填空题Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.As the horizons of science have expanded, two main groups of scientists have emerged. One is the pure scientist; the other, the applied scientist. The pure or theoretical scientist does {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}research in order to understand the basic laws of nature that govern our world. The applied scientist {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}this knowledge to practical problems. Neither is more important than the other, however, for the two groups are very much related. Sometimes, however, the applied scientist finds the "problems" for the theoretical scientist to work on. Let's take a {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}problem of the aircraft industry: heat-resistant metals. Many of the metals and alloys which perform {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}in a car cannot be used in a jet-propelled plane. New alloys must be used, because the jet engine operates at a much higher temperature than an automobile engine. The engine must {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}temperatures as high as 2,600 degrees Fahrenheit, so aircraft designers had to turn to the research metallurgist (冶金学家) for the {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}of metals and alloys that would do the job in jet-propelled planes. Dividing scientists into two groups—pure and applied—is only one broad way of classifying them, {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}. When scientific knowledge was very limited, there was no need for men to {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Today, with a great body of scientific knowledge, scientists specialize in many different fields. Within each field, there is even further subdivision (细分). And with finer and finer subdivisions, the various sciences have become more and more interrelated until no one branch is {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}independent of the others. Many new {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}—geophysics (地球物理学) and biochemistry, for example—have resulted from combining the knowledge of two or more sciences. A. particular I. satisfactorily B. however J. withdraw C. deregulation K. development D. adapts L. terrific E. entirely M. original F. adopts N. specialize G. withstand O. respectively H. specialties

填空题The problems of internet defrauds ______________________________ (最近几年受到社会相当大的关注).

填空题Before raising their voices against U.S. tobacco industry, many critics have made field trips across many parts of Asia.

填空题I am surprised to know____________(我的观点的他的观点巧合).

填空题Signs: the Most Useful Thing We Pay No Attention to A. Signage—the kind we see on city streets, in airports, on highways, in hospital corridors—is the most useful thing we pay no attention to. When it works well, it tells us where we are (as when an Interstate marker assures us we"re on the right highway) and it helps us to get where we want to go (as when an airport banner directs us to our gate). When it falls, we miss trains, we"re late to appointments, we spend hours pacing the indistinguishable floors of underground parking garages, muttering to ourselves in mounting frustration and fury. And in some cases, especially where automobiles are involved, the consequences of bad signage can be fatal. B. Bad signs can send perfectly ordinary citizens into spirals of confusion. Take Richard Ankrom, a Los Angeles artist who thought the junction of the 110 freeway and the 5 freeway was badly marked. In 2001, he put on an outfit that looked like the ones Caltrans highway workers wore, climbed up onto a freeway gantry (信号架), and mounted an aluminum sign he"d manufactured himself according to state specifications. The sign stayed up for nine months without anyone noticing what he"d done; when the story leaked to the press and Caltrans finally realized, the agency left the sign up for eight more years. C. Or consider Leslie Gallery Dilworth, a Philadelphia architect who took a road trip with her husband through Spain in the 1980s. Throughout the journey, they"d been amazed at the simplicity of the European road signs, which were easy to use even though neither of them spoke Spanish. Upon their return to Philly, they got lost on the way from the airport to their house, when a bad set of signs directed them to a local dump. Dilworth was so struck by her own city"s inhospitality that she spent much of the next decade working with the city and local stakeholders improving Philadelphia"s sign systems. Today, she"s the CEO of the Society for Environmental Graphic Design, the premier American professional group for sign designers. D. Most people, when they think about it, can point to signs that have failed them: the hospital complex that felt like a labyrinth (迷宫) or the exit they always almost miss. But the truth is that signage today is far better than it"s been at any other point in history. A century ago, sign design wasn"t a profession to speak of; the signs that guided riders and pedestrians (there weren"t many drivers yet) tended to be informal. As the automobile took off, the world found it needed traffic engineers, and it was these men and women who were the first to think seriously about sign systems. America put national standards for road signs in place in 1935. E. But the developers of office buildings, shopping malls, and other pedestrian spaces were slow to follow suit. Developers tended to assume that architects would take care of sign design, and many architects would leave it up to tenants. As a result, security guards and secretaries were often the ones to help orient the lost. F. The 1970s saw the frost stirrings of revolution in the sign world. That"s when the SEGD was founded, and it"s when designers first began to seriously study how best to orient people and guide them through space. Their work was prompted in part by America"s great urban thinkers: people like Kevin Lynch and Jane Jacobs, who argued that spaces should be designed not to fulfill the grand visions of architects but with humble human uses in mind. The field earned a name—"wayfinding," a Lynch coinage—and today, people in the business call themselves wayfinding designers and talk about places that have "good wayfinding" or "terrible wayfinding." By the 1980s and "90s, wayfinding advocates were involved in more development projects, but dispatches from the era have a slightly indignant air; designers of environmental graphics still often found themselves fighting for a place at the table. During the last 10 years, however, wayfinding has come into its own. More requests for proposals for major building initiatives now require bidders to explain how they"ll handle wayfinding design. Many cities have installed wayfinding systems like the one Dilworth helped build in Philadelphia. New airports and train stations are routinely built with good navigation in mind. G. Why has there been such growth in the field? One cause is the remarkable pace of economic development over the past half—century. Developed countries have been building increasingly complicated spaces—shopping malls, convention centers, multi-terminal airports—that require good navigation systems in order for people to use them. In addition, businesses and municipalities alike have realized that well-oriented people are calmer, happier, and more likely to spend money (and plan return visits) than people who are lost. Investing in a good wayfinding system has real financial rewards. H. Another cause is our increasingly globalized planet. Much of the innovation in the sign world has been spurred by airports, places where people of all nationalities and tongues must move quickly, efficiently, and safely through huge spaces. For years, designers have been developing graphical symbols to help non-natives find the bathrooms, the baggage claims, and the currency exchange machines, and, in the process, they"ve been inventing a global language, a kind of pictorial Esperanto (世界语). I. A third cause is our society"s increasing inclusiveness. The 1990 Americans With Disabilities Act was the first piece of national legislation to authorize the accessibility of privately managed public spaces like hotels and universities. And because the law deals with visual as well as physical impairment, its accessibility guidelines require that standards of legibility be maintained in directional signs; they evolved to specify everything from the size of fonts to the contrast between lettering and its background. This development turned out to be as useful for the rest of us as it was for the legally blind. J. Finally, there"s the fact that we have all increasingly become experts of good design. Fifty years ago, design belonged to designers. But the advent of the personal computer introduced us all to fonts, line spacing, and page layout, and machines from the photocopier to the iPhone have left us familiar with icons both clear and confusing. Navigating the Web has made us smarter about orienting ourselves in virtual space. As a result, when we see badly designed signs, we demand better. Joe Calderone, a spokesman for the Long Island Railroad, notes that the agency is not wanting for feedback: "Our customers are not shy about telling us if things don"t work." K. Ironically, just as our signs have improved, we"ve seen the advent of something that makes us less dependent on them than ever before: satellite navigation. Our iPhones and the GPS systems in our cars orient us in relation not to fixed squares of metal on our roads but to orbiting wheels of technology in the sky. Designers are confident that we"ll always need signs—after all, you still need to know which street is Rogers when your car tells you to take it—but folks in the satellite business aren"t so sure. By examining how signs have evolved and how they help us now, we can determine whether signage"s golden age is ending or just beginning.

填空题Disability insurance can completely cover your loss.

填空题The Uses of Difficulty The brain likes a challenge - and putting a few obstacles in its way may well. boost its creativity. [A] Jack White, the former frontman of the White Stripes and an influential figure among fellow musicians, likes to make things difficult for himself. He uses cheap guitars that won"t stay in shape or in tune. When performing, he positions his instruments in a way that is deliberately inconvenient, so that switching from guitar to organ mid-song involves a mad dash across the stage. Why? Because he"s on the run from what he describes as a disease that preys on every artist: "ease of use". When making music gets too easy, says White, it becomes harder to make it sing. [B] It"s an odd thought. Why would anyone make their work more difficult than it already :is? Yet we know that difficulty can pay unexpected dividends. In 1966, soon after the Beatles had finished work on "Rubber Soul", Paul McCartney looked into the possibility of going to America to record their next album. The equipment in American studios was more advanced than anything in Britain. which had led the Beatles" great rivals, the Rolling Stones, to make their latest album, "Aftermath", in Los Angeles. McCartney found that EMI"s (百代唱片) contractual clauses made it prohibitively expensive to follow suit, and the Beatles had to make do with the primitive technology of Abbey Road. [C] Lucky for us. Over the next two years they made their most groundbreaking work, trolling the recording studio into a magical instrument of its own. Precisely because they were working with old-fashioned machines, George Martin and his team of engineers were forced to apply every ounce of their creativity to solve the problems posed to them by Lennon and McCartney. Songs like "Tomorrow Never Knows", "Strawberry Fields Forever", and "A Day in the Life" featured revolutionary sound effects that dazzled and mystified Martin"s American counterparts. [D] Sometimes it"s only when a difficulty is removed that we realise what it was doing for us. For more than two decades, starting in the 1960s, the poet Ted Hughes sat on the judging panel of an annual poetry competition for British schoolchildren. During the 1980s he noticed an increasing number of long poems among the submissions, with some running to 70 or 80 pages. These poems were verbally inventive and fluent, but also "strangely boring". After making inquiries Hughes discovered that they were being composed on computers, then just finding their way into British homes. [E] You might have thought any tool which enables a writer to get words on to the page would be an advantage. But there may be a cost to such facility. In an interview with the Paris Review Hughes speculated that when a person puts pen to paper, "you meet the terrible resistance of what happened your first year at it, when you couldn"t write at all". As the brain attempts to force the unsteady hand to do its bidding, the tension between the two results in a more compressed, psychologically denser expression. Remove that resistance and you are more likely to produce a 70-page ramble (不着边际的长篇大论). [F] Our brains respond better to difficulty than we imagine. In schools, teachers and pupils alike often assume that if a concept has been easy to learn, then the lesson has been successful. But numerous studies have now found that when classroom material is made harder to absorb, pupils retain more of it over the long term, and understand it on a deeper level. [G] As a poet, Ted Hughes had an acute sensitivity to the way in which constraints on self-expression, like the disciplines of metre and rhyme (韵律), spur creative thought. What applies to poets and musicians also applies to our daily lives. We tend to equate (等同) happiness with freedom, but, as the psychotherapist and writer Adam Phillips has observed, without obstacles to our desires it"s harder to know what we want, or where we"re heading. He tells the story of a patient, a first-time mother who complained that her young son was always clinging to her, wrapping himself around her legs wherever she went. She never had a moment to herself, she said, because her son was "always in the way". When Phillips asked her where she would go if he wasn"t in the way, she replied cheerfully, "Oh, I wouldn"t know where I was!" [H] Take another common obstacle: lack of money. People often assume that more money will make them happier. But economists who study the relationship between money and happiness have consistently found that, above a certain income, the two do not reliably correlate. Despite the ease with which the rich can acquire almost anything they desire, they are just as likely to be unhappy as the middle classes. In this regard at least, F. Scott Fitzgerald was wrong. [I] Indeed, ease of acquisition is the problem. The novelist Edward St Aubyn has a narrator remark of the very rich that, "not having to consider affordability, their desires rambled on like unstoppable bores, relentless (持续不断的) and whimsical (反复无常的) at the same time. " When Boston College, a private research university, wanted a better feel for its potential donors, it asked the psychologist Robert Kenny to investigate the mindset of the super-rich. He surveyed 165 households, most of which had a net worth of $25m or more. He found that many of his subjects were confused by the infinite options their money presented them with. They found it hard to know what to want, creating a kind of existential bafflement. One of them put it like this: "You know, Bob, you can just buy so much stuff, and when you get to the point where you can just buy so much stuff, now what are you going to do?" [J] The internet makes information billionaires out of all of us, and the architects of our online experiences are catching on to the need to make things creatively difficult. Twitter"s huge success is rooted in the simple but profound insight that in a medium with infinite space for self- expression, the most interesting thing we can do is restrict ourselves to 140 characters. The music service This Is My Jam helps people navigate the tens of millions of tracks now available instantly via Spotify and iTunes. Users pick their favourite song of the week to share with others. They only get to choose one. The service was only launched this year, but by the end of September 650,000 jams had been chosen. Its co-founder Matt Ogle explains its raison d"être (存在的理由) like this: "In an age of endless choice, we were missing a way to say: "This. This is the one you should listen to". " [K] Today"s world offers more opportunity than ever to follow the advice of the Walker Brothers and make it easy on ourselves. Compared with a hundred years ago, our lives are less tightly bound by social norms and physical constraints. Technology has cut out much of life"s donkeywork, and we have more freedoms than ever: we can wear what we like and communicate with hundreds of friends at once at the crick of a mouse. Obstacles are everywhere disappearing. Few of us wish to turn the clock back, but perhaps we need to remind ourselves how useful the right obstacles can be. Sometimes, the best route to fulfilment is the path of more resistance.

填空题 Michael Lewis, the author of Liar's Poker, is the ideal writer to analyze the behavior that led to the current credit crisis. The bad news is that he is only the editor of this collection of articles. The good news is that he has not been constrained by false modesty and has chosen six of his own pieces for this book. As one would expect, they are witty, incisive and original. Mr. Lewis also contributes an introduction to each of the sections dealing with the four main panics of the last 21 years; the stock market crash of 1987, the Asian crisis of 1997-98 , the bursting of the dotcom bubble after 2000 and the current housing and banking bust. It is worth remembering, as we think the gloomy economic future, how each of the previous three crises was greeted with apocalyptic (天启的) headlines. "How many times does the end of the world as we know it needs to arrive before we realize that it's not the end of the world as we know it?" Mr. Lewis writes, in perhaps the most telling sentence of the book. The compiler's contribution apart, the selection is a mixed bag. The aim was to give readers a flavor of sentiment before the bubbles burst, as well as analysis of the result. But the result is too much flat news stories and the book only really comes to life with the last two sections ,perhaps because the follies of dotcom valuations and subprime loans(次级抵押贷款) seem so fresh in the memory. It is hard not to miss days when Computer.com( a website for new users of technology) was able to spend 60% of its seed funding on a 90-second ad during the 2000 Super Bowl. Or when the shares of Books-A-Million, a retailer, rose tenfold within three days on the back of an upgrade to its existing website.

填空题He suggested his mother____________(订阅杂志).

填空题What was in a great demand in Britain after the Civil War?

填空题He set out early this morning______(唯恐高考迟到).

填空题According to Thurgood Marshall, the then chief counsel for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the mutiny trial was one of the biggest miscarriages of justice in American history: it was not 50 men on trial for mutiny, but ______.

填空题Culture shock is a special disease for people who have suddenly moved to a foreign country. Like most illnesses, it has its own{{U}} (36) {{/U}}and cure. Culture shock is caused by the{{U}} (37) {{/U}}that results from losing all familiar signs of social communication. Those signs include the ways in which we are used to the{{U}} (38) {{/U}}of daily life; when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to do (39) , when to accept and refuse invitations, when to take statements{{U}} (40) {{/U}}and when not. These signs, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, or customs, are{{U}} (41) {{/U}}by all of us in the course of growing up and as much a part of our culture as the languages we speak or the{{U}} (42) {{/U}}we accept. All of us depend on hundreds of these signs, most of which we do not carry on the level of{{U}} (43) {{/U}}awareness.{{U}} (44) {{/U}}. No matter how broadminded or full of good will you may be, a series of supports have been knocked from under you, followed by a feeling of failure in much the same way. First they reject the environment that has caused discomfort. "The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.{{U}} (45) {{/U}}. Another phrase of culture shock is regression. The home environment suddenly becomes very important. To the foreigners, everything becomes unreasonably beautiful.{{U}} (46) {{/U}}. It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality.

填空题In addition to the contribution family planning can make to the national and global population problems, special importance was given to ______ by national family planning movements.

填空题In some places, speaking a certain language may cause ______.

填空题The roads would have been covered with water had the rain not stopped and no travellers, unless they rode in amphibious (两栖的) vehicles, would hardly be able to pass. A. had B. unless C. in D. would hardly