Children's Healthcare of Atlanta wants to move Georgia out of the top 10 list for childhood obesity (肥胖), officials said. Doctors at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, the largest children healthcare organization in the United States, said they treat patients in their Health4Life Clinic as young as age 3 for complications (并发症) 27 to obesity. The healthcare system's officials said it began its Strong4Life in early 2011, a large-scale public awareness 28 , along with programs and partnerships to 29 kids and their parents. The first phase of the campaign, the 'warning' ads, was designed to raise awareness and 30 conversation about childhood obesity. 'A 31 finding in the research is that while 96 percent of respondents viewed childhood obesity as a somewhat or very serious problem, only 28 percent of parents of an obese child considered their child overweight or obese, and only 36 percent were 32 about their child's weight,' Dr. Richard Lutz of the University of Florida's Warrington College of Business Administration said in a statement. 'This 33 disconnect, known as the 'perceived personal immunity' effect, has been 34 for issues such as being 35 affected by lung cancer, skin cancer and AIDS.' The program also included training more than 1,000 healthcare providers, nurses and dietitians to discuss obesity with their patients; going to more than 100 schools to share with children the importance of healthy eating and physical 36 and educating more than 430 daycare centre staff to use Strong4Life tool kits to each healthy habits at an early age. A. activity B. apparent C. campaign D. concerned E. contributed F. documented G. easily H. fatal f. immediately J. interact K. practice L. reach M. related N. remarkable O. spark

A few weeks ago, a well-meaning professor tried to explain the physiological process behind viruses and the human body in a tweet and was immediately criticized for a mistake in his information. He then issued an apology and deleted his erroneous tweet.Communicating science beyond the academic bubble is necessary to augmenting public understanding of health and environmental issues and helping individuals make well-informed personal decisions. However, scientists who engage in science communication must acknowledge that even in their area, their expertise is deep but narrow. They need to recognize the constraints in their own knowledge. That is not to suggest that they only write or present on their own research, but rather, that they consult with an expert if the topic is outside of their discipline. Fact-checking with a scientist who works in the specialty will prevent the unintentional spread of misinformation, and the process of doing so may yield interesting new information that can be incorporated.Some have argued that the public is not educated enough to understand scientific information, especially for any complex phenomena, but this is absurd. Science instruction can be found at all levels of public education with most secondary schools offering classes or biology, physics, andchemistry. If anything, social media has shown that the public craves knowledge based on a solid scientific foundation. Even the public discourse that follows most scientific articles shows that online readers can understand even the most baffling of scientific principles.It is equally imperative to emphasize that being an expert on a topic doesnt automatically make a scholar qualified to communicate it to a nonscientific audience. A number of scientists recently have been offering public-aimed explanations of scientific phenomena. Even though theyhave appropriate credentials, they often do very little in the way of explaining. One biologist shared a complicated analogy involving a library, books, paper, a recipe, ingredients, and a cake to explain the process behind vaccines. Any explanation that requires written key to keep track of what each item represents is not a clear example for public consumption. Science communication is a science in and of itself. It requires rigorous training and instruction. A scientist should take communication courses that can teach a person how to identify and eliminate jargon and how to develop effective analogies to explain complex concepts. One cannot assume communicationexpertise -imagine if someone just decided that they were a physicist and started trying to contribute to the field without the necessary background. Doing a poor job communicating science to the public will only create confusion and widen the gap between science and society, a gap that scientists are trying to close.

The failure of an application is far more often the fault of the applicant, for many applicants do not set about their task in the right way. They do not study the job requirements 27 enough and dispatch applications to all and sundry (所有的人) in the hope that one will bear fruit (奏效). The personnel manager of a textile's manufacturer, for example, 28 for designers. He was willing to consider young people without working 29 provided they had good ideas. The 30 contained many remarks like this, 'At school I was good at art', 'I like drawing things' and even I write very interesting stories'. Only one applicant was sensible enough to 31 samples of her designs. She got the job. Personnel managers emphasize the need for a good letter of application. They do not look for the finest writing paper or perfect typing, but it is 32 to expect legible writing on a clean sheet of paper, not a piece tom roughly from an exercise book. As soon as the applicant is lucky enough to receive an invitation to attend all interviews, he should 33 the letter and say he will attend. But the manager does not end there. The wise 34 will fill in the interval making himself familiar with the activities of the company he hopes to join. Some applicants have not the 35 idea what the company does and this puts them at a great 36 when they come to answer the questions that will be put to them in the interview. A. enclose B. rumor C. reasonable D. experience E. harmful F. realistic G. faintest H. deeply I. advertised J. virtually K. replies L. acknowledge M. join N. applicant O. disadvantage

Scientists scanning and mapping the Giza pyramids say they've discovered that Great Pyramid of Giza is not exactly even. But really not by much. This pyramid is the oldest of the world's Seven Wonders. The pyramid's exact size has 27 experts for centuries, as the 'more than 21 acres of hard, white casing stones' that originally covered it were 28 long ago. Reporting in the most recent issue of the newsletter 'AERAGRAM,' which 29 the work of the Ancient Egypt Research Associates, engineer Glen Dash says his team used a new measuring approach that involved finding any surviving 30 of the casing in order to determine where the original edge was. They found the east side of the pyramid to be a 31 of 5.5 inches shorter than the west side. The question that most 32 him, however, isn't how the Egyptians who designed and built the pyramid got it wrong 4,500 years age, but how they got it so close to 33 . 'We can only speculate as to how the Egyptians could have laid out these lines with such 34 using only the tools they had,' Dash writes. He says his 35 is that the Egyptians laid out their design on a grid, noting that the great pyramid is oriented only 36 away from the cardinal directions (its north-south axis runs 3 minutes 54 seconds west of due north, while its east-west axis runs 3 minutes 51 seconds north of due east)—an amount that's 'tiny, but similar,' archeologist Atlas Obscura points out. A. chronicles B. complete C. established D. fascinates E. hypothesis F. maximum G. momentum H. mysteriously I. perfect J. precision K. puzzled L. remnants M. removed N. revelations O. slightly

The biggest television drama of the past decade has been the story of how people watch it. Ten years ago nearly nine out of ten American households subscribed to cable or satellite. Today little more than half do. But not everywhere. On the other side of the Atlantic, cord-cutters are outnumbered by cord-knotters. As Americans tear up their contracts, Europeans are signing up for cable and satellite in greater numbers than ever. Why has American media's mega-trend missed Europe? One reason is price. America's cable industry may look competitive: the largest player, Comcast, has only a quarter of the market. But it is highly regionalised, so most homes have few options. The result is an average monthly cable bill of nearly $100. British homes pay less than half as much. Tax loopholes (漏洞) have made pay-TV an even better deal in parts of Europe. Take-up in France rocketed from 30% to 90% between 2004 and 2014, after the government imposed a lower rate of value-added tax on television services than on telecoms, unintentionally giving phone firms an incentive to throw in a cheap TV package and pay the lower rate of tax. The loophole has been closed, but subscriptions remain high. A second factor is content. American cable TV is running out of shows as studios move their best ones to their own streaming platforms. In Europe, where some streamers have yet to launch, pay-TV firms retain the rights to many of the most popular titles. Britons seeking the third season of Warner Media's 'Succession', for instance, must go to Sky, a Comcast-owned satellite firm, since Warner's HBO Max has yet to stream outside the Americas. The last reason Europe still favours cable is that American streamers have forged partnerships with European pay-TV firms rather than competing with them. In the race for subscribers, the quickest way for streamers to bulk up in Europe has been to join forces with satellite and cable incumbents (现任者). They are the ones with access to consumers and the ability to handle local marketing and ad sales. Will cord-cutting eventually cross the Atlantic? As long as Hollywood studios continue to license their programming to local players, consumers will have every reason to stick with pay-TV. For the studios themselves those deals are lucrative (利润丰厚的). In the long run, though, studios would rather bring viewers onto their own platforms, as in America. In that scenario, pay-TV firms may be left with little to offer but sport, alongside streaming bundles of the sort offered by France's Orange or Britain's Virgin Media. Warner plans a gradual European roll-out of HBO Max over the next few years. By the time the fourth season of 'Succession' is out, audiences may be watching it online.

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Exaggeration is so helpful. When tech companies used social media to kill the anti-piracy bills in Congress, breathless observers announced the dawning of a new age in Washington. Old media was out; new media, officially, finally, was in. Tides turned; eras crumbled, we were told. Really? Highlighting the fact that social media brought down the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) is like saying Yankee Stadium is responsible for 27 world championships. It's not the grass; it's the talent that takes the field. Social media isn't even new. We know it has given unheard-of power to anyone with a browser. And we marvel at the new, new things on our phones that send messages, images, and ideas around the world in seconds. That's historic, potentially powerful—but not new. While the technology, architecture, engineering, and science that go into building the pipe is astounding, the pipe is not overthrowing despots (专制). How people use creativity to stir our passion, which in turn quickens the social response, is where the power lies. And for at least one generation, and now almost two, that passion is a given. And for many, it's a right to get stuff free online. Indeed, research shows that if kids pay for stuff online, they actually feel less good about themselves. They failed as a person. So if someone—say Congress and lobbyists representing big businesses—tried to clamp down on their online freedom, they would view that as a personal insult. Passion takes many forms. For the same group who think unfettered (无拘无束的) Internet freedom is or should be a right, they also think tolerance, fairness, and open-mindedness are absolutes. They grew up with the Internet and that meant growing up in a space where there is not one central norm but many. They have formed a generation that fosters individuality, self-expression, and plurality. They support gay marriage and can't understand why we're even having that debate. They support abortion rights as vigorously as they want to protect the environment. For them, these are not just issues, but values and deeply held beliefs. In political terms, these Americans are the new values voters. When John Boehner wants to zero out Planned Parenthood or remove essence of environmental laws or give tax breaks to wealthy Americans, they worry about the future of the country. Once again, we relearned old lessons this week. It's not about the medium, as interesting and dynamic as that is. It's about human passion and how leaders can creatively channel it online and in the real world.

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on square dancing, a popular pastime among the elderly in China. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

The Doctor Will Skype You Now [A].Fazila is a young woman that has been dealing with eczema (湿疹), a common skin condition, for the past five years, but never got it treated. The nearest hospital is an hour away, by boat and bus, and her skin condition didnt seem serious enough to make the trek, so she ignored it—until a new technology brought the doctor to her. Fazila lives on one of the remote river islands in northern Bangladesh. These islands are low-lying, temporary sand islands that are continuously formed and destroyed through sand buildup and erosion. They are home to over six million people, who face repeated displacement from flooding and erosion—which maybe getting worse because of climate change —and a range of health risks, including poor nutrition, malaria (疟疾) and other water-bome diseases. [B].The most dangerous thing for these remote island dwellers island erosion. The second is lack of access to medical supplies and doctors. There are no doctors within miles, and while childmortality and maternal death have gone down in the rest of the country, this is not the case for the islands. The medical situation is so bad that it really takes away from the quality oftheir life. Yet for many island inhabitants -some of Bangladeshs poorest -paying for health care is a costly ordeal. Victims of erosion lose their houses, agricultural land and jobs as farmers, fishermen and day laborers. Though government hospitals are free, many people hesitate to go, citing long commutes, endless lines and questionable diagnoses. For conveniences sake, one-third of rural households visit unqualified village doctors, who rely on unscientific methods of treatment, according to a 2016 study in the peer-reviewed journal Global Heath Action. [C].On the islands, theres even a colloquial (口头的) expression for the idea of making medical care your lowest priority：Its known as"rog pushai rakha"in Bengali，which roughly translates to"stockpiling their diseases"-waiting to seek medical attention until a condition becomes extremely serious.Now，a new virtual medical service called Teledaktar（TD）is trying to make heath care more easily accessible.Every week，TDs medical operators travel to the islands by boat，carrying a laptop，a portable printer for prescriptions and tools to run basic medical screenings such as blood pressure，blood sugar，body temperature and weight. They choose an area of the island with the best Internet reception and setup a makeshift（临凑合的）medical center which consists of plastic stools and small tables borrowed from the localshomes，a tent in case of rain and a sheet that is strung up to give the patients privacy during their session. [D].Launched in October 2018，TD has eight centers in towns and villages across ruralBangladesh and on three islands.It is funded by a nonprofit organization founded by Bangladeshi entrepreneurs，finance and technology professionals.Inside the center，the laptop screen lights up to reveal Dr.Tina Mustahid，TDs head physician，live-streamed（网络直播）from the capital city of Dhaka for free remote medical consultations.Affectionately called Doctor Apa—“older sister"in Bengali—by her patients，she is one of three volunteer doctors at TD. [E]."I diagnose them through conversation，"says Dr.Mustahid."Sometimes its really obvious things that local doctors dont have the patience to talk through with their patients.For example，a common complaint mothers come in with is that their children refuse to eat their meals.The mothers are concermed they are dealing with indigestion，but its because they are feeding the children packaged chips which are cheap and convenient. I tell them it is ruining their appetite and ask them to cut back on unhealthy snacks."Dr. Mustahid says building awareness about health and nutrition is important for island patients who are cut off from mainland resources. [F].Even off the islands, Bangladesh faces a critical deficit of health services. The country has half the doctors-per-person ratio recommended by the World Health Organization: roughly one doctor per 2,000 people, instead of one doctor per 1,000 people. And of those physicians, many are concentrated in cities: 70% of the countrys population live in rural areas, yet less than 20% of health workers practice there. Over 70% of TDs 3,000 patients are female, in part because many are not comfortable speaking with local doctors who tend to be male. The rural women are mostly not literate or confident enough to travel on their own to the nearest town to visit medical facilities. Many have spent their entire lives rebuilding their homes when the islands flood.Early marriage and young motherhood，which are prevalent in these parts of Bangladesh，also contribute to the early onset of health problems. [G].For most TD patients on the islands，Dr.Mustahid is the first big-city doctor that theyve ever consulted.TD doctors are not meant to treat serious illnesses or conditions that require a doctor to be physically present，such as pregnancy.But they can write prescriptions，diagnose common ailments-including digestive issues，joint pain，skin diseases，fever and the common cold-and refer patients to doctors at local hospitals.The visit is also an opportunity for the patients，especially women to air their concerns about aging，motherhood and reproductive health according to Dr.Mustahid.The doctors also offer health，dietary and lifestyle advice where necessary，including insight on everything from recognizing postnatal（产后的）depression to daily exercise.Dr.Mustahid regularly recommends her patients to take a daily thirty-minute morning walk before the sun gets too intense. [H].After a few sessions about general health issues Fazila finally opened up about something else that was bothering her: persistent skin condition. It can get expensive to travel to the doctor, so usually the women living on the islands describe their illness to their husbands.The husbands then go to the pharmacy, tell them what is the issue and return home with some random medicines. Nothing worked for Fazila until she started seeing Doctor Apa. [I].Other nonprofits are also starting to provide health services in the islands. A local non-governmental organization called Friendship operates floating boat hospitals that providehealth services to islands all over Bangladesh, docking at each for two months at a time. Friendship also runs satellite clinics in which one doctor and one clinic aide who are residents of the community disperse health and hygiene information. [J]. TD still has a few major challenges. Many patients complain the medicine they are prescribed are sometimes unaffordable, but the government isnt doing enough for them.Patients often ask why the medicine isnt free along with the consultations from the doctors.The originations are linked to local pharmacies and offer discounts to the patients and make sure to prescribe the most cost-effective brands, but still, many residents cant afford even that. [K].Nevertheless, TDs remote consultations seem to be popular: Of 3,000 patients at least 200 have returned for follow-ups, according to TD. The reason, explains one resident might be the simple gesture of treating the island inhabitants with respect. "Doctor Apa is patient,"he says. "At government hospitals, the doctors treat us very badly, but here they listen to us, I can repeat myself many times and no one gets annoyed."

Do Parents Invade Children's Privacy When They Post Photos Online? A. When Katlyn Burbidge's son was 6 years old, he was performing some ridiculous song and dance typical of a first-grader. But after she snapped a photo and started using her phone, he asked her a serious question: 'Are you going to post that online?' She laughed and answered, 'Yes, I think I will.' What he said next stopped her. 'Can you not?' B. That's when it dawned on her: She had been posting photos of him online without asking his permission. 'We're big advocates of bodily autonomy and not forcing him to hug or kiss people unless he wants to, but it never occurred to me that I should ask his permission to post photos of him online,' says Burbidge, a mom of two in Wakefield, Massachusetts. 'Now when I post a photo of him online, I show him the photo and get his okay.' C. When her 8-month-old is 3 or 4 years old, she plans to start asking him in an age-appropriate way, 'Do you want other people to see this?' That' s precisely the approach that two researchers advocated before a room of pediatricians (儿科医生) last week at the American Academy of Pediatrics meeting, when they discussed the 21st century challenge of 'sharenting,' a new term for parents' online sharing about their children. 'As advocates of children's rights, we believe that children should have a voice about what information is shared about them if possible,' says Stacey Steinberg, a legal skills professor at the University of Florida Levin College of Law in Gainesville. D. Whether it's ensuring that your child isn't bullied over something you post, that their identity isn't digitally 'kidnapped', or that their photos don't end up on a half dozen child pornography (色情) sites, as one Australian morn discovered, parents and pediatricians are increasingly aware of the importance of protecting children's digital presence. Steinberg and Bahareh Keith, an assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of Florida College of Medicine, say most children will likely never experience problems related to what their parents share, but a tension still exists between parents' rights to share their experiences and their children's rights to privacy. E. 'We're in no way trying to silence parents' voices,' Steinberg says. 'At the same time, we recognize that children might have an interest in entering adulthood free to create their own digital footprint.' They cited a study presented earlier this year of 249 pairs of parents and their children in which twice as many children as parents wanted rules on what parents could share. 'The parents said, 'We don't need rules—we're fine,' and the children said, 'Our parents need rules,'' Keith says. 'The children wanted autonomy about this issue and were worried about their parents sharing information about them.' F. Although the American Academy of Pediatrics offers guidelines recommending that parents model appropriate social media use for their children, it does not explicitly discuss oversharing by parents. 'I think this is a very legitimate concern, and I appreciate their drawing our attention to it,' David Hill, a father of five, says. He sees a role for pediatricians to talk with parents about this, but believes the messaging must extend far beyond pediatricians' offices. 'I look forward to seeing researchers expand our understanding of the issue so we can translate it into effective education and policy,' he says. G. There's been little research on the topic, Steinberg wrote in a law article about this issue. While states could pass laws related to sharing information about children online, Steinberg feels parents themselves are generally best suited to make these decisions for their families. 'While we didn't want to create any unnecessary panic, we did find some concerns that were troublesome, and we thought that parents or at least physicians should be aware of those potential risks,' Steinberg says. They include photos repurposed for inappropriate or illegal means, identity theft, embarrassment, bullying by peers or digital kidnapping. H. But that's the negative side, with risks that must be balanced against the benefits of sharing. Steinberg pointed out that parental sharing on social media helps build communities, connect spread-out families, provide support and raise awareness around important social issues for which parents might be their child's only voice. I. A C.S. Mott survey found among the 56 percent of mothers and 34 percent of fathers who discussed parenting on social media, 72 percent of them said sharing made them feel less alone, and nearly as many said sharing helped them worry less and gave them advice from other parents. The most common topics they discussed included kids' sleep, nutrition, discipline, behavior problems and day care and preschool. J. 'There's this peer-to-peer nature of health care these days with a profound opportunity for parents to learn helpful tips, safety and prevention efforts, pro-vaccine messages and all kinds of other messages from other parents in their social communities,' says Wendy Sue Swanson, a pediatrician and executive director of digital health at Seattle Children's Hospital, where she blogs about her own parenting journey to help other parents. 'They're getting nurtured by people they've already selected that they trust,' she says. K. 'How do we weigh the risks, how do we think about the benefits, and how do we alleviate the risks?' she says. 'Those are the questions we need to ask ourselves, and everyone can have a different answer.' L. Some parents find the best route for them is not to share at all. Bridget O'Hanlon and her husband, who live in Cleveland, decided before their daughter was born that they would not post her photos online. When a few family members did post pictures, O'Hanlon and her husband made their wishes clear. 'It's been hard not to share pictures of her because people always want to know how babies and toddlers (学走路的孩子) are doing and to see pictures, but we made the decision to have social media while she did not,' O'Hanlon said. Similarly, Alison Jamison of New York decided with her husband that their child had a right to their own online identity. They did use an invitation-only photo sharing platform so that friends and family, including those far away, could see the photos, but they stood firm, simply refusing to put their child's photos on other social media platforms. M. 'For most families, it's a journey. Sometimes it goes wrong, but most of the time it doesn't,' says Swanson, who recommends starting to ask children's permission to post narratives or photos around ages 6 to 8. 'We'll learn more and more what our tolerance is. We can ask our kids to help us learn as a society what's okay and what's not.' N. Indeed, that learning process goes both ways. Bria Dunham, a mother in Somerville, Massachusetts, was so excited to watch a moment of brotherly bonding while her first-grader and baby took a bath together that she snapped a few photos. But when she considered posting them online, she took the perspective of her son: How would he feel if his classmates' parents saw photos of him chest-up in the bathtub? 'It made me think about how I'm teaching him to have ownership of his own body and how what is shared today endures into the future,' Dunham says. 'So I kept the pictures to myself and accepted this as one more step in supporting his increasing autonomy.'

Perhaps it is time for farmers to put their feet up now that robots are used to inspect crops, dig up weeds, and even have become shepherds, too. Commercial growing fields are astronomically huge and take thousands of man-hours to operate. One prime example is one of Australia's most isolated cattle stations, Suplejack Downs in the Northern Territory, extending across 4,000 square kilometers, taking over 13 hours to reach by car from the nearest major town—Alice Springs. The extreme isolation of these massive farms leaves them often unattended, and monitored only once or twice a year, which means if the livestock falls ill or requires assistance, it can be a long time for farmers to discover. However, robots are coming to the rescue. Robots are currently under a two-year trial in Wales which will train 'farmbots' to herd, monitor the health of livestock, and make sure there is enough pasture for them to graze on. The robots are equipped with many sensors to identify conditions of the environment, cattle, and food, using thermal and vision sensors that detect changes in body temperature. 'You've also got color, texture and shape sensors looking down at the ground to check pasture quality,' says Salah Sukkarieh of the University of Sydney, who will carry out trials on several farms in central New South Wales. During the trials, the robot algorithms (算法) and mechanics will be fine-tuned to make it better suited to ailing livestock and ensure it safely navigates around potential hazards including trees, mud, swamps, and hills. 'We want to improve the quality of animal health and make it easier for farmers to maintain large landscapes where animals roam free,' says Sukkarieh. The robots are not limited to herding and monitoring livestock. They have been created to count individual fruit, inspect crops, and even pull weeds. Many robots are equipped with high-tech sensors and complex learning algorithms to avoid injuring humans as they work side by side. The robots also learn the most efficient and safest passages, and allow engineers and farmers to analyze and better optimize the attributes and tasks of the robot, as well as provide a live stream giving real-time feedback on exactly what is happening on the farms. Of course, some worry lies in replacing agricultural workers. However, it is farmers that are pushing for the advancements due to ever-increasing labor vacancies, making it difficult to maintain large-scale operations. The robots have provided major benefits to farmers in various ways, from hunting and pulling weeds to monitoring the condition of every single fruit. Future farms will likely experience a greater deal of autonomy as robots take up more and more farm work efficiently.

The subject of automation and its role in our economy has taken hold in American public discourse. Technology broadly and automation specifically are dramatically reshaping the way we work. And we need to have a plan for what's still to come. We don't have to look further than our own communities to see the devastating impact of automation. From automated warehouses to cashierless grocery stores to neighborhood libraries that offer self-checkout lanes instead of employing real people—automation is increasingly replacing jobs and leaving too few good new jobs behind. The statistics in manufacturing are staggering. Despite the widespread fears about trade, a recent report showed that just 13 percent of jobs lost in manufacturing are due to trade—the rest of the losses have been due to advances in technology. That is why more people are criticizing the ever-increasing role of technology in our economy. Our country is manufacturing more than ever before, but we are doing it with fewer workers. However, it's not just factories that are seeing losses—software and information technology are also having a dramatic impact on jobs most people think are secure from the forces of a rapidly-changing economy. Something transformative is happening in America that is having an adverse effect on American families. Whether policymakers and politicians admit it or not, workers have made clear their feelings about their economic insecurity and desire to keep good jobs in America. So why are people so insistent on ignoring the perils of automation? They are failing to look ahead at a time when planning for the future is more important than ever. Resisting automation is futile: it is as inevitable as industrialization was before it. I sincerely hope that those who assert that automation will make us more effective and pave the way for new occupations are right, but the reality of automation's detrimental effects on workers makes me skeptical. No one can currently say where the new jobs are coming from or when, and any sensible company or country should prepare for all alternatives. I'm not overstating the danger: look at what's happened to the labor force. According to economic research, one in six working-age men, 25-54, doesn't have a job. Fifty years ago, nearly 100 percent of men that age were working. Women's labor force participation, meanwhile, has slipped back to the level it was at in the late 1980s. American families and prominent business leaders are aware that there's a big problem with automation. The value of a college degree is diminishing, and our upward mobility is declining. If we want an economy that allows everyone to be economically secure, we need to start thinking about how we can rightfully address automation.

rections: Nowadays more and more people keep learning new skills to adapt to a fast-changing world.you can make comments,use examples,or use your personal experiences to develop your essay. You will have 30 minutes to write the proposal. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.__________

Photography was once an expensive, laborious ordeal reserved for life's greatest milestones. Now, the only apparent cost to taking infinite photos of something as common as a meal is the space on your hard drive and your dining companion's patience. But is there another cost, a deeper cost, to documenting a life experience instead of simply enjoying it? 'You hear that you shouldn't take all these photos and interrupt the experience, and it's bad for you, and we're not living in the present moment,' says Kristin Diehl, associate professor of marketing at the University of Southern California Marshall School of Business. Diehl and her fellow researchers wanted to find out if that was true, so they embarked on a series of nine experiments in the lab and in the field testing people's enjoyment in the presence or absence of a camera. The results, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, surprised them. Taking photos actually makes people enjoy what they're doing more, not less. 'What we find is you actually look at the world slightly differently, because you're looking for things you want to capture, that you may want to hang onto,' Diehl explains. 'That gets people more engaged in the experience, and they tend to enjoy it more.' Take sightseeing. In one experiment, nearly 200 participants boarded a double-decker bus for a tour of Philadelphia. Both bus tours forbade the use of cell phones but one tour provided digital cameras and encouraged people to take photos. The people who took photos enjoyed the experience significantly more, and said they were more engaged, than those who didn't. Snapping a photo directs attention, which heightens the pleasure you get from whatever you're looking at, Diehl says. It works for things as boring as archaeological (考古的) museums, where people were given eye-tracking glasses and instructed either to take photos or not. 'People look longer at things they want to photograph,' Diehl says. They report liking the exhibits more, too. To the relief of Instagrammers (Instagram用户) everywhere, it can even make meals more enjoyable. When people were encouraged to take at least three photos while they ate lunch, they were more immersed in their meals than those who weren't told to take photos. Was it the satisfying click of the camera? The physical act of the snap? No, they found; just the act of planning to take a photo—and not actually taking it—had the same joy-boosting effect. 'If you want to take mental photos, that works the same way,' Diehl says. 'Thinking about what you would want to photograph also gets you more engaged.'

卢沟桥位于天安门广场西南15公里处，横跨永定河，是北京现存最古老的多拱石桥。卢沟桥最初建成于1192年，1698年重建，由281根柱子支撑。每根柱子上都有一头石狮。这些石狮的头、背、腹部或爪子上都藏有着更多的狮子。这些石狮生动逼真、千姿百态，是卢沟桥石刻艺术的精品。桥上的石狮不计其数，因而北京地区流传着"卢沟桥上的狮子——数不清"的说法。卢沟桥不仅以其美学特征闻名于世，还被公认为石桥建筑史上的一座丰碑。_____Part IV Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

The Trades Union Congress (TUC) has urged the government to use productivity gains from the greater use of robots and artificial intelligence to reverse planned changes to the state pension age. Before its annual congress in Brighton, the TUC said higher levels of productivity thanks to technological innovation ought to bring greater benefits for working people. It said recent progress had mainly benefited business owners, rather than being shared across the workforce through better wages and working conditions. Analysis from the accountants PricewaterhouseCoopers suggests GDP could receive a 10% boost from productivity gains linked to artificial intelligence by 2030, helping to bolster the British economy as it seeks to escape a period of weak output growth. That could relieve the pressure on workers to stay in employment into their late 60s, according to the TUC. The government announced in July that it would increase the state pension age from 67 to 68 between 2037 and 2039. Frances O'Grady, the TUC general secretary, said. 'Robots and AI could let us produce more for less, boosting national prosperity. But we need a debate about who benefits from this wealth, and how workers get a fair share.' There have been previous waves of technological advances since the first Industrial Revolution, when inefficient jobs have been replaced by machines or the number of people required to do work has been reduced. Such advances have not led to an overall loss of jobs, but have disrupted the type of work people do. There are concerns that the current phase of innovation could be more damaging, while the rewards from higher productivity have not necessarily translated into higher wages. The latest available figures show low levels of unemployment unseen since the mid-1970s, but growth in real wages remains negative as inflation outstrips (超过) a sluggish (迟缓的) earnings growth. In 1950, almost one in three workers worked in manufacturing, while one in twelve worked in professional and technical services. By 2016 the proportions had reversed, but the jobs lost in manufacturing were not replaced by jobs of similar or better quality in the communities affected. Wages in former industrial areas were still 10% below the national average. The increase in the state pension age, which was controversially brought forward by seven years by the Work and Pensions Secretary, David Gauke, is expected to affect about 7 million people in their late 30s and early 40s. As well as reversing the move on the pension age, the TUC said workers should be given the right to a midlife career review, while firms should invest more in workplace training. At present, the UK invests just half of the EU average, it said. O'Grady said: 'Robots are not just terminators. Some of today's jobs will not survive, but new jobs will be created. We must make sure that tomorrow's jobs are no worse than today's.'

Saving Our Planet [A].In the long view，the human relationship with forests has been one of brutal destruction，but even it carries elements of slow hope.In the Middle Ages，there was no shortage of timber in most parts of the world，and few saw cutting down forests as a problem.Yet in 1548 the people of Venice estimated that an important timber supply would last only 30 years at their current rate of usage-but different forest management would make it possible to meet the demand for many centuries to come.The idea of preserving resources came out of a concern for the future：a fear of using up resources faster than they could be replenished（补充）. [B].Economic interests were at the core of this understanding of trees and forests.It would take more than three centuries before scientists began to understand that timber production is not the only，and possibly not the most important，function of forests.The late 19th and early 20th century saw an increasing recognition that forests serve as habitats for countless animal and plant species that all rely on each other. They take over protective functions against soil erosion and landslides；they make a significant contribution to the water balance as they prevent surface runoff, they filter dirt particles, greenhouse gases and radioactivesubstances from the air, they produce oxygen; they provide spaces for recreation and they preserve historic and prehistoric remains. As a result, forests around the world have been set aside as parks or wilderness areas. [C].Recent years have seen a big change in our view of forests. Peter Wohllebens book The Hidden Life of Trees (2015), an international bestseller, suggests that trees can wam each other of danger through a wood wide web of roots and fungi (真菌). They support each other through sharing of nutrients and information, and they even keep ancient stumps alive by feeding them solutions of sugars. Such insights have made us aware of deep ecological.relationships between humans and the more-than-human world. [D].Awareness of ecologies is a recent phenomenon. It was not until the 1940s that the concept of the environment encompassing all living and nonliving things developed. In the 1970s, the term environment gained currency, becoming widely adopted in the English and Romance languages, and as Umwelt ("surrounding world) in German. The emergence of the idea led to the rise of environmental agencies, regulations and environmental studies, and to environmental science as new, integrated academic disciplines. It was in 1956 that the very first bachelor of science in environmental studies was awarded, at the State University of New York College of Forestry at Syracuse. Since the 1970s -with the rise of environmentalism-environmental studies programmes have sprung up at hundreds of universities. There is (slow) hope in the fact that scholars from many different disciplines have adopted the term environment over the past decades. They are exploring intricate connections within and between complex ecologies, as well as the impact that human environment-making (through techno-industrial, economic and other manipulative developments) has had on the biosphere. [E].The rise of the idea of the environment and a scholarly understanding of ecological processes has influenced new technologies and also politics. We have come to ask questions about vulnerability and risk, world ecologies, and the relationship between nature and power. The search for an adequate response to climate change occupies centre stage in international diplomacy. [F].Social and environmental activists, scientists and indigenous groups have called the Paris Agreement of the United Nations Climate Change Conference in December 2015 insufficient, weak, or compromised. To some extent, they are right: climate change has already destroyed tens of thousands of livelihoods, and the situation will worsen in the near future for millions of mostly poorer people who will join the ranks of those who have already been displaced by climate change and extreme weather events. But the Paris Conference nevertheless marked a historic step toward the recognition of the need for action on climate change, the cutting of carbon emissions and world cooperation. There were 195 nations that came to the table in Paris and agreed to limits on emissions. Historically, nothing comparable had happened prior to this. Before the 20th century, a handful of scientists had been interested in the theoretical relationship between greenhouse gases and climate change, but only the empirical evidence accumulated since the late 20th century established a clear connection between the burming of fossil fuels and a vastly accelerated rise in global temperatures. [G].The current crisis is not the first that humans have encountered, and a look at the struggles with pollution in recent history reveals transformations that once seemed unimaginable. The "London fog that came to define the capital through British novels and thrillers is in reality smog or smoke, a legacy of industrialisation. After a century of ignorance, London was hit by the Great Smog of December 1952 —the worst air-pollution event in the history of the United Kingdom which caused the deaths of approximately 12,000 people. Shortly thereafter, public initiatives and political campaigns led to strict regulations and new laws, including the Clean Air Act (1956). Today, London has effectively reduced traffic emissions through the introduction of a Congestion Charge Zone in 2003, and an Ultra Low Emission Zone in 2019. [H].Scientific evidence that we are living in an era of climate change, resource exhaustion and potential ecological disaster is overwhelming. How do we motivate a public exhausted by never-ending scenarios of doom and disaster, when the challenges seem so huge and so impossible to solve? Statistics about extinction and the gloom of decline will not in themselves get us out of our often self-created ecological traps: instead, they are more likely to result in paralysis and inaction. [I].We need stories and histories of change and transformation: ecological stories that make us confront the fact that human power is potentially destructive, and that the survival of our species on this planet depends on the preservation of soil and water, and the habitats and ecological systems. [J].It is time that we show successes and accelerations in ecological awareness, action and restoration; stories that include past successes and future visions about the rise of urbangardening and of renaturalised riverscapes, of successful protests against polluted air and water，of the rise of regional markets and slow food，and the planting of trees around the globe，of initiatives and enterprises that work towards ecological restoration.The reality of ecological curses seems far greater than the power of the hopes left at the bottom of Pandoras box.But if we believe that nothing can be changed，then we are giving up our opportunity to act. [K].Todays saving powers will not come from a deus ex machina（解围之神）.In an ever-morecomplex and synthetic world，our saving powers wont come from a single source，and certainly not from a too-big-to-fail approach or from those who have been drawn into thewhirlpool of our age of speed.Hope can work as a wakeup call.It acknowledges setbacks.The concept of slow hope suggests that we cant expect things to change ovemight.If the ever-faster exhaustion of natural resources（in ecological terms）and theshrinking of the present (in social terms) are urgent problems of humans, then cutting down on exhaustive practices and working towards a stretching of the present will be ways to move forward.

Selective colleges and universities in the U.S. are under fire for being too elite and too expensive, and for not training graduates for the world of work. Such charges ignore the fact that these institutions continue to prepare students for success in their work, for thoughtful engagement in civic life, for lifelong learning, and for understanding the world and those with whom we live.These colleges and universities must be doing something right. Applications are at record highs, and the financial aid programs make them more accessible than ever. This model of education has long played a central role in creating opportunity, driving economic growth, and spurring innovation.Yet, there is growing skepticism about the value of this model. The recent tax reform bill was a wake-up call that our strongest colleges and universities are under assault by some in government. The initial proposals would have made education unaffordable for many by taxing tuition waivers for graduate students and ending deductions for student loan interest. Thankfully, these provisions were ultimately stripped from the bill, but lawmakers let stand a new tax on the investment income of some colleges and universities.While these attacks are motivated by misguided ideas, we need to do a better job of explaining why these claims are false and why what we do is valuable. We cannot take for granted that any of this is obvious.It is often said that elite colleges and universities do not train students, particularly those who study the liberal arts, for the workforce. But this can be refuted by scholarly research. The data are clear：a liberal arts education is great career preparation，both for excellent lifetime earnings and for satisfaction with the work.This education develops the skills of critical thinking，rigorous analysis of data and facts，communicating with the written and spoken word，understanding of cultural differences and issues，and the ability to keep learning.In fact，liberal arts graduates do extremely well in every imaginable field.Access to an education at selective colleges and universities is now more available to low-and middle-income families than ever.We have built endowments from donations by alumni（校友）and parents who understand and appreciate our mission to provide access and opportunity，and a significant portion of the returns from these endowments is used to fund financial aid.Ironically，the new tax on endowments drains financial aid funds from the very schools most able to offer opportunity to those who have earned a spot but cannot otherwise afford this education. Beyond the virtue of access to those who have earned a place at these schools, the diversity of economic backgrounds enhances the education and experience of all of our students.

While human achievements in mathematics continue to reach new levels of complexity, many of us who aren't mathematicians at heart (or engineers by trade) may struggle to remember the last time we used calculus (微积分). It's a fact not lost on American educators, who amid rising math failure rates are debating how math can better meet the real-life needs of students. Should we change the way math is taught in schools, or eliminate some courses entirely? Andrew Hacker, Queens College political science professor, thinks that advanced algebra and other higher-level math should be cut from curricula in favor of courses with more routine usefulness, like statistics. 'We hear on all sides that we're not teaching enough mathematics, and the Chinese are running rings around us,' Hacker says. 'I'm suggesting we're teaching too much mathematics to too many people...not everybody has to know calculus. If you're going to become an aeronautical (航空的) engineer, fine. But most of us aren't.' Instead, Hacker is pushing for more courses like the one he teaches at Queens College: Numeracy 101. There, his students of 'citizen statistics' learn to analyze public information like the federal budget and corporate reports. Such courses, Hacker argues, are a remedy for the numerical illiteracy of adults who have completed high-level math like algebra but are unable to calculate the price of, say, a carpet by area. Hacker's argument has met with opposition from other math educators who say what's needed is to help students develop a better relationship with math earlier, rather than teaching them less math altogether. Maria Droujkova is a founder of Natural Math, and has taught basic calculus concepts to 5-year-olds. For Droujkova, high-level math is important, and what it could use in American classrooms is an injection of childlike wonder. 'Make mathematics more available,' Droujkova says. 'Redesign it so it's more accessible to more kinds of people: young children, adults who worry about it, adults who may have had bad experiences.' Pamela Harris, a lecturer at the University of Texas at Austin, has a similar perspective. Harris says that American education is suffering from an epidemic of 'fake math'—an emphasis on the rote memorization (死记硬背) of formulas and steps, rather than an understanding of how math can influence the ways we see the world. Andrew Hacker, for the record, remains skeptical. 'I'm going to leave it to those who are in mathematics to work out the ways to make their subject interesting and exciting so students want to take it,' Hacker says. 'All that I ask is that alternatives be offered instead of putting all of us on the road to calculus.'