a peculiar and unique feature of our cognitive architecture: the stunningly slow development of the prefrontal cortex (前额皮质), or PFC. The PFC is often referred to as the "control" center of the brain. One of its main functions is of selectively filtering information from the senses, allowing us to attend to specific actions, goals, or tasks. For this reason, cognitive "control" tasks are thought to be one of the best assessors of PFC function and maturity. E. The Stroop task (斯特鲁普任务) serves as a simple assessor of PFC function in adults. The task involves naming the ink color of a contrasting color word: for example, you might see the word "red" written in green ink, in which case you have to say "green". Tricky or not, healthy adults can successfully complete the task with only minor hesitation. Children, with their immature PFC"s, are a different story. Typically, the younger children are, the worse they are at solving Stroop-like tasks, and under the age of four, they outright fail them. While young children are sensitive, apt learners, and often appear to fully understand what is being asked of them, they are unable to mediate the conflicting demands present in these sorts of tasks, and thus fail them, time and time again. Three-year olds simply cannot direct how they attend to or respond to the world. F. Thompson-Schill and her colleagues suggest that this inability to direct attention has important consequences when it comes to learning about uncertain events. For example, imagine you are playing a guessing game: You have to choose one of two options, either A or B, one of which leads to a prize, and the other does not. After a few rounds, you notice that about 3/4 of the time the prize is at A, and the rest of the time it is at B, so you decide to guess "A" 75 percent of the time and "B" 25 percent of the time. This is called probability matching, and it is the response pattern most adults tend to adopt in these circumstances. However, if the goal is to win the most prizes, it is not the best strategy. In fact, to maximize the number of correct predictions, you should always pick the more frequent outcome (or, in this case, always pick "A"). G. Interestingly, if you were playing this kind of guessing game with a kid, you would see that he would employ the maximization strategy almost immediately because they lack the cognitive flexibility that would allow them to alternate between A and B. Fortunately for them, in this guessing game scenario, maximization is the right choice. H. While it may not be immediately obvious what this has to do with language learning, it just might have everything to do with it, because language relies on conventions. In order for language to work, speakers and listeners have to have the same idea about what things mean, and they have to use words in similar ways. This is where children come in. Young children, as it turns out, act like finely tuned antennas (天线), picking up the dominant frequency in their surroundings and ignoring the static. Because of this—because children tend to pick up on what is common and consistent, while ignoring what is variable and unreliable—they end up homing in on and reproducing only the most frequent patterns in what they hear. In doing so they fail to learn many of the subtleties and characteristics present in adult speech (they will come to learn or invent those later). However, this one-track learning style means that what they do learn is highly conventionalized. I. The superiority of children"s convention learning has been revealed in a series of ingenious studies by psychologists Carla Hudson-Kam and Elissa Newport, who tested how children and adults react to variable and inconsistent input when learning an artificial language. Strikingly, Hudson—Kam and Newport found that while children tended to ignore "noise" in the input, systematizing any variations they were exposed to, adults did just the opposite, and reproduced the variability they encountered. Children"s inability to filter their learning allows them to impose order on variable, inconsistent input, and this appears to play a crucial part in the establishment of stable linguistic norms. Studies of deaf children have shown that even when parental attempt sat sign are error-prone and inconsistent, children still extract the conventions of a standard sign language from them. Indeed, the variable patterns produced by parents who learn sign language offers insight into what might happen if children did not maximize in learning: language, as a system, would become less conventional. What words meant and the patterns in which they were used would become more unstable, and all languages would begin to resemble pidgins (混杂语言). J. While no language is completely stable, there is a balance to be struck between an individual"s expressivity and the conventions that underpin it, and children clearly play an important role in maintaining this balance. Children may learn the established characteristics of their community, but they do so only because these forms are stable in their input. They are unlikely to adopt highly unusual or characteristic forms or sequences that they"ve heard only rarely, and when they themselves make errors, they are similarly unlikely to incorporate these errors into their language use over the long run. K. Individual societies are built upon these kinds of cultural and linguistic conventions, and a vast array of them. As social animals, human babies must somehow master not just "culture and language," but the specifics of their culture, and their language. Explaining how babies manage to learn all of this information is a formidable task. The research reviewed here reveals one advantage that nature may have conferred on human infants: when it comes to conventionlearning, children" sinability to think unconventionallyor flexibly may be of huge benefit. Indeed, a number of neurological studies suggest that children who often exhibit marked language delays and characteristic language development experience a massive overgrowth of the prefrontal cortex over the first two years of life.

填空题In the sentence "observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling", "dominoes start falling" means ______.

填空题They go to one of the world's most prestigious universities and pride themselves on their (36) intellect but almost half of Cambridge students admit they are not immune from the temptation to cheat and (37) essays they find on Google, a survey suggests. The results of an anonymous online poll of more than 1,000 students (38) by the student newspaper Varsity found that (49) percent of undergraduates pass other people's work off as their own at some point during their university (39) . Only 5 percent said they had (40) been caught plagiarising (剽窃). Academics in universities across the country have been (41) by their peers of turning a blind eye to the practice to (42) their institutions climb national and international rankings. One student told Varsity: "Sometimes, when I am really fed up, I Google the essay title, copy and throw everything on to a blank word (43) and jiggle the order a bit. They usually end up being the best essays." Law students were most prone to plagiarism with 62 percent of those questioned (44) to breaking university rules. Robert Foley, a professor in biological anthropology at King's College Cambridge, said: "It is a depressing set of statistics." A university spokesman told Varsity that it regarded plagiarism as a "serious and potentially disciplinary offence which can lead to failure to obtain, or withdrawal of a degree." He said the university was planning to introduce (45) software to crack down on the problem. A. demonstrate B. submit C. career D. semester E. actually F. finally G. ensure H. conducted I. detection J. document K. promote L. accused M. confess N. admitting O. superior

填空题Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time ,you should check what you have written. A variety of strategies can help reduce your feelings of uncertainty towards other people. Observing another person while he or she is engaged in an active task, {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}interacting with others in more informal {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}situations, will often reveal a great deal about the person since people are less {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}to observe their behaviors and more likely to reveal their true selves in informal situations. You can also {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}the situation in such a way that you observe the person in more specific and more revealing {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Employment interviews, theatrical auditions (试听戏剧), and student teaching are some of the ways that situations can be created to {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}how the person might act and react and {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}to reduce uncertainty about the person. When you log on to an Internet chat group for the first time and you {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}yourself by being silent, {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}, you're learning about the people in the group and about the group itself and thus reducing uncertainty. {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}and less likely to violate any of the group's norms; in short, you're more likely to communicate effectively. Another way to reduce uncertainty is to collect information about the person through asking others. {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}.

填空题He suffered from a heart attack at age 40 and _______________________(他将病因归于生活的压力)．

填空题The melodious music __________(使他们回忆起在北京的日子).