单选题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayentitledChangesinCollegeGraduates'JobMarket.Youshouldstartyouressaywithabriefdescriptionofthechartsandwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.

单选题 'I want to criticize the social system, and to show it at work, at its most intense.' Virginia Woolf's provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the 'poetic' novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. But Virginia Woolf was a realistic as well as a poetic novelist, a satirist and social critic as well as a visionary: literary critics' cavalier dismissal of Woolf's social vision will not withstand scrutiny. In her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged by the questions of how individuals are shaped (or deformed) by their social environments, how historical forces impinge on people's lives, how class, wealth, and gender help to determine people's fates. Most of her novels are rooted in a realistically rendered social setting and in a precise historical time. Woolf's focus on society has not been generally recognized because of her intense antipathy to propaganda in art. The pictures of reformers in her novels are usually satiric or sharply critical. Even when Woolf is fundamentally sympathetic to their causes, she portrays people anxious to reform their society and possessed of a message or program as arrogant or dishonest, unaware of how their political ideas serve their own psychological needs. (Her Writer's Diary notes: 'the only honest people are the artists,' whereas 'these social reformers and philanthropists...Harbour...discreditable desires under the disguise of loving their kind...') Woolf detested what she called 'preaching' in fiction, too, and criticized novelist D.H. Lawrence (among others) for working by this method. Woolf's own social criticism is expressed in the language of observation rather than in direct commentary, since for her, fiction is a contemplative, not an active art. She describes phenomena and provides materials for a judgment about society and social issues; it is the reader's work to put the observations together and understand the coherent point of view behind them. As a moralist, Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, calling into question, rather than asserting, advocating, bearing witness: hers is the satirist's art. Woolf's literary models were acute social observers like Chekhov and Chaucer. As she put it in The Common Reader, 'It is safe to say that not a single law has been flamed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore.' Like Chaucer, Woolf chose to understand as well as to judge, to know her society root and branch—a decision crucial in order to produce art rather than polemic.

单选题 Digital Jewelry A. Jewelry is worn for many reasons—for aesthetics, to impress others, or as a symbol of affiliation or commitment. Basically, jewelry adorns the body, and has very little practical purpose. However, researchers are looking to change the way we think about the beads and bobbles we wear. In the next wave of mobile computing devices, our jewelry might double as our cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and GPS receivers. The combination of shrinking computer devices and increasing computer power has allowed several companies to begin producing fashion jewelry with embedded intelligence. Today, manufacturers can place millions of transistors on a microchip, which can be used to make small devices that store tons of digital data. Give me a ring B. Soon, cell phones will take a totally new form, appearing to have no form at all. Instead of one single device, cell phones will be broken up into their basic components and packaged as various pieces of digital jewelry. Each piece of jewelry will contain a fraction of the components found in a conventional mobile phone, according to IBM. Together, the digital-jewelry cell phone should work just like a conventional cell phone. Various components are inside a cell phone: microphone, receiver, touchpad, display, circuit board, antenna and battery. C. IBM has developed a prototype of a cell phone that consists of several pieces of digital jewelry that will work together wirelessly, possibly with Bluetooth wireless technology, to perform the functions of the above components. D. The following are the pieces of IBM's computerized-jewelry phone and their functions. Earrings—Speakers embedded into these earrings will be the phone's receiver. Necklace—Users will talk into the necklace's embedded microphone. Ring—Perhaps the most interesting piece of the phone, this 'magic decoder ring' is equipped with light-emitting diodes (三极管) (LEDs) that flash to indicate an incoming call. It can also be programmed to flash different colors to identify a particular caller or indicate the importance of a call. Bracelet—Equipped with a video graphics array (VGA，视频图形阵列) display. This wrist display could also be used as a caller identifier that flashes the name and phone number of the caller. E. With a jewelry phone, the keypad and dialing function could be integrated into the bracelet, or else dumped altogether—it's likely that voice-recognition software will be used to make calls, a capability that is already commonplace in many of today's cell phones. Simply say the name of the person you want to call and the phone will dial that person. IBM is also working on a miniature rechargeable battery to power these components. F. In addition to changing the way we make phone calls, digital jewelry will also affect how we deal with the ever- Increasing bombardment of e-mail. Imagine that the same ring that flashes for phone calls could also inform you that e-mall is piling up in your in-box. This flashing alert could also indicate the urgency of the e-mail. Of mice and monitors G. Two of the most identifiable components of a personal computer are the mouse and monitor. These devices are as familiar to us today as a television set. However, in the next decade, we could witness the disappearance of these devices, at least in their current form. Several companies, including IBM and Charmed Technology, are working on ways to create a head-mounted display. IBM is also working to shrink the computer mouse to the size of a ring and create a wrist-worn display. H. The mouse-ring that IBM is developing will use the company's TrackPoint technology to wirelessly move the cursor (光标) on a computer-monitor display. You're probably most familiar with TrackPoint as the little button embedded in the keyboard of some laptops. IBM researchers have transferred TrackPoint technology to a ring, which looks something like a black-pearl ring. On top of the ring is a little black ball that users will rotate to move the cursor, in the same way that the TrackPoint button on a laptop is used. I. This TrackPoint ring will be very valuable when monitors shrink to the size of watch face. In the coming age of ubiquitous (无处不在的) computing, displays will no longer be tied to desktops or wall screens. Instead, you'll wear the display like a pair of sunglasses or a bracelet. Researchers are overcoming several obstacles facing these new wearable displays, the most important of which is the readability of information displayed on these tiny devices. J. While IBM is in a stage of development, Charmed Technology is already marketing its digital jewelry, including a futuristic-looking eyepiece display. The eyepiece is the display component of the company's Charmed Communicator, a wearable, wireless, broadband-Internet device that can be controlled by voice, pen or handheld keypad. The company says that the device could be ready for the mainstream market by the end of 2001 or early 2002. The Communicator can be used as an MP3 player, a video player and a cell phone. The Java Ring K. It seems that everything we access today is under lock and key. Even the devices we use are protected by passwords. It can be frustrating trying to keep with all of the passwords and keys needed to access any door or computer program. Dallas Semiconductor is developing a new Java-based, computerized ring that will automatically unlock doors and log in to computers. L. The Java Ring, first introduced at Java One Conference, has been tested at Celebration School, an innovative K-12 school just outside Orlando, FL. The rings given to students are programmed with Java applets that communicate with host applications on networked systems. Applets are small applications that are designed to be run within another application. The Java Ring is snapped into a reader, called a Blue Dot receptor, to allow communication between a host system and the Java Ring. M. The Java Ring is a stainless-steel ring, 16-millimeters (0.6 inches) in diameter, which houses a 1-million-transistor processor, called an iButton. The ring has 134 KB of RAM, 32 KB of ROM, a real-time clock and a Java virtual machine, which is a piece of software that recognizes the Java language and translates it for the user's computer system. N. At Celebration School, the rings have been programmed to store electronic cash to pay for lunches, automatically unlock doors, take attendance, store a student's medical information and allow students to check out books. All of this information is stored on the ring's iButton. Students simply press the signet of their Java Ring against the Blue Dot receptor, and the system connected to the receptor performs the function that the applet instructs it to. In the future, the Java Ring may start your ear. O. Mobile computing is beginning to break the chains that tie us to our desks, but many of today's mobile devices can still be a bit awkward to carry around. In the next age of computing, we will see an explosion of computer parts across our bodies, rather than across our desktops. Digital jewelry, designed to supplement the personal computer, will be the evolution in digital technology that makes computer elements entirely compatible with the human form. (选自The Economist)

单选题An explosion had thrown radioman Harley Olson out of bed. He worked wildly, trying to 26 an SOS. But the power was gone. Harley ran on deck. The crew was 27 into lifeboats. There was no room for him. He had no choice but to jump into the black water and start to swim. Suddenly, in the darkness, his fingers hit something hard. It was a life raft. Climbing 28 , Harley called out again and again. But no one answered. Soon his first feeling of 29 left him. In one way he was lucky. The raft had enough food and water for 15 men for several weeks. At daybreak, Harley saw some little boxes 30 by. He fished one out of the sea. Chewing gum. Quickly, he 31 in 20 small cartons. In the afternoon, Harley 32 another raft he tied it to his own. Later, a third raft bobbed up. And then a mattress floated by him in the wreckage. Harley could hardly believe his eyes. Here was the start of a bed room. He tugged the mattress aboard. Using boxes, he made himself a bed. With a blanket, he made a 33 from the hot sun, the next morning, he ate like a king. The sea was always peaceful. Every day was like a vacation. When the sun got hot, the carefree sailor took a swim, after that, he enjoyed a sunbath. Each evening, before going to bed, he went for a walk on the two rafts floating behind. Harley Otson was 34 with his Kingdom on the sea. The 35 trip lasted 28 days. A. pleasure B. hauled C. radio D. launch E. scrambling F. sight G. panic H. dimension I. aboard J. floating K. intensively L. spotted M. superior N. delighted O. shade

单选题 Triumph of the City [A] 243 million Americans crowd together in the 3 percent of the country that is urban. 36 million people live in and around Tokyo, the most productive metropolitan area in the world. Twelve million people reside in central Mumbai. On a planet with vast amounts of space, all of humanity could fit in Texas—each of us with a personal townhouse, we choose cities. Although it has become cheaper to travel long distances, or to telecommute, more and more people are clustering closer and closer together in large metropolitan areas. Five million more people every month live in the cities of the developing world, and in 2011, more than half the world's population is urban. [B] Cities, the dense agglomerations (凝聚物) that dot the globe, have been engines of innovation since Plato and Socrates argued in an Athenian marketplace. The streets of Florence gave us the Renaissance, and the streets of Birmingham gave us the Industrial Revolution. The great prosperity of contemporary London and Tokyo comes from their ability to produce new thinking. Wandering these cities—whether down stone sidewalks or grid-cutting cross streets, around roundabouts or under freeways—is to study nothing less than human progress. [C] In the richer countries of the West, cities have survived the end of the industrial age and are now wealthier, healthier, and more tempting than ever. In the world's poorer places, cities are expanding enormously because urban density provides the clearest path from poverty to prosperity. Despite the technological breakthroughs that have caused the death of distance, it turns out that the world isn't flat; it's paved. [D] The city has triumphed. But as many of us know from personal experience, sometimes city roads are paved to hell. The city may win, but too often its citizens seem to lose. Every urban childhood is shaped by extraordinary people and experiences—some delicious, like the sense of power that comes from a preteen's first subway trip alone; some less so, like a first exposure to urban gunfire. For every Fifth Avenue, there's a Mumbai slum; for every Sorbonne, there's a D.C. high school guarded by metal detectors. [E] Indeed, for many Americans, the latter half of the twentieth century—the end of the industrial age—was an education not in urban splendor (辉煌) but in urban squalor (惨状). How well we learn from the lessons our cities teach us will determine whether our urban species will flourish in what can be a new golden age of the city. [F] My passion for the urban world was inspired by my metropolitan childhood; I've spent my life trying to understand cities. That quest has been rooted in economic theory and data, but it has also meandered (蜿蜒) through the histories of metropolitan areas and the everyday stories of those who live and work in them. I find studying cities so interesting because they pose fascinating, important, and often troubling questions. Why do the richest and poorest people in the world so often live side by side? How do once-mighty cities fall into disrepair? Why do so many artistic movements arise so quickly in particular cities at particular moments? Why do so many smart people enact so many foolish urban policies? [G] There's no better place to ponder these questions than what many consider to be the prototypical city—New York. Native New Yorkers, like myself, may occasionally have a slightly exaggerated view of their city's importance, but New York is still a model of urbanity and therefore an appropriate place to start our journey to cities across the world. Its story includes the past, present, and future of our urban centers, and provides a springboard for many of the themes that will emerge from the pages and places ahead. [H] If you stand on Forty-seventh Street and Fifth Avenue this Wednesday afternoon, you'll he surrounded by people. Some are rushing uptown for a meeting or downtown to grab a drink. Others are walking east to enter the Grand Central Terminal, which has more platforms than any other train station in the world. Some people may be trying to buy an engagement ring—after all, Forty-seventh Street is the nation's premier market for jewels. There will be visitors gazing upward—something New Yorkers never do—on their way from one landmark to another. If you imitate a tourist and look up, you'll see two great ridges of skyscrapers framing the valley that is Fifth Avenue. [I] Thirty years ago, New York City's future looked far less bright. Like almost every colder, older city. The city's subways and buses felt out of date in a world being rebuilt around the car. The city's port, once the glory of the Eastern seaboard, had sunk into irrelevance. Under the leadership of John Lindsay and Abe Beame, the city's government had come near default despite having some of the highest taxes in the nation. Not just Jerry Ford. but history itself seemed to be telling New York City to drop dead. [J] New York, or more properly New Amsterdam, was founded during an earlier era of globalization as a distant outpost of the Dutch West India Company. It was a trading village where a hodgepodge (大杂烩) of adventurers came to make fortunes swapping pearls for furs. Those Dutch settlers clustered together because proximity made it easier to exchange goods and ideas and because there was safety behind the town's protective wall (now Wall Street). [K] In the eighteenth century, New York passed Boston to become the English colonies' most important port; it specialized in shipping wheat and flour south to feed the sugar and tobacco colonies. During the first half of the nineteenth century, with business booming, New York's population grew from sixty thousand to eight hundred thousand, and the city became America's urban giants. That population explosion was partly due to changes in transportation technology. At the start of the nineteenth century, ships were generally small—three hundred tons was a normal size—and, like smaller airplanes today, ideal for point-to-point trips, like Liverpool to Charlestown or Boston to Glasgow. Between 1800 and 1850, improvements in technology and finance brought forth larger ships that could carry bigger loads at faster speeds and lower cost. [L] There was no percentage in having these huge ships traveling to every point along the American coast. Just like today's Boeing 747s, which land at major centers and transfer their passengers onto smaller planes that take them to their final destinations, the big ships came to one central bay and then transferred their goods to smaller vessels for delivery up and down the Eastern seaboard. New York was America's super port, with its central location, deep, protected harbor, and river access far into the inland. When America moved to a hub-and-spoke shipping system, New York became the natural hub.

单选题A few years ago it was 21 to speak of a generation gap, a division between young people and their elders. Parents 22 that children did not show them proper respect and 23 , while children complained that their parents did not understand them at all. What had gone wrong? Why had the generation gap suddenly appeared? 24 , the generation gap has been around for a long time. Many 25 argue that it is built into the fabric of our society. One important cause of the generation gap is the 26 when young people have to choose their own life-styles. In more 27 societies, when children grow up, they are expected to live in the same area as their parents, to marry people that their parents know and 28 of, and often to continue the family 29 . In our society, young people often travel great distances for their educations, move out of the family home at an early age, marry or live with people whom their parents have never met, and choose occupations different from those of their parents. In our upwardly mobile society, parents often expect their children to do better than they did: to find better jobs, to make more money, and to do all the things that they were unable to do. Often, however, the ambitions that parents have for their children are another cause of the division between them. Often, they discover that they have very little in common with each other. Finally, the speed at which changes take place in our society is another cause of the gap between the 30 . In a traditional culture, elderly people are valued for their wisdom, but in our society the knowledge of a lifetime may become obsolete overnight.

单选题 Exercise is good for you. But most people really know very little about how to exercise. Look at the following true-false tests. You will be surprised! The best way to reduce the mid-section is to do abdominal exercise. False. Many people believe that when specific muscles are exercised, the fatty tissues in the immediate area are 'burned up'. The truth is that exercise bums fat from all over the body and not from one specific area, regardless of the type of exercise. Of course, if you reduce the fat throughout your body, you will certainly see results around your waistline too! To maintain an adequate level of physical fitness, you need to exercise only twice a week. False. Studies conducted by NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, show that unexercised muscles lose their strength very quickly. After 48 to 72 hours, you must use the muscles again to re-establish the good physical effects. To lose weight you should always 'work up a good sweat' when exercising. False. Sweating only lowers body temperature to prevent overheating; it does not help you reduce. You may weigh less immediate after a workout, but this is due to water loss. Once you replace the liquid, you replace the weight. You bum more calories jogging one mile than walking the same distance. False. You use the same amount of energy whether you walk or jog the mile, since in both cases you are moving the same weight the same distance. The speed doesn't matter. Of course, if you jog rather than walk for 30 minutes, you'll cover more distance, and therefore bum more calories. If your breathing doesn't return to normal within minutes after you finish exercising, you've exercised too much. True. Five minutes or so after exercising, your breathing should be normal, your heart shouldn't be pounding, and you shouldn't be exhausted. Beneficial exercise is not overly difficult, unpleasant, and refreshing. Walking is one of the best exercises. True. Walking helps circulation of blood through-out the body, and thus has a direct effect on your overall feeling. Vigorous stretching exercises keep muscles flexible. False. Stretching exercises (for example: twisting or bending at the waist, touching your toes) should be done slowly, allowing the muscles to relax and 'let go'. Vigorous stretching makes the muscles tighter. The minimum amount of time you should spend exercising in a day is 20 minutes. True. There are more than 400 muscles that attach to your skeleton. A good exercise routine should contract and stretch all these muscles, and this simply cannot be done with four or five exercises in five or ten minutes. From experience, I've found that about 20 minutes is the minimum amount of time needed for an adequate workout.

单选题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Cyber Crimes. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below. 1)随着互联网的普及和应用，网络犯罪开始摆在世人面前； 2)应该如何来打击和预防网络犯罪越来越成为人们必须要解决的一个难题； 3)作为大学生，你应该怎么做?

单选题The mayor of County Club Hills helped arrest two men Wednesday night suspected in the random shooting a 15-year-old boy as he was leaving a basketball game at Hillcrest High School. County Club Hills Mayor Dwight Welch, who is also a 27 police officer, said he 28 up around 9:30 p.m. to the rear parking lot of the high school, 17401 Pulaski Td., after hearing radio 29 of someone firing several shots at crowds leaving the game between Hillcrest and Rich Central High School. 'It was pretty 30 because no one knew where the shots were coming from,' Welch said later in a telephone 31 from his home. 'Within five minutes of being there we got a report that a student was shot.' Welch and on-duty police Lt. Will Garrison found a 15-year-old Hillcrest student had suffered a graze 32 to the arm. They boy was taken in good condition to Advocate South Suburban Hospital in Hazel Crest, said town spokeswoman Wanda Comein. No one else was hit. In Welch's police car, they began 33 the area for a white jeep that had fled the scene south on Winston Drive following the shooting, the mayor said. 'We stayed back and turned around and waited for them. Then we saw the suspects' car coming head-on,' Welch said. 'We curbed their 34 . We came close to crashing.' Once the car was stopped, Welch and the lieutenant got out of their vehicle and drew their service weapons, 35 the two occupants out of their vehicle, he said. Inside, they found a revolver next to an empty bottle of 36 , according to Welch. A. wound B. journalists C. certified D. ordering E. chaotic F. scouring G. employer H. liquor I. vehicle J. employee K. lie down L. pulled M. reports N. interview O. suspect

单选题 A bull grazes on dry wheat husks in Logan, Kansas, one of the regions hit by the record drought that has affected more than half of the U.S. and is expected to drive up food prices. Leading water scientists have issued one of the sternest warnings yet about global food supplies, saying that the world's population may have to switch almost completely to a vegetarian diet over the next 40 years to avoid catastrophic shortages. Adopting a vegetarian diet is one option to increase the amount of water available to grow more food in an increasingly climate-unstable world, the scientists said. Animal protein-rich food consumes 5 to 10 times more water than a vegetarian diet. One third of the world's arable (适于耕种的) land is used to grow crops to feed animals. Other options to feed people include eliminating waste and increasing trade between countries in food surplus and those in deficit. '900 million people already go hungry and 2 billion people are malnourished in spite of the fact that per capita food production continues to increase, ' they said. 'With 70% of all available water being in agriculture, growing more food to feed an additional 2 billion people by 2050 will place greater pressure on available water and land.' The report is being released at the start of the annual world water conference in Stockholm, Sweden, where 2, 500 politicians, UN bodies, nongovernmental groups and researchers from 120 countries meet to address global water supply problems. Competition for water between food production and other uses will intensify pressure on essential resources, the scientists said, 'The UN predicts that we must increase food production by 70% by mid 21th century. This will place additional pressure on our 'already stressed water resources', at a time when we also need to allocate more water to satisfy global energy demand—which is expected to rise 60% over the coming 30 years—and to generate electricity for the 1.3 billion people currently without it, ' said the report. Overeating, undernourishment and waste are all on the rise and increased food production may face future constraints from water scarcity. 'We will need a new recipe to feed the world in the future, ' said the report's editor, Anders Jagerskog. A separate report from the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) said the best way for countries to protect millions of farmers from food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia was to help them invest in small pumps and simple technology, rather than to develop expensive, large-scale irrigation projects. 'Farmem across the developing world are increasingly relying on and benefiting from small-scale, locally-relevant water solutions. These techniques could increase yields up to 300% and add tens of billions of U. S. dollars to household revenues across sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia.' said Dr. Colin Chartres, the director general.

单选题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay entitled The Courage of Making Mistakes by commenting on the saying 'The only man who never makes mistakes is the man who never does anything.' You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

单选题 Why I Became a Teacher: to Pass on My Love of Literature A. Like lots of people, I never thought I'd be a teacher when I was at school. To be honest I only did my training because my husband was on a four-year course and I was on a three-year course at Cardiff University so I wanted to do something for one year. I thought doing a teaching qualification would be interesting and might be quite useful. I'm convinced that nothing else I might have done would have given me so much pleasure and satisfaction, or fitted in so well with family life. B. When I retire, in just a few years time, I can look back on a career which made a positive difference to the lives of thousands of children. Few other career choices can be so rewarding, so if you have a love of your subject and want the opportunity to pass that on then teaching can be a great career. C. Anyone going into teaching now will be used to teaching to formal work schemes and observation. I think it has raised standards in the profession but personally I feel the loss in the classroom. I've got the confidence of 30 years experience. I've seen new approaches come and go (and sometimes even identical 'new ideas' come and go more than once). D. For me, it's the passion for your subject and interest in the success of your students that matters more than how all the acronyms (首字母缩略词) add up. This is what will make you a good teacher. There's still room for individuals but you have to have the confidence and passion for your subject to make it work. E. The major challenge in teaching is time. There's not enough of it. It's hard if you're working full time to cope with the marking and feel that you have enough time to do your job properly. I've worked part time ever since I had children. I officially work three days a week—trot on my two days off I always work, it probably all adds up to what counts as a full week's work in most other jobs but the pay isn't bad so you can work part time and then the job really does fit in with family life. There are shortcuts to save time, and if had to work part time I'd have to use them. But working part time gives me the luxury to be a critical marker. It can take two hours to mark a 3,000 word A level essay, so if you have 16 pupils that's 32 hours of marking in one week for just one class. F. One of the benefits of being a part-time teacher is that I do have time to mark properly. Sometimes my feedback is almost as long as their essay but I really want the kids to do well. One of the best things about teaching is you get to raise children's aspirations, and to make a difference in their lives. You get visits and emails from your old students to prove it! It's great to make the difference, and, as they say, it does make it all worthwhile. G. The core of teaching is the subject and the pupils. We have a lot of NQTs and PGCE students coming to our school and sometimes I must admit to being disappointed when students don't know their subjects that well. I had an NQT who was teaching Animal Farm and asked me 'What's Marxism?'—and she'd got a first in her degree so it just goes to show that government initiatives to try and attract those with firsts aren't necessarily going work. H. However, lots of people drop out of teaching after a couple of years, it is an exhausting job. So my advice to those just starting out is: I. Don't lose your sense of proportion over things that happen in the classroom or in an observation that doesn't go well. As long as in the bigger picture of things you are connecting with kids and the subject—then don't get frustrated. Even after 30 years of teaching everyone has fearful days in teaching, when you think: 'Can I really do this?' You've got to keep positive; it's only a problem if you get more bad days than good days. J. Make sure teaching doesn't overwhelm you. You have to develop strategies especially if you are teaching a subject which requires a lot of marking. So plan things well. Get your pupils to do peer marking, which really can work. If you know you just can't handle any more marking in a particular week, get pupils to write a speech and then perform it in the next class. You've got to think ahead about times of maximum workload and plan accordingly—ask your more experienced colleagues for advice. K. You've got to keep your sense of humour, which is a great way of relieving a situation. I know I became a better teacher when I became a parent. I realised that kids can be so unpleasant sometimes, even your own kids. They don't mean it; they're just being kids. It doesn't mean they hate you or hate your lessons. When you're a new teacher coming into teaching, especially if you are young, you think of the students as almost your adversaries (对手), until you've got to defeat them. But you've got to be careful what you say. You can't belittle them too much or you can really harm them. L. Love your subject. If you are going to succeed in secondary school teaching, you must love your subject. The kids really know if you do or don't. M. You have to know your students are individuals, they learn in different ways. You have to be sensitive to that. N. You can't just teach a formula. 1 do worry about the difference between lip service to what the government say it's supposed to be like and what it's really like. I do hate the untruthfulness of that and the gulf seems to widen more and more. It feels like what matters most is what's tested. The trouble is nothing that is really worthwhile, the love of learning, connection with literature, having empathy—these are the things that really make a difference to someone's life but of course they can't be tested. Young teachers have to be careful not to get lost in formulas and initiatives. A more experienced teacher will have confidence to respond to kids and to talk about an issue that's raised in class that's not on the plan. The children will learn so much from that but there's no box to tick.

单选题 Everyone remembers the whitewashing scene in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. But how many recall the scene that precedes it? Having escaped from Aunt Polly, Tom is teaching himself to whistle when he spies a 'newcomer' in his village—a newcomer with 'a citified air'. They quarrel and wrestle in the dirt. Tom wins the battle but returns home late and is thus commanded to whitewash the famous fence. After this incident, the reader's sympathies are meant to lie with Tom. But imagine how a boy like Tom Sawyer would be regarded today. As far as I can tell, that fight is not just 'inappropriate behavior', to use current educational terminology (术语), but is also one of the many symptoms of 'oppositional defiant disorder' (ODD), a condition that Tom manifests throughout the book. And Tom is not merely ODD: He clearly has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as well, judging by his inability to concentrate in school. In fact, Tom manifests many disturbing behaviors. He blames his half-brother for his poor decisions, demonstrating an inability to take responsibility for his actions. He provokes his peers, often using aggression. He deliberately ignores rules and demonstrates defiance toward adults. He is frequently dishonest, at one point even pretending to be dead. Worst of all, he skips school—behavior that might, in our time, lead him to be diagnosed with conduct disorder. I am not being entirely sarcastic here: I have reread 'Tom Sawyer' several times in recent years, precisely because Twain draws such fascinating portraits of children whose behavior is familiar, even if we now describe it differently. As a mother of boys, I find this weirdly reassuring: Although ADHD and ODD are often dismissed as recently 'invented' disorders, they describe personality types and traits that have always existed. A certain kind of boy has always had trouble paying attention in school. But if the behavior or actions of the children and the parents are familiar, the society surrounding them is not. Tom Sawyer turns out fine in the end. In 19th-century Missouri, there were still many opportunities for impulsive kids who were bored and fidgety (坐立不安的) in school: The very qualities that made him so tiresome—curiosity, hyperactivity, recklessness—are precisely the ones that get him the girl, win him the treasure and make him a hero. Nothing like that is available to children who don't fit in today. Instead of striking out into the wilderness, they get sent to psychologists and prescribed medication—if they are lucky enough to have parents who can afford that sort of thing. Every effort will be made to help them pay attention, listen to the teacher, stop picking fights in the playground. Nowadays, there aren't any other options.

单选题 中国菜 中国菜(cuisine)是中国各地区、各民族各种菜肴的统称，也指发源于中国的烹饪方式。中国菜历史悠久，流派(genre)众多，主要代表菜系有“八大菜系”。每一菜系因气候、地理、历史、烹饪技巧和生活方式的差异而风格各异。中国菜的调料(seasoning)丰富多样，调料的不同是形成地方特色菜的主要原因之一。中国菜强调色、香、味俱佳，味是菜肴的灵魂。中国饮食文化博大精深，作为世界三大菜系之一的中国菜，在海内外享有盛誉。