填空题Unfortunately, the new edition of dictionary is ______ (在所有的主要 书店都脱销了).

填空题{{B}}Section B{{/B}}{{B}}Passage One{{/B}} Like most people, I've long understood that I will be judged by my occupation, that my profession is a gauge people use to see how smart or talented I am. Recently, however, I was disappointed to see that it also decides how. I'm treated as a person. Last year I left a professional position as a small-town reporter and took a job waiting tables. As someone paid to serve food to people, I had customers say and do things, to me I suspect they'd never say or do to their most casual acquaintances. One night a man talking on his cell phone waved me away, then beckoned(示意)me back With his finger a minute later, complaining he was ready to order and asking where I'd been. I had waited tables during summers in college and was treated like a peon(勤杂工) by plenty of people. But at 19 years old, I believed I deserved inferior treatment from professional adults. Besides, people responded to ma differently after I told them I was in college, Customers would joke that one day I'd be sitting at their table, waiting to be served. Once I graduated I took a job at a community newspaper. From my first day, I heard a respectful tone from everyone who called me. I assumed this was the way the professional world worked--cordially. I soon found out differently. I sat several feet away from an advertising sales representative with a similar name. Our calls would often get mixed up and someone asking for Kristen would be transferred to Christie. The mistake was immediately evident. Perhaps it was because money was involved, but people used a tone with Kristen that they never used with me. My job title made people treat me with courtesy. So it was a shock to return to the restaurant industry. It's no secret that there's a lot to put up with when waiting tables, and fortunately, much of it can be easily forgotten when you pocket the tips. The service industry, by definition, exists to cater to other's needs. Still, it seemed that many of my customers didn't get the difference between server and servant. I'm now applying to graduate school, which means someday I'll return to a profession where people need to be nice to me in order to get what they want. I think I'll take them to dinner first, and see how they treat someone whose only job is to serve them.

填空题 By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns (酒馆), and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh moat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War( 1861-1865 ), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half of the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modem fridge, had been invented. Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary (未发展的). The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox. But as early as 1803, and ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer travel to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.

填空题A variety of gases trapped in the Earth's atmosphere can ensure life on Earth because they are ______.

填空题The New Science of Siblings For a long time, researchers have tried to nail down just what shapes us—or what, at least, shapes us most. And over the years, they've had a lot of eureka moments (突发灵感的时刻). First it was our parents, particularly our mothers. Then it was our genes. Next it was our peers, who show up last but hold great sway. And all those ideas were good ones—but only as far as they went. Somewhere, there was a sort of temperamental(捉摸不定的)dark matter exerting an invisible gravitational pull of its own. More and more, scientists are concluding that this unexplained force is our siblings. From the time they are born, our brothers and sisters are our scolds, protectors, tormentors, playmates, counselors, sources of envy, objects of pride. Our spouses arrive comparatively late in our lives; our parents eventually leave us. Our siblings may be the only people we'll ever know who truly qualify as partners for life. Siblings are with us for the whole journey. At research centers in the U. S. , Canada, Europe and elsewhere, scientists are gaining intriguing insights into the people we become as adults. Does the student struggling with a professor who plays favorites summon up the coping skills acquired from dealing with a sister who was Daddy's girl? Do husbands and wives benefit from the inter-gender negotiations they waged when their most important partners were their sisters and brothers? Today serious work is revealing exactly how our brothers and sisters influence us. Why childhood fights between siblings can be good By the time children are 11, they devote about 33% of their free time to their siblings—more time than they spend with friends, parents, teachers or even by themselves. Adolescents, who have usually begun going their own way, devote at least 10 hours a week to activities with their siblings. Siblings are like the nurses on the warD. All that proximity breeds an awful lot of intimacy—and an awful lot of friction. Laurie Kramer, professor of applied family studies at the University of Illinois has found that, on average, sibs between 3 and 7 years old engage in some kind of conflict 3.5 times an hour. Kids in the 2-to-4 age group top out at 6.3—or more than one clash every 10 minutes, according to a Canadian study. But as much as all the fighting can set parents' hair on end, there's a lot of learning going on too, specifically about how conflicts, once begun, can be settleD. Shaw and his colleagues conducted a years-long study and found that the kids who practiced the best conflict-resolution skills at home carried those abilities into the classroom. "Siblings have a socializing effect on one another," Shaw says. "Unlike a relationship with friends, you're stuck with your sibs. You learn to negotiate things day to day." It's that permanence, researchers believe, that makes siblings a rehearsal tool for later life. Somewhere in there is the early training for the e-mail joke that breaks an office silence or the husband who signals that a fight is over by asking his wife what she thinks they should do about that fast-approaching vacation anyway. "Sibling relationships are where you learn all this," says developmental psychologist Susan McHale of Penn State University. "They are relationships between equals." How not being Mom's favorite can have its advantages Parents feel a lot of guilt over the often evident if rarely admitted preference they harbor for one child over another. If favorites exist, however, it may be not the parents' fault, but evolution's. It is found that 65% of mothers and 70% of fathers exhibited a preference for one child—in most cases, the older one. What's more, the kids know what's going on. They all say, "Well, it makes sense that they would treat us differently, because he's older or we're a boy and a girl." But at a deeper level, second-tier children may pay a price. "They tend to be sadder and have more self-esteem questions," Conger says. "They feel like they're not as worthy, and they're trying to figure out why." It's no accident that employees in the workplace instinctively know which person to send into the lion's den of the corner office with a risky proposal or a bit of bad news. And it's no coincidence that the sense of hurt feelings and adolescent envy you get when that same colleague emerges with the proposal approved and the boss's applause seems so familiar. But what you summon up with the feelings you first had long ago is the knowledge you gained then too—that the smartest strategy is not to compete for approval but to strike a partnership with the favorite and spin the situation to benefit yourself as well. Why your sibling is—or isn't—your best role model It's no secret that brothers and sisters emulate one another or that the learning flows both up and down the age ladder. Younger siblings mimic the skills and strengths of older ones. Older sibs are prodded(刺激，督促) to attempt something new because they don't want to be shown up by a younger one who has already tried it. More complex—and in many ways more important—are those situations in which siblings don't mirror one another but differentiate themselves—a phenomenon psychologists call de-identification. De-identification has an important function: pushing some sibs away from risky behavior. Siblings pass on dangerous habits to one another in a depressingly predictable way. But some kids break the mold—and for surprising reasons. Joseph Rodgers, a psychologist, found that while older brothers and sisters often do introduce younger ones to the habit, the closer they are in age, the more likely the younger one is to resist. Apparently, their proximity in years has already made them too similar. How a sibling of the opposite sex can affect whom you marry Far subtler and often far sweeter than the risk-taking modeling that occurs among all sibs is the gender modeling that plays out between opposite-sex ones. Brothers and sisters can be fierce de-identifiers. In a study of adolescent boys and girls, the boys unsurprisingly scored higher in such traits as independence and competitiveness while girls did better in characteristics like sensitivity and helpfulness. What was less expected is that when kids grow up with an opposite-sex sibling, such exposure doesn't temper (使变淡) gender-linked traits but stress them. Both boys and girls are closer still to gender stereotype and even seek friends who conform to those norms. The guys who had older sisters had more involving interactions and were liked significantly more by their new female acquaintances. Women with older brothers were more likely to strike up a conversation with the male stranger and to smile at him more than he smiled at her. How those early bonds can grow stronger with age One of the greatest gifts of the sibling tie is that while warmth grows over time, the conflicts often become less and less. Indeed, siblings who battled a lot as kids may become closer as adults—and more emotionally skilled too, often clearly recalling what their long-ago fights were about and the lessons they took from them. Such powerful connections become even more important as the inevitable illnesses or widowhood of late life leads us to lean on the people we've known the longest. Even siblings who drift apart in their middle years tend to drift back together as they age. "The relationship is especially strong between sisters,' who are more likely to be predeceased(比…先死) by their spouses than brothers are, says Judy Dunn, a developmental psycholo- gist. "When asked what contributes to the importance of the relationship now, they say it's the shared early childhood experiences, which cast a long shadow for all of us." Of course, siblings are one of nature's better brainstorms, and all the new studies on how they make us who we are one of science's. But the rest of us, outside the lab, see it in a more primal way. In a world that's too big, too scary and too often too lonely, we come to realize that there's nothing like having a band of brothers and sisters—to venture out with you.

填空题Mark Twain got his fame by the work "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County".

填空题 We live in a society in there is a lot of talk about 62. ______science, but I would say that there are not 5 percent of the people who are equipped with schooling, includingcollege, to understand scientific reasoning. We aremore ignorant of science as people with comparable 63. ______educations in Western Europe. There are a lot of kids who know everything aboutcomputers--how to build them, how to take them apart,how to write programs for games. So if you ask them 64. ______to explain about the principles of physics that have gone 65. ______into creating the computer, you don't have the faintest idea. 66. ______The failure to understand science leads to suchthings like the neglect of the human creative power. 67. ______It also takes rise to a blurring (模糊) of the distinction 68. ______between science and technology. Lots of people don'tdiffer between the two. Science is the production 69. ______of new knowledge that can be applied or not, since 70. ______technology is the application of knowledge to theproduction of some products, machinery or the like.The two are really very different, and people who havethe faculty for one very seldom have a faculty for the other. Science in itself is harmless, more or less. But assoon as it can provide technology, it is not necessarilyharmful. No society has yet learned how to forecast the 71. ______consequences of new technology, which can be enormous.

填空题Elementary, intermediate and advanced students all ______ from jazz chants, music, and poetry.

填空题Fears, in general, keep us from reaching our full potential. Fear of success is probably one of the hardest fears to identify, a fear that lies in unconsciousness and one that has the power to really keep us stuck. Dealing with fear of success requires us to look at ourselves and take responsibility for areas within us, but most times we attribute to other people or 1 events. After all, you may be thinking, who would sabotage (蓄意破坏) their own efforts to succeed and more 2 why would anyone do that? It"s important to understand that fear of success—like many other fears—is unconscious. Success implies visibility; being seen by others involves a level of vulnerability and 3 that we ought to engage in, in order to let the ones around believe in our abilities and trust that what we do is valuable and worthy. Before others are able to do any of these things, we must be the first to believe and trust in our own abilities. For the most part, we can control how we 4 ourselves in front of the world, the message we are trying to 5 , and so on. Yet earning someone" trust and furthering our accomplishments requires cohesiveness between the images we are trying to convey and what others perceive. You may be very apt at maintaining a certain image and yet the people around 6 much more than what you want to 7 , Human beings are able to pick up on subtle cues in our non-verbal communication, including how we feel toward ourselves. What that means is that if at the core we have 8 about ourselves, insecurities about our abilities and low levels of 9 in what we do, then unconsciously, we will attempt to guard these areas from the eyes of others. This is where fear of success comes into play: aware of some of these shortcomings and in an attempt to hide our "weakness" we end up acting in an 10 manner and in the process, create a less than cohesive and consistent image. In short, we end up blocking ourselves. A. commonsense B. confidence C. convey D. describe E. doubts F. explore G. expose H. exposure I. external J. importantly K. inauthentic L. negatively M. perceive N. present O. suspicion

填空题The growth of a global military system is ______.

填空题 Many countries exist in this world. How to deal with the problems among them? So comes with the international communities. A major global {{U}}(36) {{/U}} group on Sunday called for member countries of the World Trade Organization to work for an end to all subsidies to fishing {{U}}(37) {{/U}} and help depleted fishing stocks recover. At a news conference on the {{U}}(38) {{/U}} of a key WTO meeting, the World Wide Fund for Nature also argued that the expected new round of trade liberalization negotiations must take environmental needs into {{U}}(39) {{/U}}. "In Seattle, ministers must come out with more than just {{U}}(40) {{/U}} and promises on fishing subsidies," said David Schorr, WWF-US (that is, the World Wide fund) {{U}}(41) {{/U}} for sustainable {{U}}(42) {{/U}}. Talk on new binding rules barring fishing {{U}}(43) {{/U}} "must start now", he added. Some of these accuse the WTO of bowing to multinational companies who have no concern for the planet's ecology in the drive for profits. WWF declared:" {{U}}(44) {{/U}}. "WWF- International trade and investment director Charles Arden, Clarke said during the news conference:"{{U}} (45) {{/U}}. We are trying to work to reform the system rather than tearing it down. Developing countries know they need it to restrain the raw economic power of the bigger states. " "{{U}} (46) {{/U}}," Schorr declared.

填空题It"s Time to Pay Attention to Sleep A. After being diagnosed with brain and lung cancer in 2011, Lynn Mitchell, 68, was averaging about an hour of solid sleep a night. Stressed about her treatments, she was paying for it in hours of lost sleep. B. The brain cancer was already affecting her mobility—Mitchell was often dizzy and would lose her balance—but the lack of sleep made things worse. Even walking became increasingly difficult. Exhausted in the mornings, she was practically incoherent(精神恍惚). When her doctors recommend she see a sleep therapist, Mitchell was relieved at how benign it sounded in comparison to the chemotherapy(化学疗法) she had undergone and the gene therapy trial she was undergoing, which had side effects like nausea and fatigue. C. For about nine weeks, Mitchell worked with the sleep therapist to adjust her sleep habits. She went to bed only when she was extremely tired. She quit watching TV in bed. She stopped drinking caffeinated (含咖啡因的) coffee in the evening. She also learned breathing exercises to relax and help her fall asleep. It was all quite simple and common sense, and most importantly, noninvasive and didn"t require taking any pills. D. "It"s common knowledge that sleep is needed for day to day function," says Dr. David Rapoport, director of the Sleep Medicine Program at NYU School of Medicine. "What isn"t common knowledge is that it really matters—it"s not just cosmetic." Rapoport has long seen people seek sleep therapy because they"re chronically tired or suffering from insomnia, but an increasing number of patients are being referred to his center for common diseases, disorders, and mental health. E. Researchers have known for some time that sleep is critical for weight maintenance and hormone balance. And too little sleep is linked to everything from diabetes(糖尿病) to heart disease to depression. Recently, mounting evidence indicates that sleep plays a role in nearly every aspect of health. Beyond chronic illnesses, a child"s behavioral problems at school could be rooted in mild sleep apnea(呼吸暂停). And studies have shown children with ADHD(注意力缺陷多动症) are more likely to get insufficient sleep. A recent study published in the journal SLEEP found a link between older men with poor sleep quality and cognitive decline. Another study shows sleep is essential in early childhood for development, learning, and the formation and retention of memories. F. But to many of us, sleep is easily sacrificed, especially since lack of it isn"t seen as life threatening. Over time, sleep deprivation can have serious consequences, but we mostly sacrifice a night of sleep here and there, and always say that we"ll "catch up." Luckily, it is possible to make up for sleep debt (though it can take a very long time), but most Americans are still chronically sleep deprived. G. While diet and exercise have been a part of public health messaging for decades, doctors and health advocates are now beginning to argue that getting quality sleep may be just as important for overall health. "Sleep is probably easier to change than diet or exercise," says Dr. Michael Grandner, a sleep researcher at the University of Pennsylvania. "It may also give you more of an immediate reward if it helps you get through your day." Sleep experts claim that it is one of the top three, and sometimes the most, important lifestyle adjustments one can make, in addition to diet and exercise. And while there"s more evidence linking diet and exercise as influential health factors, sleep is probably more important in terms of brain and hormonal function. "Among a small group of sleep researchers, it"s always been said that eating, exercise, and sleep are the three pillars of health," says Dr. Rapoport. H. In our increasingly professional and digital lives, carving out time for sleep is not only increasingly difficult, but also more necessary. Using technology before bed stimulates us and interferes with our sleep, yet 95% of Americans use some type of electronics like a computer, TV, or cell phone at least a few nights a week within the hour before we go to bed, according to a 2011 National Sleep Foundation survey. "Many doctors, lawyers, and executives stay up late and get up early and burn the candle at both ends," says Dr. Richard Lang, chair of Preventative Medicine at the Cleveland Clinic. "Making sure they pay attention to sleep in the same way they pay attention to diet and exercise is crucial." I. To some, sleep has become a powerful cure to mental health. Arianna Huffington, president and editor-in-chief of the Huffington Post Media Group, advocates that sleep is the secret to success, happiness, and peak performance. After passing out a few years ago from exhaustion and cracking a cheekbone against her desk, Huffington has become something of a sleep evangelist(传道者). In a 2010 TED Women conference, Huffington said, "The way to a more productive, more inspired, more joyful life is getting enough sleep." Research linking high-quality sleep with better mental health is growing; a 2013 study found that treating depressed patients for insomnia can double their likelihood of overcoming the disorder. J. While 70% of physicians agree that inadequate sleep is a major health problem, only 43% counsel their patients on the benefits of adequate sleep. But there"s growing pressure on primary care physicians to address, and even prescribe, sleep during routine check-ups. In a recent study published in the journal The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology the researchers concluded that health professionals should prescribe sleep to prevent and treat metabolic disorders like obesity and diabetes. K. On the other hand, overlooking sleep as a major health issue can also have deadly consequences. It was recently reported that the operator of the Metro-North train that derailed in New York last year, killing four people and injuring more than 70, had an undiagnosed case of sleep apnea. L. Sleep therapies can range from simply learning new lifestyle behaviors to promote sleep, to figuring out how to position oneself in bed. More drastic measures involve surgery to open up an airway passage for people suffering from disorders like sleep apnea. Sleeping pills can be prescribed too, to get much needed rest, but sleep therapists tend to favor other approaches because of possible dependencies developing. M. A large part of reaping the benefits of sleep is known when you"re not getting the right amount. According to a 2013 Gallup survey, 40% of Americans get less than the recommended seven to eight hours a night. While the typical person still logs about 6.8 hours of sleep per night, that"s a drop from the 7.9 Americans were getting in the 1940s. N. When it comes to adequate sleep, it"s much more personalized than previously thought. Some people feel great on five hours of rest, while others need ten. The best way to determine if you"re getting the right amount, doctors say, is to find out how many hours of sleep you need to be able to wake up without an alarm and feel rested, refreshed, and energetic throughout the day. O. Since reforming her sleep habits, Mitchell has been clocking up to seven hours of shuteye a night for the past two months. "I"m alert in the morning, my balance is better, and I feel more energetic," says Mitchell. Getting enough sleep has helped her better deal with her cancers, and its symptoms. The best news is that she recently found out that her brain tumor is shrinking, and there are fewer cancerous spots on her lungs.

填空题With a broken heart, Molly saw her__________________________(吸毒成瘾的儿子被带上警车).