填空题S2. According to the author, manners are the natural expression of{{U}} {{/U}}

填空题The theme of a piece of science fiction is presented by the ______ of the other elements of the fiction.

填空题It can be inferred that it's the safest for kids to ______.

填空题Registration is a necessary step to present patient's relevant information, but in urgent cases, it can be done later at______.

填空题Obtaining Linguistic Data A. Many procedures are available for obtaining data about a language. They range from a carefully planned, intensive field investigation in a foreign country to a casual introspection about one"s mother tongue carried out in an armchair at home. B. In all cases, someone has to act as a source of language data—an informant. Informants are (ideally) native speakers of a language, who provide utterances for analysis and other kinds of information about the language (e.g. translations, comments about correctness, or judgements on usage). C. Often, when studying their mother tongue, linguists act as their own informants, judging the ambiguity, acceptability, or other properties of utterances against their own intuitions. The convenience of this approach makes it widely used, and it is considered the norm in the generative approach to linguistics. D. But a linguist"s personal judgements are often uncertain, or disagree with the judgements of other linguists, at which point resource is needed to more object methods of enquiry, using non-linguists as informants. The later procedure is unavoidable when working on foreign languages, or child speech. E. Many factors must be considered when selecting informants—whether one is working with single speakers (a common situation when languages have not been described before), two people interacting, small groups or large-scale samples. Age, sex, social background and other aspects of identity are important, as these factors are known to influence the kind of language used. F. The topic of conversation and the characteristics of the social setting (e.g. the level of formality) are also highly relevant, as are the personal qualities of the informants (e.g. their fluency and consistency). For larger studies, scrupulous attention has been paid to the sampling theory employed, and in all cases, decisions have to be made about the best investigative techniques to use. G. Today, researchers often tape-record informants. This enables the linguist"s claims about the language to be checked, and provides a way of making those claims more accurate ("difficult" pieces of speech can be listened to repeatedly). H. But obtaining naturalistic, good-quality data is never easy. People talk abnormally when they know they are being recorded, and sound quality can be poor. A variety of tape-recording procedures have thus been devised to minimise the "observer"s paradox" (how to observe the way people behave when they are not being observed). I. Some recordings are made without the speakers being aware of the fact—a procedure that obtains very natural data, though ethical objections must be anticipated. Alternatively, attempts can be made to make the speaker forget about the recording, such as keeping the tape recorder out of sight, or using radio microphones. A useful technique is to introduce a topic that quickly involves the speaker, and stimulates a natural language style (e.g. asking older informants about how times have changed in their locality). J. An audio tape recording does not solve all the linguist"s problems, however. Speech is often unclear and ambiguous. Where possible, therefore, the recording has to be supplements by the observer"s written comments on the non-verbal behaviour of the participants, and about the context in general. K. A facial expression, for example, can dramatically alter the meaning of what is said. Video recordings avoid these problems to a large extent, but even they have limitations (the camera cannot be everywhere), and transcription always benefits from any additional commentary provided by an observer. L. Linguists also make great use of structured sessions, in which they systematically ask their informants for utterances that describe certain actions, objects or behaviours. With a bilingual informant, or though use of an interpreter, it is possible to use translation technique ("How do you say table in your language?"). M. A large number of points can be covered in a short time, using interview work-sheets and questionnaires. Often, the researcher wishes to obtain information about just a single variable, in which case a restricted set of questions may be used: a particular feature of pronunciation, for example, can be elicited by asking the informant to say a restricted set of words. There are also several direct methods of elicitation, such as asking informants to fill in the blanks in a substitution frame (e.g. "I ______ see a car."), or feeding them the wrong stimulus for correction ("Is it possible to say I no can see?"). N. A representative sample of language, complied for the purpose of linguistic analysis, is known as a corpus. A corpus enables the linguist to make unbiased statements about frequency of usage, and it provides accessible data for the use of different researchers. Its range and size are variable. Some corpora attempt to cover the language as a whole, taking extracts from many kinds of text; others are extremely selective, providing a collection of material that deals only with a particular linguistic feature. O. The size of the corpus depends on practical factors, such as the time available to collect, process and store the data: it can take up to several hours to provide an accurate transcription of a few minutes of speech. Sometimes a small sample of data will be enough to decide a linguistic hypothesis; by contrast, corpora in major research projects can total millions of words. An important principle is that all corpora, whatever their size, are inevitably limited in their coverage, and always need to be supplemented by data derived from the intuitions of native speakers of the language, though either introspection or experimentation.

填空题Making sure that Bluetooth and its connected devices don't interfere with one another can be difficult.

填空题IITV gives a teacher a lot of advantages.

填空题A great many people are afflicted with shyness. Common sense indicates that it is a complicated behavior pattern (36) by psychological inhibition when socializing. When it (37) , the person usually recognizes the difficulty in (38) with people, experiences internal discords in deciding whether one should express himself or not, and such feelings and emotions that are expressed (39) in fantasies. Once these emotions cannot find their realization in real life, such discords make the fantasies become more fierce and frequent, because in the fantasies, the (40) to expression do not exist. Internal discords, (41) enough and without clear self-consciousness,can sometimes generate the (42) of threat or of danger, named anxiety. There are many emotional (43) involved in anxiety as well. Some of them include feelings of apprehension or dread, trouble concentrating, irritability, restlessness, and feeling like your mind's gone blank. Anyway, both common sense and a look at the internal process of the person should reveal the truth that (44) ; rather, as some experts address, (45) . It can be observed in many social situations. (46) .

填空题Freud was the first man to help mental patients by having them talk about what made them anxious.

填空题How "Second Brain" Influences Mood and Well-Being A. As Olympians go for the gold in Vancouver, even the steeliest are likely to experience that familiar feeling of "butterflies" in the stomach. Underlying this sensation is an often-overlooked network of neurons (神经元) lining our guts that is so extensive some scientists have nicknamed it our "second brain". A deeper understanding of this mass of neural tissue is revealing that it does much more than merely handle digestion or inflict the occasional nervous pang. The little brain in our gut, in connection with the big one in our head, partly determines our mental state and plays key roles in certain diseases throughout the body. B. Although its influence is far-reaching, the second brain is not the seat of any conscious thoughts or decision-making. "The second brain doesn"t help with the great thought processes...religion, philosophy and poetry is left to the brain in the head," says Michael Gershon, chairman of the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology at New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Centre, author of the 1998 book The Second Brain. C. Technically known as the enteric (肠的) nervous system, the second brain consists of covers of neurons embedded in the walls of the long tube of our gut, which measures about nine meters end to end. The second brain contains some 100 million neurons, Gershon says. This multitude of neurons in the enteric nervous system enables us to "feel" the inner world of our gut and its contents. Much of this neural firepower comes to bear in the elaborate daily grind of digestion. Breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and expelling of waste requires chemical processing, mechanical mixing and rhythmic muscle contractions that move everything on down the line. D. Thus equipped with its own reactions and senses, the second brain can control gut behavior independently of the brain, Gershon says. We likely evolved this intricate web of nerves to perform digestion and ejection "on site," rather than remotely from our brains through the middleman of the spinal cord (脊髓). "The brain in the head doesn"t need to get its hands dirty with the messy business of digestion, which is delegated to the brain in the gut," Gershon says. He and other researchers explain, however, that the second brain"s complexity likely cannot be interpreted through this process alone. E. "The system is way too complicated to have evolved only to make sure things move out of your bowel," says Emeran Mayer, professor of physiology, psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). For example, scientists were shocked to learn that about 90 percent of the fibers in the primary gut nerve, the vagus (迷走神经), carry information from the gut to the brain and not the other way around. "Some of that information is decidedly unpleasant," Gershon says. F. The second brain informs our state of mind in other more obscure ways, as well. "A big part of our emotions are probably influenced by the nerves in our gut," Mayer says. Butterflies in the stomach—signaling in the gut as part of our physiological stress response, Gershon says—is but one example. Although gastrointestinal (胃肠的)(GI) chaos can sour one"s moods, everyday emotional well- being may rely on messages from the brain below to the brain above. For example, electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve—a useful treatment for depression—may mimic these signals, Gershon says. G. Given the two brains" commonalities, other depression treatments that target the mind can unintentionally impact the gut. The enteric nervous system uses more than 30 neurotransmitters, just like the brain, and in fact 95 percent of the body"s serotonin (血清素) is found in the bowels. Because antidepressant medications called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) increase serotonin levels, it"s little wonder that meds (椎间盘镜) meant to cause chemical changes in the mind often provoke GI issues as a side effect. Irritable bowel syndrome—which afflicts more than two million Americans—also arises in part from too much serotonin in our guts, and could perhaps be regarded as a "mental illness" of the second brain. H. Scientists are learning that the serotonin made by the enteric nervous system might also play a role in more surprising diseases: In a new Nature Medicine study published online February 7, a drug that inhibited the release of serotonin from the gut counteracted the bone-deteriorating disease osteoporosis (骨质疏松症). "It was totally unexpected that the gut would regulate bone mass to the extent that one could use this regulation to cure osteoporosis," says Gerard Karsenty, lead author of the study and chair of the Department of Genetics and Development at Columbia University Medical Centre. I. Serotonin penetrating from the second brain might even play some part in autism (孤独症), the developmental disorder often first noticed in early childhood. Gershon has discovered that the same genes involved in synapse formation (突触形成) between neurons in the brain are involved in the digestive synapse formation. "If these genes are affected in autism," he says, "it could explain why so many kids with autism have GI motor abnormalities in addition to elevated levels of gut-produced serotonin in their blood." J. Down the road, the blossoming field of neurogastroenterology will likely offer some new insight into the workings of the second brain—and its impact on the body and mind. "We have never systematically looked at the enteric nervous system in relating damages in it to diseases like they have for the central nervous system", Gershon says. One day, perhaps there will be well-known connections between diseases and damages in the gut"s nervous system as some in the brain and spinal cord today indicate multiple sclerosis K. Cutting-edge research is currently investigating how the second brain mediates the body"s immune response; after all, at least 70 percent of our immune system is aimed at the gut to expel and kill foreign invaders. UCLA"s Mayer is doing work on how the trillions of bacteria in the gut "communicate" with enteric nervous system cells (which they greatly outnumber). His work with the enteric nervous system has led him to think that in coming years psychiatry (精神病学) will need to expand to treat the second brain in addition to the one above the shoulders. L. So for those physically skilled and mentally strong enough to compete in the Olympic Games—as well as those watching at home—it may well necessary for us all to pay more heed to our so-called "gut feelings" in the future.

填空题what were the moral principles that parents in the early 19th century wanted their children to live by?

填空题The healthiest way to look at competition is ________________________________, I not others'.(跟你自己的成绩竞争)

填空题Have you ever wanted to travel back through time and see what life was like at the (36) of man? Well, museums can make history come (37) . And one museum in (38) can take you on a (39) journey from the beginning of human culture to the present day. It is the British Museum. Being one of the largest museums in the world, it is home to over 7 million objects from all the world's (40) . While most of us may not have the (41) to visit London, we can catch a (42) of the treasures it holds in Beijing. From March 10 to June 10, more than 100 (43) relics will be on display in the Palace Museum. (44) . There are several Chinese objects on show. (45) . In fact, there are more than 23,000 Chinese relics in the British Museum, including national treasures like gems, artwork and ancient bronze objects. (46) . The British Museum also holds 13,700 Buddhist records from the Dunhuang Grottoes in Gansu Province.

填空题It has been the most equal attitude of all the 11 recessions since World War II. In various ways, it has touched every social class through job loss, pay cuts, depressed home values, shrunken stock investments, eroded retirement savings, grown children returning home—and anxiety about all of the above. The Great Recession (as it is widely called)has changed America psychologically, politically, economically, and socially. A new study from the Pew Research Center, based on an opinion survey in May of nearly 3,000 Americans and an exhaustive evaluation of economic data, provides a preview. Not surprisingly, it confirms that Americans have become more frugal (借鉴的); 71 percent say they're buying less expensive brands, 57 percent say they've cut down or eliminated vacations. Life plans have changed; 11 percent say they've postponed marriage or children, while 9 percent have moved in with parents. One interesting finding is that the elderly have been relatively sheltered. According to the report, "Older adults (ages 65 and older)are much less likely than younger age groups to have cut back on spending, loaned or borrowed money, had trouble paying for medical bills or housing, or had to increase their credit card debt." For example, 28 percent of Americans under 65 borrowed money from family or friends; only 5 percent of those 65 and older did. Confidence in retirement savings dropped sharply for younger Americans (including those 50 to 64), not those 65 and over. But other protections from the Great Recession have been scarce. Previous recessions have focused their hurt on the young and unskilled. This remains tree. Almost one fifth of workers 16 to 24 were unemployed at the end of 2009, a near doubling since late 2007. Among those without a high-school diploma, joblessness was 50 percent higher than the average. Still, the economic and spiritual damage extends much further, for many reasons. First, the huge job loss: by most measures, joblessness is the worst since World War II. (Though the unemployment rate never reached the 10. 8 percent of late 1982, economists John Schmitt and Dean Baker have shown this mostly reflected the 1980s' younger labor force; younger workers change jobs more often and have higher jobless rates. )Second, pay cuts: these affected almost a quarter of workers, including nearly a fifth of those with family incomes exceeding $ 75,000. Third, the loss of housing and stock market wealth: that decline (more than 25 percent on an annual basis)was concentrated among higher-income Americans, who own a too large share of the wealth. Finally, children= all those jobless college graduates and crashing kids must alarm their parents.