单选题 What's the one word of advice a well-meaning professional would give to a recent college graduate? China? India? Brazil? How about trade? When the Commerce Department reported last week that the trade deficit in June approached $ 50 billion, it set off a new round of economic doomsaying. Imports, which soared to $ 200.3 billion in the month, are subtracted in the calculation of gross domestic product. The larger the trade deficit, the smaller the GDP. Should such imbalances continue, pessimists say, they could contribute to slower growth. But there's another way of looking at the trade data. Over the past two years, the figures on imports and exports seem not to signal a double-dip recession—a renewed decline in the broad level of economic activity in the United States—but an economic expansion. The rising volume of trade—more goods and services shuttling in and out of the United State—is good news for many sectors. Companies engaged in shipping, trucking, rail freight, delivery, and logistics(物流) have all been reporting better than expected results. The rising numbers signify growing vitality in foreign markets—when we import more stuff, it puts more cash in the hands of people around the world, and U.S. exports are rising because more foreigners have the ability to buy the things we produce and market. The rising tide of trade is also good news for people who work in trade-sensitive businesses, especially those that produce commodities for which global demand sets the price—agricultural goods, mining, metals, oil. And while exports always seem to lag, U.S. companies are becoming more involved in the global economy with each passing month. General Motors sells as many cars in China as in America each month. While that may not do much for imports, it does help GM's balance sheet—and hence makes the jobs of U. S.-based executives more stable. One great challenge for the U. S. economy is slack domestic consumer demand. Americans are paying down debt, saving more, and spending more carefully. That's to be expected, given what we've been through. But there's a bigger challenge. Can U. S.-based businesses, large and small, figure out how to get a piece of growing global demand? Unless you want to pick up and move to India, or Brazil, or China, the best way to do that is through trade. It may seem obvious, but it's no longer enough simply to do business with our friends and neighbors here at home. Companies and individuals who don't have a strategy to export more, or to get more involved in foreign markets, or to play a role in global trade, are shutting themselves out of the lion's share of economic opportunity in our world.

单选题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledTheCivilServantTestCraze.Youressayshouldstartwithabriefdescriptionofthepicture.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.

单选题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the remark 'Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance.' You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Write your essay on Answer Sheet 1.

单选题 A massive pool of warm ocean water is causing changes in the atmosphere that could produce unusual weather around the world in the next few months, the US National Weather Service reported on Monday. As a result of this phenomenon, known as El Nino, more rainfall than normal is likely this winter across some areas of the United States, with unusually warm or cold weather in other parts of the country. Currently the phenomenon is marked by a warm pool of water along the equator extending from the International Date Line nearly to the coast of South America. That water is nearly 4 degrees Fahrenheit above normal, explained Vernon Kousky of the climate center. This warm water 'spreads almost a quarter of the way around the globe. So it's massive and it has an impact on our weather. It has a global influence.., because it disturbs the atmosphere', said Dave Rodenhuis, director of the climate center. 'El Nino is probably the most important climate event beyond the annual cycle of seasons', he added. Because the changes tended to be first noticed around Christmas, the phenomenon was given the name El Nino, which is Spanish for child, a term often used to refer to the baby Jesus. The phenomenon occurs every three to five years, sometimes in a mild form and sometimes strongly affecting weather patterns worldwide. Details of its cause are not fully understood, but when it occurs, unusually warm air can be pumped into Canada, Alaska and the northern United States. At the same time, conditions tend to be wetter than normal along the US Southeast Coast and the Gulf of Mexico. And the Atlantic and Caribbean hurricane season tends to be milder than usual. The strong El Nino of 1982-1983 was blamed for worsening the devastating drought in Africa, causing a series of severe winter storms to come ashore in California, spawning the first typhoon to strike French Polynesia in 75 years—followed by five more in five months—deluging Peru and Ecuador with torrential rains and promoting the worst drought in two centuries in Australia. Overall damage was estimated at between ＄2 billion and ＄8 billion by a United Nations analysis and the death toll topped 1,500 worldwide.

单选题 Any veteran nicotine addict will testify that fancy packaging plays no role in the decision to keep smoking. So, it is argued, stripping cartons of their branding will trigger no mass movement to quit. But that isn't why the government—under pressure from cancer charities, health workers and the Labour party—has agreed to legislate for standardised packaging. The theory is that smoking should be stripped of any appeal to discourage new generations from starting in the first place. Plain packaging would be another step in the reclassification of cigarettes from inviting consumer products to narcotics (麻醉剂). Naturally, the tobacco industry is violently opposed. No business likes to admit that it sells addictive poison as a lifestyle choice. That is why government has historically intervened, banning advertising, imposing health warnings and punitive (惩罚性的) duties. This approach has led over time to a fall in smoking with numbers having roughly halved since the 1970s. Evidence from Australia suggests plain packaging pushes society further along that road. Since tobacco is one of the biggest causes of premature death in the UK, a measure that tames the habit even by a fraction is worth trying. So why has it taken so long? The Department of Health declared its intention to consider the move in November 2010 and consulted through 2012. But the plan was suspended in July 2013. It did not escape notice that a lobbying firm set up by Lynton Crosby, David Cameron's election campaign director, had previously acted for Philip Morris International. (The prime minister denied there was a connection between his new adviser's outside interests and the change in legislative programme.) In November 2013, after an unnecessary round of additional consultation, health minister Jane Ellison said the government was minded to proceed after all. Now we are told Members of Parliament (MPs) will have a free vote before parliament is dissolved in March. Parliament has in fact already authorised the government to tame the tobacco trade. MPs voted overwhelmingly in favour of Labour amendments to the children and families bill last February that included the power to regulate for plain packaging. With sufficient will in Downing Street this would have been done already. But strength of will is the missing ingredient where Mr. Cameron and public health are concerned. His attitude to state intervention has looked confused ever since his bizarre 2006 lament (叹息) that chocolate oranges placed seductively at supermarket checkouts fueled obesity. The government has moved reluctantly into a sensible public health policy, but with such obvious over-cautiousness that any political credit due belongs to the opposition. Without sustained external pressure it seems certain Mr. Cameron would still be hooked on the interests of big tobacco companies.

单选题WhenthePortuguesebegantradingwithChinaintheearly1500s,26wasoneoftheluxurygoodstheycarriedhomeintheirships.OnlytheChineseknewhowtomakethisdelicate,often27,materialthattingswhenyou28it.DemandforporcelainmadeexpresslyforforeignersspreadasfarastheNetherlands,Germany,Persia,theOttomanempire,JapanandtheyoungUnitedStates.TheChinese29drewontraditionalshapes,butquicklybegantobranchout,makingWesterntureens(汤盆)intheformofpigs,cocks,blue-eyedoxheadsandcrouchingcrabs,aswellas30shapedascolourfulfish.ItwasaworldapartfromthetraditionalChineseporcelain.NowChinese31arebeginningtoacquirethemashomagetothe32andcommercialwisdomoftheirforebears.Forthemoment,though,thebestcollectionisstillinBrazil.Itisthefocusofanewthree-volumestudyof60033pieces.MafianiaPintodeMatos,directoroftheNationalTileMuseuminLisbon,spent11yearsonthisproject.Shetellsthestoryofearly34andthefascinationwiththecraftystrategyofforeigntradewithChinaandthemanyinfluencesthatflowedbackandforthacrossthewater.Herbooksdocumentthe.35fromtraditiontoWesternshapes,amongthemarecoffeepots.Thesebooksareexpensive,buttheyarewellworththeinvestment.ThisisthebestworkyetwrittenonChineseexportporcelainandwillbearesourceforcollectors,dealersforyearstocome.A.explorationB.collectorsC.outstandingD.translucentE.breakF.porcelainG.manufacturersH.hardwareI.transitionJ.receiversK.largeamountofL.tapM.sophisticationN.enormousO.sauceplates

单选题 慈禧对外国人万分惧怕，正像她对国人无比傲慢一样。她在河南停留了很长一段时间，到了保定又逗留(halt)多日，好不容易才回到北京。据说，在这漫长的旅途中还发生了一件趣事。一位地方官员送给慈禧一只猴子，她颇为高兴，竟让人给那猴子穿黄马褂(yellow mandarin jacket)。后来得知有的官员发出了“人不如猴”的感慨，慈禧才发现自己的决定有些荒唐(whimsical)，于是又命令给随行官员(escorting officials)每人一件黄马褂。得到这殊荣之后，大家真不知道该感谢慈禧还是感谢那只猴子。

单选题 Rates are low, but consumers won't borrow With heavy debt loads and high joblessness, Americans are cautious. A. The US Federal Reserve(Fed)'s announcement last week that it intended to keep credit cheap for at least two more years was a clear invitation to Americans: Go out and borrow. B. But many economists say it will take more than low interest rates to persuade consumers to take on more debt. There are already signs that the recent stock market fluctuations, turbulence in Europe and the US deficit have scared consumers. On Friday, preliminary data showed that the Thomson Reuters/University of Michigan consumer sentiment index had fallen this month to lower than it was in November 2008, when the United States was deep in recession. Under normal circumstances, the Fed's announcement might have attracted new home arid car buyers and prompted credit card holders to rack up fresh charges. But with unemployment high and those with jobs worried about keeping them, consumers are more concerned about paying off the loans they already have than adding more debt. And by showing its hand for the next two years, the Fed may have thoughtlessly invited prospective borrowers to put off large purchases. C. Lenders, meanwhile, are still dealing with the effects of the boom-gone-bust and are forcing prospective borrowers to go to extraordinary lengths to prove their creditworthiness. D. 'I don't think lenders are going to be interested in extending a lot of debt in this environment, ' said Mark Zandi, chief economist of Moody's Analytics, a macroeconomic consulting firm. 'Nor do I think households are going to be interested in taking on a lot of debt.' In housing, consumers have already shown a slow response to low rates. Applications for new mortgages have decreased this year to a 10-year low, according to the Mortgage Bankers Association. Sales of furniture and furnishings remain 22%below their pre-recession peak, according to Spending Pulse, a research report by MasterCard Advisors. Credit card rates have actually gone up slightly in the past year. The one bright spot in lending is the number of auto loans, which is up from last year. But some economists say that confidence among car buyers is hitting new lows. E. For Xavier Walter, a former mortgage banker who with his wife, Danielle, accumulated $ 20 000 in credit card debt, low rates will not change his spending habits. As the housing market topped out five years ago, he lost his six-figure income. He and his wife were able to modify the mortgage on their four-bedroom house in Medford, New Jersey, as well as negotiate lower credit card payments. Two years ago, Mr. Waiter, a 34-year-old father of three, started an energy business. He has sworn off credit. 'I'm not going to go back in debt ever again, ' he said. 'If I can't pay for it in cash, I don't want it.' F. Until now, one of the biggest restraints on consumer spending has been a debt aftereffect. Since August 2008, when household debt peaked at $12.41 trillion, it has declined by about $1.2 trillion, according to an analysis by Moody's Analytics of data from the Federal Reserve and Equifax, the credit agency. A large portion of that, though, was simply written off by lenders as borrowers defaulted on loans. By other measures, households have improved their position. The proportion of after-tax income that households spend to remain current on loan payments has fallen. G. Still, household debt remains high. That presents a paradox: many economists argue that the economy cannot achieve true health until debt levels decline. But credit, made attractive by low rates, is a time-tested way to increase consumer spending. With new risks of another downturn, economists worry that it will take years for debt to return to manageable levels. If the economy contracts again, said George Magnus, senior adviser at UBS, then 'you could find a lot of households in a debt trap which they probably can never get out of.' H. Mortgage lenders, meanwhile, burned by the housing crash, are extra careful about approving new loans. In June, for instance, Fannie Mae, the largest mortgage buyer in the United States, said that borrowers whose existing debt exceeded 45 to 50% of their income would be required to have stronger 'compensating' factors, which might include higher savings. Even those borrowers in strong financial positions are asked to provide unusual amounts of paperwork. Bobby and Katie Smith have an extremely good credit record, tiny student debt and a combined six-figure income. For part of their down payment, they planned to use about $ 5 000 they had received as wedding gifts in February. But the lender would not accept that money unless the Smiths provided a certified letter from each of 14 guests, stating that the money was a gift, rather than a loan. 'We laughed for a good 15 or 20 minutes,' recalled Mr. Smith, 34. Mr. Smith, a program director for a radio station in Orlando, Florida, said they ended up using other savings for their down payment to buy a $ 300 000 four-bedroom house in April. I. For those not as creditworthy as the Smiths, low rates are irrelevant because they no longer qualify for mortgages. That leaves the eligible pool of loan applicants wealthier, 'older and whiter,' said Guy Cecala, publisher of Inside Mortgage Finance. 'It's creating much more of a divide,' he said, 'between the haves and the have-nots.' Car shoppers with the highest credit ratings can also get loans more easily, and at lower rates, said Paul C. Taylor, chief economist of the National Automobile Dealers Association. J. During the recession, inability to obtain credit severely cut auto buying as lenders rejected even those with good credit ratings. Now automakers are increasing their subprime (次级债的) lending again as well, but remain hesitant to approve large numbers of risky customers. K. The number of new auto loans was up by 16% in the second quarter compared with the previous year, said Melinda Zabritski, director of automotive credit at Experian, the information services company. But some economists warn that consumer confidence is falling. According to CNW Marketing Research, confidence among those who intend to buy a car this year is at its lowest since it began collecting data on this measure in 2000. L. On credit cards, rates have actually inched higher this year, largely because of new rules that curb the issuer's ability to charge fees or raise certain interest rates at will. M. At the end of the second quarter, rates averaged 14.01% on new card offers, up from 13.75% a year earlier, according to Mail Monitor, which tracks credit cards for Synovate, a market research firm. According to data from the Federal Reserve, total outstanding debt on revolving credit cards was down by 4.6% during the first half of the year compared with the same period a year earlier. N. Even if the Fed's announcement helps keep rates steady, or pushes them down, businesses do not expect customers to suddenly charge up a storm. O. 'It's not like, ‘Oh, credit is so cheap, let's go back to the heydays (鼎盛时期), ‘' said Elizabeth Crowell, who owns Sterling Place, two high-end home furnishing and gift stores in New York. 'People still fear for their jobs. So I think where maybe after other recessions they might return to previous spending habits, the pendulum hasn't swung back the same way.'

单选题 What If You Could Learn Everything A. Imagine every student has a tireless personal tutor, an artificially intelligent and inexhaustible companion that knows everything, knows the student, and helps her learn what she needs to know. 'You guys sound like you're from the future,' Jose Ferreira, the CEO of the education technology startup Knewton, says. 'That's the most common reaction we get from others in the industry.' B. Several million data points generated daily by each of 1 million students from elementary school through college, using Knewton's 'adaptive learning' technology to study math, reading, and other fundamentals. Adaptive learning is an increasingly popular catehphrase denoting educational software that customizes its presentation of material from moment to moment based on the user's input. It's being hailed as a 'revolution' by both venture capitalists and big, established education companies.' C. Ferreira started Knewton in 2008 with more or less the same vision he believes in today: to enable digital technology to transform learning for everyone and to build the company that dominates that transformation. 'Look at what other industries the Internet has transformed,' he once said. 'It laid waste to media and is rebuilding it, But for whatever reason, people don't see it with education. It is blindingly obvious to me that it will happen with education. All the content behind education is going to move online in the next 10 years. It's a great shift. And that is what Knewton is going to power.' D. The recommendation engine is a core technology of the Internet, and probably one you encounter every day. Google uses recommendations: other people who entered these search terms clicked on this page, so we'll show it to you first. Amazon uses them: other people who bought this book also bought that book. The more you use one of these websites, the more it knows about you—not just about your current behavior, but about all the other searches and clicks you've done. In theory, as you spend more time with a site its recommendations will become more personalized even as they also draw on everyone else's interactions within the platform. E. Knewton, at base, is a recommendation engine but for learning. Rather than the set of all Web pages or all movies, the learning data set is, more or less, the universe of all facts. For example, a single piece of data in the engine might be the math fact that a Pythagorean triangle has sides in the ratio 3:4:5, and you can multiply those numbers by any whole number to get a new set of side lengths for this type of triangle. Another might be the function of'adversatives' such as 'but,' 'however,' or 'on the other hand' in changing the meaning of an English sentence. F. Ferreira calls these facts 'atomic concepts,' meaning that they're indivisible into smaller concepts—he clearly likes the physics reference. When a textbook publisher like Pearson loads its curriculum into Knewton's platform, each piece of content—it could be a video, a test question, or a paragraph of text—is tagged with the appropriate concept or concepts. G. Let's say your school bought the Knewton-powered MyMathLab online system, using the specific curriculum, say, Lial's Basic College Mathematics 8e. When a student logs on to the system, she first takes a simple placement test or pretest from the book, which has been tagged with the relevant 'atomic concepts.' As a student reads the text or watches the video and answers the questions, Knewton's system is 'reading' the student as well—timing every second on task, tabulating (把……列成表格) every keystroke, and constructing a profile of learning style: hesitant or confident? Guessing blindly or taking her time? H. Based on the student's answers, and what she did before getting the answer, 'we can tell you to the percentile, for each concept: how fast they learned it, how well they know it, how long they'll retain it, and how likely they are to learn other similar concepts that well,' says Ferreira. By watching as a student interacts with it, the platform deduces. I. The platform forms a personalized study plan based on that information and decides what the student should work on next, feeding the student the appropriate new pieces of content and continuously checking the progress. A dashboard shows the student how many 'mastery points' have been achieved and what to do next. Teachers, likewise, can see exactly which concepts the student is struggling with, and not only whether the homework problems have been done but also how many times each problem was attempted, how many hints were needed, and whether the student looked at the page or opened up the video with the relevant explanation. The more people use the system, the better it gets; and the more you use it, the better it gets for you. J. In a traditional class, a teacher moves a group of students through a predetermined sequence of material at a single pace. Reactions are delayed—you don't get homework or pop quizzes back for a day or two. Some students are bored; some are confused. You can miss a key idea, fall behind, and never catch up. Software-enabled adaptive learning flips all of this on its head. Students can move at their own speed. They can get hints and instant feedback. Teachers, meanwhile, can spend class time targeting their help to individuals or small groups based on need. K. Ferreira is able to work with competitors like Pearson and Wiley because his software can power anybody's educational content, the same way Amazon Web Services provides the servers for any website to be hosted in the cloud. But before it had any content partners, as a proof of concept, K.newton built its own remedial college math course using its software platform. Math Readiness was adopted starting in the summer of 2011 at Arizona State University; the University of Nevada, Las Vegas; and the University of Alabama. L. At ASU, students worked through the computer material in Knewton's Math Readiness program on their own or in small groups, with instructors spending face-to-face time working on problem solving, critical thinking, and troubleshooting specific concepts. After two semesters of use, course withdrawal rates dropped by 56 percent and pass rates went from 64 percent to 75 percent. At Alabama, pass rates rose from 70 percent to 87 percent, and at UNLV, where entering students were given the chance to take the course online in the summer before they started college, the percentage who then qualified for college algebra went from 30 percent to 41 percent. M. 'Before this, I worked on the assumption that all students were at the same place. Now, because they progress at different rates, I meet them where they are,' Irene Bloom, a math lecturer at ASU, told an education blog about the pilot program. 'I have so much more information about what my students do (or don't do) outside of class. I can see where they are stuck, how fast they are progressing, and how much time and effort they are putting into learning mathematics.' N. The Knewton system uses its analytics to keep students motivated. If it notices that you seem to have a confidence problem, because you too often blow questions that should be easy based on previous results, it will start you off with a few questions you're likely to get right. If you're stuck, choosing the wrong answer again and again, it will throw out broader and broader hints before just showing you the right answer. It knows when to drill you on multiplication and when to give you a fun animated video to watch. O. It turns out that personalizing in this way can speed up learning. In the first year, 45 percent of ASU students in a 14-week course learned the material four weeks ahead of schedule. Better data is giving more options to the student who didn't succeed as well. Students may not yet know enough to pass the final exam, but a close read of their answers shows that they are making slow and steady progress. 'In the past, those students would have dropped out of school,' he says. In fact, the vast majority of students placed into remedial math at the nation's community colleges never get their degrees. 'Instead, we were able to say, give them another semester and they'll get it. Their whole life has now changed.'

单选题 茶文化在中国文化中占据重要的地位。中国人饮茶，注重一个“品”字。“品茶”不但是鉴别茶的优劣，也带有领略饮茶情趣之意。在百忙之中泡上一壶浓茶，择幽静之处，自斟自饮，可以消除疲劳、振奋精神，也可以细啜慢饮，达到美的享受。理想的品茶的环境一般由建筑物、园林、摆设、茶具等因素组成。饮茶要求安静、清新、舒适、干净。利用园林或自然山水间，搭设茶室，让人们饮茶，意趣盎然。

单选题 Never mind the fight to get people to open their wallets in the recession—some companies are taking a different policy, and trying to get customers to open their purses instead. In America, where female consumers make more than 80% of discretionary (自由决定的) purchases, companies have started tailoring their products and messages to appeal to women, in an effort to boost their sales. Frito-Lay, a snack-food company owned by PepsiCo, has launched a campaign called 'Only In A Woman's World' to convince women that crisps and popcorn are not just for male, beer-guzzling (爆饮啤酒的) sport fans. OfficeMax, American second-largest office-supplies company, has redesigned its notebooks and file-holders to appeal to women and has run advertisements that encourage women to make their office more colourful. For the first time, McDonald's was a sponsor of New York Fashion Week in February, promoting a new line of hot drinks to trendsetting women. It is hardly news that women control the vast majority of consumer spending. But the recession has prompted companies to rethink their approach. SheSpeaks that helps companies including Citibank and Philips reach women consumers, has tripled its number of clients since the recession began. Some women's magazines, too, are benefiting as companies that had never before expressed interest in advertising with them are now doing so. Aside from their greater purchasing power, women are valuable customers for three reasons. First, they are loyal, says Marti Barletta, author of Marketing to Women, and more likely to continue to buy a brand if they like it. Second, women are more likely than men to spread information about products they like through word of mouth and social-networking sites. Third, most of the lay-offs so far in America have been in male-dominated fields, like manufacturing and construction. This means women may bring home a greater share of household income in the months ahead and have even more buying power. But marketing to women may not work for every company. In particular, for firms (such as some carmakers) with brands that are regarded as strongly male or trying to attract the opposite sex, could enhance short-term sales but cause a longer-term decline. Jill Avery of the Simmons School of Management in Boston researched this trend with cars. When Porsche released a sport-utility vehicle designed for women, sales temporarily increased, but men started to move away from the brand, on the basis that it had compromised its masculine image. But in this recession, having a tarnished (受损的) brand is better than having no brand at all.

单选题 A recurring criticism of the U. K.'s university sector is its perceived weakness in translating new knowledge into new products and services. Recently, the U. K. National Stem Cell Network warned the U. K. could lose its place among the world leaders in stem cell research unless adequate funding and legislation could be assured. We should take this concern seriously as universities are key in the national innovation system. However, we do have to challenge the unthinking complaint that the sector does not do enough in taking ideas to market. The most recent comparative data on the performance of universities and research institutions in Australia, Canada, U. S.A. and U.K. shows that, from a relatively weak starting position, the U. K. now leads on many indicators of commercialisation activity. When viewed at the national level, the policy interventions of the past decade have helped transform the performance of U. K. universities. Evidence suggests the U. K.'s position is much stronger than in the recent past and is still showing improvement. But national data masks the very large variation in the performance of individual universities. The evidence shows that a large number of universities have fallen off the back of the pack, a few perform strongly and the rest chase the leaders. This type of uneven distribution is not peculiar to the U. K. and is mirrored across other economies. In the U. K., research is concentrated: less than 25% of universities receive 75% of the research funding. These same universities are also the institutions producing the greatest share of PhD graduates, science citations, patents and license income. The effect of policies generating long-term resource concentration has also created a distinctive set of universities which are research-led and commercially active. It seems clear that the concentration of research and commercialisation work creates differences between universities. The core objective for universities which are research-led must be to maximise the impact of their research efforts. These universities should be generating the widest range of social, economic and environmental benefits. In return for the scale of investment, they should share their expertise in order to build greater confidence in the sector. Part of the economic recovery of the U.K. will be driven by the next generation of research commercialisation spilling out of our universities. There are three dozen universities in the U. K. which are actively engaged in advanced research training and commercialisation work. If there was a greater coordination of technology transfer offices within regions and a simultaneous investment in the scale and functions of our graduate schools, universities could, and should, play a key role in positioning the U. K. for the next growth cycle.

单选题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledTheAnnualSpendingofUSAUniversities.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200wordsbasedontheoutlineandchartgivenbelow.1．描述上图中美国高校年度支出变化的情况2．分析产生这种变化的原因3．你如何看待这一变化