单选题 Patients Struck off by GPs A. Thousands of patients are being arbitrarily struck off by GPs (普通开业医生) who say they can no longer cope with spiralling numbers. Doctors warned last night that a recruitment crisis has left surgeries with too few staff. This means they are being forced to 'deregister' patients—many of whom are elderly and have been with the same practice all their lives. B. Yesterday the Daily Mail highlighted the case of 95-year-old Lily Dove, one of 1,500 patients randomly struck off by a surgery in Watton, Norfolk, which is under pressure from rising immigration and retirees. The widow, who has lived in the area since 1919 and remembers when the doctor would visit her family in a horse and trap, has a number of health problems. C. But senior GPs say her case is far from isolated and illustrates a national problem. They say other practices in England have been forced to deregister up to 100 patients at a time. Doctors' leaders argue that they have no choice but to remove patients because the lack of GPs means they cannot provide care that is safe and of high quality. D. But relatives and patients fear vulnerable patients are being deliberately removed from lists because they take up the most time and require such dedicated care. Other patients furious to have been kicked off their doctor's books yesterday included an 80 year-old widow, a blind child and a mother of 11 children. In another example, a practice deregistered a nursing home of 59 residents, many of whom have Alzheimer's, because of a 'big change in workload'. E. GPs say the profession is facing a recruitment crisis as their colleagues opt for early retirement or a move abroad. They are not being replaced by younger staff, who are often opting for hospital-based careers. In the case of Watton, which is about 20 miles west of Norwich, surgeries are under pressure from a sudden rise in retirees and immigrants moving to the area. F. Last night health minister Earl Howe intervened in the case of Mrs Dove, who lives alone, and urged NHS England to 'urgently' look into the circumstances of her being struck off. He told GPs to ensure they provided 'excellent care' for all their patients, particularly the over-75s and those with longterm health conditions. G. But it has since emerged that Mrs Dove's surgery, Watton Medical Practice, has also removed other vulnerable patients including a 47-year-old former soldier who has lost both legs due to severe diabetes. Dave Pendry, who is wheelchair-bound, now faces a 14-mile round trip to see his new GP in the village of East Harling. Kirsty Hutchinson, a mother to 11 children, will have to travel 16 miles every time one of them is ill or needs an injection. And two elderly widows said they now faced difficult journeys down dangerous country roads to see their doctor. H. Other GPs warned that more surgeries would follow suit. Referring to the case in Watton, one GP partner wrote anonymously on the Pulse magazine website: 'Just wait for the domino effect.' The practice which has deregistered a nursing home of 59 elderly residents is the Bellevue Medical Centre in Edgbaston, Birmingham—the practice of Professor Steve Field, the chief inspector of GPs. I. It says it has been forced to remove a total of 75 patients who live the furthest away since a doctor retired. The decision has upset some relatives who fear the surgery has deliberately targeted the nursing home because the residents require so many visits. One said: 'I think the real reason is that nursing home residents are often difficult to manage, lots of health problems, on a lot of medication. I'm sure that if they were 'easier' patients, the surgery would keep them on.' J. The surgery's executive partner Dr Sukdev Singh insisted the reason was because there had been a 'big increase in workload' following the retirement of a doctor. He said about 75 patients were being removed from the list as they lived outside the practice's boundary. He added: 'It's a national problem. We are struggling to recruit doctors and we do not have the necessary funding.' K. There are no national figures for the numbers of patients who have been removed from surgery lists because of GPs' workload. But Dr Chaand Nagpaul, chairman of the British Medical Association's GP Committee, said it was important that surgeries did not 'discriminate' against certain patients who may require more time and care. 'It would not be appropriate for practices to pick and choose,' he said. He added: 'I do not know the circumstances here but these decisions must not be taken lightly and practices must ensure they do not discriminate against certain patients. If there are boundary issues, the practice needs to make sure all patients outside the boundary are taken off the list, not just one cared home.' L. In Watton, parish council leader Richard Leighton said: 'There's immigration, because people are coming to work in the slaughterhouse and food factories around here.' British people are also moving here because there's work about, and there are retired people who sell up in London and buy a cheaper home here. 'They keep building homes here because the Government says the area can take more people, but the infrastructure can't cope.' M. Gillian Childerhouse, 80, who is being struck off after being on the surgery's register for almost 50 years, said: 'I've never been much trouble to them as I'm pretty fit but I've been dumped along with the rest of them. Older people are not very important in this country. They don't want us. We're just a damned trouble.' N. Referring to the case of Mrs Dove, Earl Howe said: 'We have asked NHS England to urgently look into the case. We expect practices to work with their patients and NHS England to make sure that residents get the excellent care they need from local GPs, particularly those over 75 or with long-term conditions.' O. Cancer specialist Dr Clive Peedell, coleader of National Health Action Party, said: 'I've certainly heard that up and down the country patients are being removed from practice lists because they can't deal with the workload. The pressures are enormous at the moment. There are real staffing issues and we are extremely worried about the lack of funding. The Royal College of GPs says they are short of 8,000 GPs.'

单选题 Old stereotypes die hard. Picture a video-game player and you will likely imagine a teenage boy, by himself, compulsively hammering away at a game involving rayguns and aliens that splatter when blasted. Today a gamer is as likely to be a middle-aged commuter playing 'Angry Birds' on her smartphone. In America, the biggest market, the average game-player is 37 years old. Two-fifths are female. Even teenagers with imaginary rayguns are more likely to be playing 'Halo' with their friends than playing alone Over the past ten years the video-game industry has grown from a small niche business to a huge, mainstream one. With global sales of $56 billion in 2010, it is more than twice the size of the recorded-music industry. Despite the downturn, it is growing by almost 9% a year. Is this success due to luck or skill? The answer matters, because the rest of the entertainment industry has tended to treat gaming as being a lucky beneficiary of broader technological changes. Video gaming, unlike music, film or television, had the luck to be born digital: it never faced the struggle to convert from analogue. In fact, there is plenty for old media to learn. Video games have certainly been swept along by two forces: demography and technology. The first gaming generation—the children of the 1970s and early 1980s—is now over 30. Many still love gaming, and can afford to spend far more on it now. As gaming establishes itself as a pastime for adults, the social stigma and the worries about moral corruption that have historically greeted all new media, from novels to pop music, have dissipated. Meanwhile rapid improvements in computing power have allowed game designers to offer experiences that are now often more cinematic than the cinema. The industry has excelled in two particular areas: pricing and piracy. In an era when people are disinclined to pay for content on the web, games publishers were quick to develop 'freemium' models, where you rely on non-paying customers to build an audience and then extract cash only from a fanatical few. In China, where piracy is rampant, many games can be played online for nothing. Finns instead make money by selling in-game perks and 'virtual goods' to dedicated players. China is now the second-biggest gaming market, but does not even rank in the top 20 markets for the music business. As gaming comes to be seen as just another medium, its tech-savvy approach could provide a welcome shot in the arm for existing media groups. Time Warner and Disney have bought games firms; big-budget games, meanwhile, now have Hollywood-style launches.

单选题 Let's face it—there are lots of reasons to hate McDonald's: calories, cholesterol and, for me at least, that sickening feeling after munching (大口咀嚼) on McNuggets. Then there's always that kid at the drive-through who forgets the ketchup (番茄酱). Well, add one more reason to spite McDonald's: as the global economy spirals downward, McDonald's is minting money. 'In the worst of times for the restaurant industry, it's the best of times for McDonald's,' says Butt Flickinger Ⅲ, managing director of the Strategic Resources Group, a retail-consulting company. In fact, the company's sales have increased for 55 straight months. Profits grew 11%, to $1.2 billion. The pricing of McDonald's, highlighted by dollar-menu items like apple pies, side salads and yogurt, plus cheap combo meals is a key strength during the recession. In particular, consumers are fleeing casual, family chain restaurants for the convenience and savings of fast food. The economy is not the only reason people are drawn to McDonald's. The company's management also deserves credit for its success. Back seven years ago, America's obesity (肥胖) epidemic was a hot topic, and McDonald's suffered from the strong negative reaction. Stale food and tired stores also kept people away. 'McDonald's was actively persuading customers from coming back,' says John Glass, a Morgan Stanley analyst. Since that time, McDonald's have remodeled 11,000 stores. At a neat and clean restaurant in the Bronx one weekday evening, Brian Waters, a mailman, sat with his 9-year-old son in a booth. The bright dining area featured abstract paintings of New York City's bridges and the Statue of Liberty. 'It used to be dark and dull in here,' Waters says. 'Now it's nice and clean. I don't mind sitting here anymore.' Stores have also extended hours: 34% of the company's 14,000 U.S. restaurants are now open 24/7. The menu got an upgrade too. Obscene 'super-size' choices were phased out, and healthier options like apples and salads were added. The company changed its coffee blend; coffee sales have soared 70% over the past two years. Chicken McNuggets now consist solely of white meat, which has less fat and fewer calories than the darker-meat mix of old. Like any other business in this environment, McDonald's faces some potential roadblocks. As the recession wears on, fast-food-service growth may flatten out; plus, McDonald's can expect more price competition. For example, Steak'n Shake, the diner-style burger chain in 21 states throughout the Midwest and South, is promoting four different meal combos for less than $4. 'In Los Angeles, every other billboard is a 99-cent food price,' says Glass. The battle for bargain-hunting eaters is on. But given its recent winning ways, McDonald's might just add a few more billion served.

单选题Sodium (钠) is a key component of salt. Eating too much of it can 27 to high blood pressure, a major risk for most people as they age because it can lead to heart disease and other health problems. But cutting sodium from the diet is difficult, mainly because people often don't know it's there. More than three-quarters of the sodium people 28 comes from processed and restaurant foods. And much of the sodium we eat is in foods that don't 29 taste salty, like packaged bread and chicken dishes. Salt is the latest front in the battle to get Americans to eat a healthier diet. 30 efforts have focused on cutting down on sugar, to fight against obesity, and reducing fat, for a healthier heart. After four decades of unsuccessfully 31 Americans to cut salt in their diets only to see them eat more of it, government officials are intensifying their efforts. An advisory committee working on new US Dietary Guidelines, due to be released later this year by the federal government, recently recommended that all adults restrict their 32 of sodium to no more than 1500 milligrams a day, 33 to about two-thirds of a teaspoon of table salt, down from a current limit of 2300 milligrams for some people. The best way to reduce salt is to cut back on processed and restaurant foods, eat fresh produce, and reduce portion sizes. Nutritionists 34 eating whole grain instead of bread—a single slice of packaged bread can contain 150 milligrams to 200 milligrams or more of sodium. Cut back gradually, so your palate (味觉) adjusts to a less salty taste. When you do buy artifactitious (人工制品的) foods, look for 35 with less than 300 milligrams of sodium per serving, or no more than one milligram of sodium per calorie of food, advised the Harvard School of Public Health, which has on its website 25 sodium-reduction 36 developed with the Culinary Institute of America. A. attribute B. consume C. contribute D. equivalent E. incidentally F. intake G. items H. necessarily I. output J. persuading K. Previous L. recommend M. Special N. steps O. strategies

单选题 Credit Scores and Reports A. We apply for credit for many reasons—maybe it's to buy a new car, house, computer, or get a student loan. However, that there is a special number that can determine whether you can do these things, or at least how much it will cost you. A credit score is a number that is calculated based on your credit history to give lenders a simpler 'lend/don't lend' answer for people who are applying for credit or loans. This number helps the lender identify the level of risk they may be taking if they lend to someone. The credit score is quicker and less subjective. It's the credit score that makes it possible to get instant credit at places like electronics stores and department stores. B. Although there are several scoring methods, the method most commonly used by lenders is known as a FICO because of its origins with Fair Isaac Corporation. Fair Isaac is an independent company that came up with the scoring method and software used by banks and lenders, insurers and other businesses. Each of the three major credit bureaus (Experian, Equifax and TransUnion) worked with Fair Isaac in the early 1980's to come up with the scoring method. C. The three national credit bureaus each have their own version of the FICO score with their own names. Equifax has the Beacon system, TransUnion has the Empirica system, and Experian has the Experian/Fair Isaac system. Each is based on the original Fair Isaac FICO scoring method and produces equivalent numerical results for any given credit report. Some lenders also have their own scoring methods. Other scoring methods may include information such as your income or how long you've been at the same job. D. Think of your credit score, like your grade in school. A teacher calculates grades by taking scores from tests, homework, attendance and anything else they want to use, weighting each one according to importance in order to come up with a final single number (or letter) score. Your credit score is calculated in a very similar manner. Instead of using the scores from pop quizzes and reports you wrote, it uses the information in your credit report. E. 35 percent of the score is based on your payment history. This makes sense since one of the primary reasons a lender wants to see the score is to find out if (and how timely) you pay your bills. The score is affected by how many bills have been paid late, how many were sent out for collection, any bankruptcies, etc. When these things happened also comes into play. The more recent, the worse it will be for your overall score. F. 30 percent of the score is based on outstanding debt. How much do you owe on car or home loans? How many credit cards do you have that are at their credit limits? The more cards you have at their limits, the lower your score will be. The rule of thumb is to keep your card balances at 25% or less of their limits. G. 15 percent of the score is based on the length of time you've had credit. The longer you've had established credit, the better it is for your overall credit score. Why? Because more information about your past payment history gives a more accurate prediction of your future actions. H. 10 percent of the score is based on the number of inquiries on your report. If you've applied for a lot of credit cards or loans, you will have a lot of inquiries on your credit report. These are bad for your score because they indicate that you may be in some kind of financial trouble or may be taking on a lot of debt (even if you haven't used the cards or gotten the loans). The more recent these inquiries are, the worse for your credit score. FICO scores only count inquiries from the past years. I. 10 percent of the score is based on the types of credit you currently have. The number of loans and available credit from credit cards you have makes a difference. There is no magic number or combination of types of accounts that you shouldn't have. These actually come more into play if there isn't as much other information on your credit report on which to base the score. This information is compared to the credit performance of other consumers with similar histories and profiles. J. Your credit score doesn't just affect whether or not you get a loan; it also affects how much that loan is going to cost you. As your credit score increases, your credit risk decreases. This means your interest rate decreases. There are other factors that influence the interest rate you get for a loan besides your credit score. Things like the type of property you are using the loan to buy, how much of your own money is going into it, the costs the lender has to make the loan, etc. K. In addition to banks and lenders, there are landlords, merchants, employers and insurance companies jumping on the credit score bandwagon (风靡的活动). Of all of these, the fact that insurance rates are being determined by credit scores is causing consumers the most alarm. To most, it seems that your credit history and your driving record have little in common. Insurers, on the other hand, have found that using credit scores to predict how likely someone is to pay premiums has helped them cut their losses. They don't use the same score that banks and lenders use, however. They use a slightly different formula for their calculations and actually call it an 'insurance score'. L. Credit scores aren't static numbers. Because they are calculated based on your current credit report, they change every time your credit report changes. While this change may be very slight, it can also be much more dramatic. Here are some things some financial advisers say to do to try to improve your score. M. Review your credit report and correct any errors you find. Getting rid of inaccurate information can sometimes improve your score dramatically. N. Advice used to be given to close old and unused credit card accounts in order to reduce your 'potential' available credit, which could change your debt ratio after you've been approved for a loan. Now, however, the ratio of your debt to your credit limit is more critical, so closing old accounts only raises that ratio—which you don't want to do. Some people have moved debt from several credit cards to one card and then closed the old accounts. Since creditors look at the debt-to-credit limit ratio, this can have a bad affect on your credit score because you have the same amount of debt but less available credit. So don't close old credit card accounts just because you're not using them. O. Creditors also now look at the average age of your accounts so, again, keep those old accounts. Reduce your balances on credit cards to 75% or less of your available credit (25% is preferable). Pay your bills on time. (This is probably the most important of all!) Don't let anyone make an inquiry on your credit report unless you absolutely have to. The more inquiries, the lower your score. Don't open new credit card accounts just to increase your available credit in the hopes of raising your score. Also, remember that some improvements—such as better efforts at making payments on time—may take time to impact your score. So, time is also a factor.

单选题 With its recession-friendly coffee prices, plentiful tables and available bathrooms, McDonald's restaurants all over the country, and even all over the world, have been adopted by wise customers as a coffeehouse for grass roots, a sort of everyman's Starbucks. Behind the Golden Arches, older people seeking company and conversation, schoolchildren putting off homework time and homeless people escaping the cold have transformed the banquettes into headquarters for the kind of leisurely socializing. And so restaurant managers and franchise owners are often frustrated by these, their most loyal customers. Such regulars hurt business, some say, and leave little room for other customers. Tensions can sometimes erupt. In the past month, those tensions came to a boil in New York City. When management at a McDonald's in Flushing, Queens, called the police on a group of older Koreans, prompting outrage at the company's perceived rudeness, calls for a worldwide boycott and a truce mediated by a local politician, it became a famous case of a struggle that happens daily at McDonald's outlets in the city and beyond. Is the customer always right, even when they sit for long hours without spending? The answer seems to be yes among those who do the endless sitting at McDonald's restaurants in Crown Heights, Brooklyn; Midtown Manhattan; Astoria, Queens; and the East Village. If Mike Black's friends are looking for him, they know to check the McDonald's on Utica Avenue in Flatbush, Brooklyn, he said. That is where Mr. Black, who is in his 50s, spends hours opening and reading his junk mail. 'I don't eat fast food,' he said, arguing that his one coffee entitled him to all the leisure time he needed. 'I just come here to hang out and deal with my mail.' At some of New York City's 235 McDonald's outlets, customers say they have adopted the fast-food franchise as a cafe for a less affluent crowd, a view strengthened by the company's newer' offerings, like McCafe coffee drinks. 'We're pleased many of our customers view us as a comfortable place to spend time,' Lisa McComb, a spokeswoman for the company, said in an email, citing free Wi-Fi and areas for children to play as part of the appeal. 'McDonald's offers convenience and value in a fun and familiar atmosphere.' But the leisurely cafe culture and the business plan behind fast food are in opposition. Although signs hang in many McDonald's stores instructing customers to spend half an hour or less at the tables, Ms. McComb said there was no national policy about discouraging longtime sitting.

单选题 Questions2-5 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

单选题 The Western is a uniquely genre which has found expression in the medious of literature, radio, television and the movies. Westerns derive their name from the fact that they are set West of the Mississippi before these areas were developed and settled. Many Westerns thus take place in frontier outposts in the latter half of the Nineteenth Century. Westerns, while not as popular as they once were, continue to be produced because their setting remains compelling and allows for the expression of some basic human conflicts. Popular icons of the Western include the gun, the horse, the saloon and the open prairie. The Western portrayed a violent and isolated society which placed a premium on freedom and independence. Often Westerns showed conflict between white settlers and Native Americans. Another common conflict was between the focus of law and order, often represented by the town sheriff, and criminal elements such as cattle rustlers, bank robbers and guns for hire. Westerns were particularly popular from the turn of the 20th Century up until the mid 1960s. In the early part of the century Western stories usually appeared in inexpensive 'pulp' magazines. In the 1920s radio dramas such as the Lone Ranger came into vogue. Westerns reached their greatest audience, however with the large number of movies made from the mid 1930s to mid 1960s. Western movie stars such as John Wayne, Gary Cooper and more recently Clint Eastwood have remained extremely popular with the American public. With the advent of television in the 1950s, a new avenue opened up for the Western and programs such as Gunsmoke and Bonanza exposed a whole new generation to the mythology of the American West. Westerns are often thought to be crude and unsophisticated as they paint a romanticized and unrealistic portrait of the American West of the time. While this may be true of many Westerns, some critics have noted that the best Westerns often show an ever present tension in American sociey: between the need for society on the one hand and the desire of individuals to express their personal impulses on the other hand. Because this is fundamental to US culture, the Western genre will likely to be with us for years to come.

单选题Fear can be an effective way to change behavior. One study compared the effects of high-fear and low-fear appeals on changes in attitudes and behaviors related to dental hygiene (卫生). One group of subjects was shown awful pictures of 27 teeth and diseased gums; another group was shown less frightening materials such as plastic teeth, charts, and graphs. Subjects who saw the frightening materials reported more anxiety and a greater 28 to change the way they took care of their teeth than the low-fear group did. But were these reactions actually 29 into better dental hygiene practices? To answer this important question, subjects were called back to the laboratory on two 30 (five days and six weeks after the experiment). They chewed disclosing wafers (牙疾诊断片) that give a red stain to any uncleaned areas of the teeth and thus provided a direct 31 of how well they were really taking care of their teeth. The result showed that the high-fear appeal did actually result in greater and more 32 changes in dental hygiene. That is, the subjects 33 to high-fear warnings brushed their teeth more 34 than did those who saw low-fear warnings. However, to be an effective persuasive device it is very important that the message not be too frightening and that people be given 35 guidelines to help them to reduce the cause of the fear. If this isn't done, they may reduce their anxiety by denying the message or the 36 of the communicator. If that happens, it is unlikely that either attitude or behavior change will occur. A. accustomed B. carefully C. cautiously D. concrete E. credibility F. decayed G. desire H. dimensions I. eligible J. exposed K. indication L. occasions M. permanent N. sensitivity O. translated

单选题 At some point in 2008, someone, probably in either Asia or Africa, made the decision to move from the countryside to the city. This nameless person pushed the human race over an historic threshold, for it was in that year that mankind became, for the first time in its history, a predominantly urban species. It is a trend that shows no sign of slowing. Demographers (人口统计学家) reckon that three-quarters of humanity could be city-dwelling by 2050, with most of the increase coming in the fast-growing towns of Asia and Africa. Migrants to cities are attracted by plentiful jobs, access to hospitals and education, and the ability to escape the boredom of a farmer's agricultural life. Those factors are more than enough to make up for the squalor (肮脏), disease and spectacular poverty that those same migrants must often at first endure when they become urban dwellers. It is the city that inspires the latest book from Peter Smith. His main thesis is that the buzz of urban life, and the opportunities it offers for co-operation and collaboration, is what attracts people to the city, which in turn makes cities into the engines of art, commerce, science and progress. This is hardly revolutionary, but it is presented in a charming format. Mr. Smith has written a breezy guidebook, with a series of short chapters dedicated to specific aspects of urbanity—parks, say, or the various schemes that have been put forward over the years for building the perfect city. The result is a sort of high-quality, unusually rigorous coffee-table book, designed to be dipped into rather than read from beginning to end. In the chapter on skyscrapers, for example, Mr. Smith touches on construction methods, the revolutionary invention of the automatic lift, the practicalities of living in the sky and the likelihood that, as cities become more crowded, apartment living will become the norm. But there is also time for brief diversions onto bizarre ground, such as a discussion of the skyscraper index (which holds that a boom in skyscraper construction is a foolproof sign of an imminent recession). One obvious criticism is that the price of breadth is depth; many of Mr. Smith's essays raise as many questions as they answer. Although that can indeed be frustrating, this is probably the only way to treat so grand a vast topic. The city is the building block of civilisation and of almost everything people do, a guidebook to the city is really, therefore, a guidebook to how a large and ever-growing chunk of humanity chooses to live. Mr. Smith's book serves as an excellent introduction to a vast subject, and will suggest plenty of further lines of inquiry.

单选题 Until recently, the University of Kent prided itself on its friendly image. Not any more. Over the past few months it has been working hard, with the help of media consultants, to downplay its cosy reputation in favour of something more academic and serious. Kent is not alone in considering an image revamp (翻新). Changes to next year's funding regime are forcing universities to justify charging students up to ￡ 9,000 in fees. Nowadays universities are putting much more of a focus on their brands and what their value propositions are. While in the past universities have often focused on student social life and attractions of the university town in recruitment campaigns, they are now concentrating on more tangible (实在的) attractions, such as employment prospects, engagement with industry, and lecturer contact hours, making clear exactly what students are going to get for their money. The problem for universities is that if those benefits fail to materialise, students notice. That worries Rob Behrens, who deals with student complaints. 'Universities need to be extremely careful in describing what's going to happen to students,' he says. 'As competition is going to get greater for attracting gifted students, there is a danger that universities will go the extra mile.' One university told prospective engineering students they would be able to design a car and race it at Brands Hatch, which never happened, he says. Others have promised use of sophisticated equipment that turned out to be broken or unavailable. 'If universities spent as much money on handling complaints and appeals appropriately as they spend on marketing, they would do better at keeping students, and in the National Student Survey returns,' he says. Ongoing research tracking prospective 2012 students suggests that they are not only becoming more sophisticated in thinking about what they want from a university, but are also spending more time researching evidence to back up institutional claims. Hence the growing importance of the student survey. From next September, all institutions will also be expected to publish on their websites key information sets, allowing easier comparison between institutions, between promises and reality, and the types of jobs and salaries graduates go on to. As a result, it is hardly surprising that universities are beginning to change the way they market themselves. While the best form of marketing for institutions is to be good at what they do, they also need to be clear about how they are different from others. And it is vital that once an institution claims to be particularly good at something, it must live up to it. The moment you position yourself, you become exposed, and if you fail in that you are in trouble.

单选题 新主流消费群(new mainstream customers)是指年收入超过10.6万元的消费人群。他们与传统消费者有着截然不同的消费行为，该群体更注重个人享受，购物时更注重情感诉求，(emotional consideration )。另外，他们有自己喜爱的特定品牌，并且偏爱网上购物。但同时，传统消费者的者多典型特点仍然保留在这一群体身上。据预测，到2020年，新主 流消费群在中国的人数将达到4亿，占据中国所有城市居民的一半以上，他们的消费模式也将代表全国普遍的消费标准。