填空题Eating too much chocolate made my niece and nephew ______.

填空题What if Middle-Class Jobs Disappear? A. The most recent recession in the United States began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009, according to the National Bureau of Economic Research. However, two years after the official end of the recession, few Americans would say that economic troubles are behind us. The unemployment rate, in particular, remains above 9%. Some labor market indicators, such as the pro-portion of long-term unemployed, are worse now than for any postwar recession. B. There are two widely circulated narratives to explain what"s going on. The Keynesian narrative is that there has been a major drop in aggregate demand. According to this narrative, the slump can be largely cured by using monetary and fiscal(财政的)stimulus. The main anti-Keynesian narrative is that businesses are suffering from uncertainty and over-regulation. According to this narrative, the slump can be cured by having the government commit to and follow a more hands-off approach. C. I want to suggest a third interpretation. Without ruling out a role for aggregate demand or for the regulatory environment, I wish to suggest that structural change is an important factor in the cur-rent rate of high unemployment. The economy is in a state of transition, in which the middle-class jobs that emerged after World War II have begun to decline. As Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee put it in a recent e-book Race Against the Machine: "The root of our problems is not that we"re in a great recession, or a great stagnation(停滞), but rather that we are in the early throes (阵痛) of a great restructuring. D. In fact, I believe that the Great Depression of the 1930s can also be interpreted in part as an economic transition. The impact of the internal combustion engine (内燃机) and the small electric motor on farming and manufacturing reduced the value of uneducated laborers. Instead, by the 1950s, a middle class of largely clerical(从事文秘工作的) workers was the most significant part of the labor force. Between 1930 and 1950, the United States economy underwent a great transition. Demand fell for human effort such as lifting, squeezing, and hammering. Demand increased for workers who could read and follow directions. The evolutionary process eventually changed us from a nation of laborers to a nation of clerks. E. The proportion of employment classified as "clerical workers" grew from 5.2% in 1910 to a peak of 19.3% in 1980. (However, by 2000 this proportion had edged down to 17.4%.) Overall, workers classified as clerical workers, technical workers, managers and officials exceeded 50% of the labor force by 2000. Corresponding declines took place in the manual occupations. Workers classified as laborers, other than farm hands or miners, peaked at 11.4% of the labor force in 1920 but were barely 6% by 1950 and less than 4% by 2000. Farmers and farm laborers fell from 33% of the labor force in 1910 to less than 15% by 1950 and only 1.2% in 2000. F. The introduction of the tractor and improvements in the factory rapidly reduced the demand for uneducated workers. By the 1930s, a marginal farm hand could not produce enough to justify his employment. Sharecropping, never much better than a subsistence occupation, was no longer viable(可行的). Meanwhile, machines were replacing manufacturing occupations like cigar rolling and glass blowing for light bulbs. G. The structural-transition interpretation of the unemployment problem of the 1930s would be that the demand for uneducated workers in the United States had fallen, but the supply remained high. The high school graduation rate was only 8.8%in 1912 and still just 29%in 1931. By 1950, it had reached 59%. With a new generation of workers who had completed high school, the mismatch between skills and jobs had been greatly reduced. H. What took place after World War Ⅱ was not the revival of a 1920s economy, with its small fanning units, urban manufacturing, and plurality of laborers. Instead, the 1950s saw the creation of a new suburban economy, with a plurality of white-collar workers. With an expanded transportation and communications infrastructure(基础设施), businesses needed telephone operators, ship-ping clerks and similar occupations. If you could read, follow simple instructions, and settle into a routine, you could find a job in the post-war economy. I. The trend away from manual labor has continued. Even within the manufacturing sector, the share of production and non-supervisory workers in manufacturing employment went from over 85% just after World War Ⅱ to less than 70% in more recent years. To put this another way, the proportion of white-collar work in manufacturing has doubled over the past 50 years. On the factory floor it-serf, work has become less physically demanding. Instead, it requires more cognitive skills and the ability to understand and carry out well-defined procedures. J. As noted earlier, the proportion of clerical workers in the economy peaked in 1980. By that date, computers and advanced communications equipment had already begun to affect telephone operations and banking. The rise of the personal computer and the Internet has widened the impact of these technologies to include nearly every business and industry. K. The economy today differs from that of a generation ago. Mortgage and consumer loan underwriters(风险评估人)have been replaced by credit scoring. Record stores have been replaced by music downloads. Book stores are closing, while sales of books on electronic readers have in-creased. Data entry has been moved off shore. Routine customer support also has been outsourced(外包) overseas. L. These trends serve to limit the availability of well-defined jobs. If a job can be characterized by a precise set of instructions, then that job is a candidate to be automated or outsourced to modestly educated workers in developing countries. The result is what David Autor calls the polarization of the American job market. M. Using the latest Census Bureau data, Matthew Slaughter found that from 2000 to 2010 the real earnings of college graduates (with no advanced degree) fell by more in percentage terms than the earnings of high school graduates. In fact, over this period the only education category to show an increase in earnings was those with advanced degrees. N. The outlook for mid-skill jobs would not appear to be bright. Communications technology and computer intelligence continue to improve, putting more occupations at risk. For example, many people earn a living as drivers, including trucks and taxicabs. However, the age of driverless vehicles appears to be moving closer. Another example is in the field of education. In the fall of 2011, an experiment with an online course in artificial intelligence conducted by two Stanford professors drew tens of thousands of registrants (报名者). This increases the student-teacher ratio by a factor of close to a thousand. Imagine the number of teaching jobs that might be eliminated if this could be done for math, economics, chemistry, and so on. O. It"s important to bear in mind that when we offer a structural interpretation of unemployment, a "loss of jobs" means an increase in productivity. Traditionally, economists have argued that productivity increases are a good thing, even though they may cause unemployment for some workers in the short run. In the long run, the economy does not run out of jobs. Rather, new jobs emerge as old jobs disappear. The story we tell is that average well-being rises, and the more people are able to adapt, the more widespread the improvement becomes.

填空题The amount of pressure which the materials are subject to affect the quality of the products. A. pressure B. which C. subject D. affect

填空题A socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics is an open system with an open economy as its core, ____________________(将有助于我们继续改善投资环境，使海外投资者能够获取利润)

填空题The government ______ (非常重视经济发展中的轻重缓急,孰先孰后)

填空题The "Wild Goose", which was being towed, was suddenly covered by a mist and pulled under water.

填空题We want out children to have more than job skills: we want their lives to be enriched and ______ (他的视野开阔).

填空题Directions: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words. Please write your answers on Answer Sheet 2. Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage. In the past 50 years, people with mental problems have spent untold millions of hours in therapists' offices, and millions more reading self-help books, trying to turn negative thoughts like "I never do anything right" into positive ones like "I can succeed. " For many people, the very definition of psychotherapy is the process of changing self-defeating attitudes into constructive ones. Is there power in positive thinking? A study just published in the journal Psychological Science says trying to get people to think more positively can actually have the opposite effect: it can simply highlight how unhappy they are. The study's authors, Joanne Wood and John Lee of the University of Waterloo and Elaine Perunovic of the University of New Brunswick, begin with a common-sense proposition: when people hear something they don't believe, they are not only often skeptical but adhere even more strongly to their original position. A great deal of psychological research has shown this. We are an argumentative species. And so we constantly argue with ourselves. Many of us are reluctant to revise our self-judgment, especially for the better. In 1994, the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology published a paper showing that when people get feedback that they believe is overly positive, they actually feel worse, not better. For the new paper, Wood, Lee and Perunovic measured 68 students on their self-esteem. The results showed that those with low self-esteem--precisely the kind of people who do not respond well to positive feedback but tend to read self-help books or attend therapy sessions encouraging positive thinking--didn't feel better about themselves. In fact, their self-evaluations and moods were significantly more negative than those with high self-esteem. Wood, Lee and Perunovic conclude that unfavorable thoughts about ourselves intrude very easily, especially among those of us with low self-esteem--so easily and so persistently that even when a positive alternative is presented, it just underlines how awful we believe we are. The paper provides support for newer forms of psychotherapy that urge people to accept their negative thoughts and feelings rather than try to reject and fight them. In the fighting, we not only often fail but can also make things worse. Mindfulness and meditation techniques, in contrast, can teach people to put their shortcomings into a larger, more realistic perspective. Call it the power of negative thinking.

填空题Mr. Bellavance cashed out his pension, sold his house and unloaded things he didn't need at garage after losing his job in order to change his finances into survival mode.

填空题Although a great number of houses in that area are still in need of repair , there have been improvement in the facilities. A. a great number B. are C. of repair D. have been

填空题Many of the problems faced by WHO in its efforts to improve world health are subject to the lack of resources and too little political commitment.

填空题Benner and his colleagues' assembly of an evolutionary tree of yeast ADH showed ______ and helped the researchers ______.

填空题In order to host the Olympic Games

填空题It has been proved that the geodesic dome is ______ human shelter.

填空题Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.About 700,000 children in Mexico dropped out of school last year as recession-stricken families pushed kids to work, and a weak economic recovery will allow only a {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}improvement in the drop-out rate in 2010, a top education official said. Mexico's economy suffered more than any other in Latin America last year, {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}an estimated 7 percent due to a plunge in US {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}for Mexican exports such as cars. The {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}led to a 4 percent increase in the number of kids who left {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}or middle school in 2009, said Juan de Dios Castro, who heads the nation's adult education program and keeps a close watch on drop-out rates. "{{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}rose and that is a factor that makes our job more difficult," Castro told Reuters in an interview earlier this month. {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}higher taxes and weak demand for its exports, Mexico's economy is seen only partially recovering this year. As a result, drop-out rates will not improve much, Castro said. "There will be some improvement, but not significant," Castro said. Mexico has historically had high drop-out rate as poor families {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}kids out of school to help put food on the table, and children often sell candy and crafts in the streets or work in restaurants. The nation's drop-out problem is just the latest bad news for the long-term {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}of the Mexican economy. Mexico's politicians have resisted mending the country's tax, energy and labor laws {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}, leaving its economy behind countries such as Brazil and Chile.