Selective colleges and universities in the U.S. are under fire for being too elite and too expensive, and for not training graduates for the world of work. Such charges ignore the fact that these institutions continue to prepare students for success in their work, for thoughtful engagement in civic life, for lifelong learning, and for understanding the world and those with whom we live.These colleges and universities must be doing something right. Applications are at record highs, and the financial aid programs make them more accessible than ever. This model of education has long played a central role in creating opportunity, driving economic growth, and spurring innovation.Yet, there is growing skepticism about the value of this model. The recent tax reform bill was a wake-up call that our strongest colleges and universities are under assault by some in government. The initial proposals would have made education unaffordable for many by taxing tuition waivers for graduate students and ending deductions for student loan interest. Thankfully, these provisions were ultimately stripped from the bill, but lawmakers let stand a new tax on the investment income of some colleges and universities.While these attacks are motivated by misguided ideas, we need to do a better job of explaining why these claims are false and why what we do is valuable. We cannot take for granted that any of this is obvious.It is often said that elite colleges and universities do not train students, particularly those who study the liberal arts, for the workforce. But this can be refuted by scholarly research. The data are clear：a liberal arts education is great career preparation，both for excellent lifetime earnings and for satisfaction with the work.This education develops the skills of critical thinking，rigorous analysis of data and facts，communicating with the written and spoken word，understanding of cultural differences and issues，and the ability to keep learning.In fact，liberal arts graduates do extremely well in every imaginable field.Access to an education at selective colleges and universities is now more available to low-and middle-income families than ever.We have built endowments from donations by alumni（校友）and parents who understand and appreciate our mission to provide access and opportunity，and a significant portion of the returns from these endowments is used to fund financial aid.Ironically，the new tax on endowments drains financial aid funds from the very schools most able to offer opportunity to those who have earned a spot but cannot otherwise afford this education. Beyond the virtue of access to those who have earned a place at these schools, the diversity of economic backgrounds enhances the education and experience of all of our students.

While human achievements in mathematics continue to reach new levels of complexity, many of us who aren't mathematicians at heart (or engineers by trade) may struggle to remember the last time we used calculus (微积分). It's a fact not lost on American educators, who amid rising math failure rates are debating how math can better meet the real-life needs of students. Should we change the way math is taught in schools, or eliminate some courses entirely? Andrew Hacker, Queens College political science professor, thinks that advanced algebra and other higher-level math should be cut from curricula in favor of courses with more routine usefulness, like statistics. 'We hear on all sides that we're not teaching enough mathematics, and the Chinese are running rings around us,' Hacker says. 'I'm suggesting we're teaching too much mathematics to too many people...not everybody has to know calculus. If you're going to become an aeronautical (航空的) engineer, fine. But most of us aren't.' Instead, Hacker is pushing for more courses like the one he teaches at Queens College: Numeracy 101. There, his students of 'citizen statistics' learn to analyze public information like the federal budget and corporate reports. Such courses, Hacker argues, are a remedy for the numerical illiteracy of adults who have completed high-level math like algebra but are unable to calculate the price of, say, a carpet by area. Hacker's argument has met with opposition from other math educators who say what's needed is to help students develop a better relationship with math earlier, rather than teaching them less math altogether. Maria Droujkova is a founder of Natural Math, and has taught basic calculus concepts to 5-year-olds. For Droujkova, high-level math is important, and what it could use in American classrooms is an injection of childlike wonder. 'Make mathematics more available,' Droujkova says. 'Redesign it so it's more accessible to more kinds of people: young children, adults who worry about it, adults who may have had bad experiences.' Pamela Harris, a lecturer at the University of Texas at Austin, has a similar perspective. Harris says that American education is suffering from an epidemic of 'fake math'—an emphasis on the rote memorization (死记硬背) of formulas and steps, rather than an understanding of how math can influence the ways we see the world. Andrew Hacker, for the record, remains skeptical. 'I'm going to leave it to those who are in mathematics to work out the ways to make their subject interesting and exciting so students want to take it,' Hacker says. 'All that I ask is that alternatives be offered instead of putting all of us on the road to calculus.'

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay related to the short passage given below. In your essay, you are to comment on the phenomenon described in the passage and then discuss the reasons behind it. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Involution (内卷), the vicious competition inside a particular group, has attracted a lot of attention. Some people are against involution, but at the same time they are involuntarily involved in such competition.

A few weeks ago, a well-meaning professor tried to explain the physiological process behind viruses and the human body in a tweet and was immediately criticized for a mistake in his information. He then issued an apology and deleted his erroneous tweet.Communicating science beyond the academic bubble is necessary to augmenting public understanding of health and environmental issues and helping individuals make well-informed personal decisions. However, scientists who engage in science communication must acknowledge that even in their area, their expertise is deep but narrow. They need to recognize the constraints in their own knowledge. That is not to suggest that they only write or present on their own research, but rather, that they consult with an expert if the topic is outside of their discipline. Fact-checking with a scientist who works in the specialty will prevent the unintentional spread of misinformation, and the process of doing so may yield interesting new information that can be incorporated.Some have argued that the public is not educated enough to understand scientific information, especially for any complex phenomena, but this is absurd. Science instruction can be found at all levels of public education with most secondary schools offering classes or biology, physics, andchemistry. If anything, social media has shown that the public craves knowledge based on a solid scientific foundation. Even the public discourse that follows most scientific articles shows that online readers can understand even the most baffling of scientific principles.It is equally imperative to emphasize that being an expert on a topic doesnt automatically make a scholar qualified to communicate it to a nonscientific audience. A number of scientists recently have been offering public-aimed explanations of scientific phenomena. Even though theyhave appropriate credentials, they often do very little in the way of explaining. One biologist shared a complicated analogy involving a library, books, paper, a recipe, ingredients, and a cake to explain the process behind vaccines. Any explanation that requires written key to keep track of what each item represents is not a clear example for public consumption. Science communication is a science in and of itself. It requires rigorous training and instruction. A scientist should take communication courses that can teach a person how to identify and eliminate jargon and how to develop effective analogies to explain complex concepts. One cannot assume communicationexpertise -imagine if someone just decided that they were a physicist and started trying to contribute to the field without the necessary background. Doing a poor job communicating science to the public will only create confusion and widen the gap between science and society, a gap that scientists are trying to close.

南京长江大桥是长江上首座由中国设计、采用国产材料建造的铁路、公路两用桥，上层的4车道公路桥长4589米，下层的双轨道铁路桥长6772米。铁路桥连接原来的天津——浦口和上海——南京两条铁路线，使火车过江从过去一个半小时缩短为现在的2分钟。大桥是南北交通的重要枢纽，也是南京的著名景点之一。南京长江大桥的建成标志着中国桥梁建设的一个飞跃，大大方便了长江两岸的物资交流和人员往来，对促进经济发展和改善人民生活起到了巨大作用。_____Part IV Translation（30 minutes）Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

Dropping out of university to launch a start-up is old hat. The twist with Joseph Cohen, Dan Getelman and Jim Grandpre is that their start-up aims to improve how universities work. In May 2011 the three founders quit the University of Pennsylvania to launch Coursekit, soon renamed as Lore, which has already raised $6 million to develop what Mr. Cohen, its 21-year-old chief executive, describes as a 'social-learning network for the classroom'. Lore is part of a trend that builds on the familiarity with social networking that has come with the success of Facebook. It customizes the rules of a network to meet the specific needs of students. Anyone teaching a class would reasonably worry that students using Facebook were gossiping rather than learning useful information from their network of friends. Lore allows teachers to control exactly who is in the network by issuing a class-membership code and to see how they are using it. They can also distribute course materials, contact students, manage tests and grades, and decide what to make public and what to keep private. Students can also interact with each other. In the academic year after launching its first version last November, Lore was used in at least one class in 600 universities and colleges. Its goal for its second year, about to begin, is to spread rapidly within those 600 institutions, not least to see what the effects of scale are from having lots of classes signed up within the same institution. The firm has a fast-growing army of fans in the faculty common room. Lore, says Edward Boches, who uses it for his advertising classes at Boston University, makes teaching 'more interactive, extends it beyond the classroom and stimulates students to learn from each other rather than just the professor'. Among other challenges for the company, there remains the small matter of figuring out a business model. For the moment it has none. Mr. Cohen hopes that eventually Lore could become the primary marketplace for everything from courses to textbooks, but so far the service is free and carries no advertising. Blackboard, the industry incumbent (现任者), charges users for its course-management software. It remains to be seen how it will respond to the upstart (自命不凡的家伙). The lack of a plan does not appear to bother Lore's founders or investors, who seem content to learn a lesson from another university drop-out, Mark Zuckerberg, the co-founder of Facebook: Achieve critical mass in your network and the profits will follow. And after that perhaps they can expect an honorary degree from the alma mater (母校).

Thinking kind thoughts about yourself and your loved ones can prove beneficial for your overall wellbeing, empirical evidence has shown. Researchers carried out an investigation to explore the __26__ between having kind thoughts and a persons psychological state.For the study, five groups of participants were presented with a different set of audio instructions, some of which encouraged the participants to think __27__ about themselves and others which persuaded them to think in a self-critical manner. After listening to the audio instructions, the participants were asked to answer a series of questions. These included whether they felt safe, how likely they were to show kindness to themselves and how __28__ they felt to other individuals.The participants who were instructed to think kindly about themselves were more likely to exhibit a bodily response associated with being relaxed and feeling safe. Their heart rates also dropped, which is a healthy sign of a heart that can respond flexibly to situations. Yet, __29__ those who listened to the critical audio clips were noted as having a higher heartrate and sweat response afterwards, both of which __30__ feelings of threat and distress. Having the ability to switch off the bodys natural threat response can __31__a persons immune system. This, in turn, gives them a greater likelihood of recovering quickly from illness.These findings help us to further understand some of our clinical trials research findings, where we show that individuals with __32__ depression benefit particularly from a self-awareness-based __33__ therapy. They essentially learn to become more sympathetic to themselves.The sense is that for people __34__ to depression, meeting their negative thoughts and feelings with __35__ is a radically different way—that these thoughts are not facts.It introduces a different way of being and knowing that is quite transformative for many people.

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay that begins with the sentence 'When faced with differing opinions, we should try to reach agreement through friendly discussion and reasonable argument.' You can make comments, cite examples or use your personal experiences to develop your essay. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

Cotton bags have become a means for brands, retailers and supermarkets to telegraph a planet-friendly mindset—or, at least, to show that the companies are 27 of the overuse of plastic in packaging. So far, so earth-friendly? Not exactly. It turns out the whole-hearted 28 of cotton totes (大手提袋) may have created a new problem. A recent study found that an organic cotton tote needs to be used 20,000 times to 29 its overall impact of production. That 30 to daily use for 54 years—for just one bag. Cotton is water-intensive, and figuring out how to 31 of a tote in an environmentally low-impact way is not nearly as simple as people think. You can't just put a tote in a compost bin (堆肥箱), and only 15 percent of the 30 million tons of cotton produced every year 32 makes its way to textile depositories (存放点). Even when a tote does make it to a treatment plant, most dyes used to print logos onto them are PVC-based and thus not 33 . They're 'extremely difficult to break down chemically,' said Christopher Stanev, the co-founder of Evrnu, a Seattle-based textile recycling firm. Printed 34 have to be cut out of the cloth; Mr. Stanev estimates 10 to 15 percent of the cotton Evrnu receives is wasted this way. That's not to say cotton is worse than plastic, or that the two should even be compared. In fact, the cotton tote dilemma is a good example of 35 consequences of people trying to make positive choices, and not understanding the full landscape. In the end, the best solution may be the most 36 . 'Not every product needs a bag,' said designer Rachel Comey. A. aware B. deprive C. dispose D. editions E. embrace F. enduring G. equates H. offset I. patterns J. permanently K. recyclable L. replacing M. straightforward N. ultimately O. unintended

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay related to the short passage given below. In your essay, you are to comment on the phenomenon described in the passage and suggest measures to address the issue. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Young people spend a lot of time on the internet. However, they are sometimes unable to recognize false information on the internet, judge the reliability of online information sources, or tell real news stories from fake ones.

rections: Nowadays more and more people keep learning new skills to adapt to a fast-changing world.you can make comments,use examples,or use your personal experiences to develop your essay. You will have 30 minutes to write the proposal. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.__________

Since American idol star Taryn Southem started composing music with AI in 2017，musicians all over the world have begun wondering about the implications of AI and modern technology where music production is concerned.Using AI in the creation of music is perceived by some as a helpful tool and by others as almostthe beginning of the end.In Taryns case，AI software enabled her to communicate melodies and chords that she didnt know how to put together herself.The end product was therefore a collaborative effort，rather than a piece entirely produced by technology.Taryns story has a distinctly positive feel that highlights the advantages of using AI in music production.It can serve as a source of inspiration，and as an ideal jumping off point should a musician be hit with writers block（文思枯竭.）Conversely to seeing AI as a tool, some musicians consider it to be hugely detrimental to the music scene. At the moment, because such technology is still so young, the music its producing isnot necessarily what we want to hear. In short, its not of great quality. Those who have produced their own music, or even fans of authentic, artistic music, will also argue that a computer could never emulate the work (and human touch) of a true musician.Music has been an integral part of the story of humans for ages; in fact, the first known piece of music is believed to be around 3,400 years old. Songs have long been used as a means ofcommunicating messages and folk stories, covering everything from societal ethics to world history. Since many people see music as such an inherently human expression, it is often considered as too precious to impart onto technology. The thought of a computer generating a randompiece of music that hasnt been painstakingly created by an artist is almost seen as sacrilegious（亵渎神圣的）.Regardless of which side of the argument you fall on，it seems likely that the use of Al in music production will only become more frequent.Our modern world is preoccupied with technological advancements.Instead of shying away from the idea of this bleak future，the best approach to take is one of optimism and curiosity.While there are always bound to be stubborn old-school musicians who refuse to use tech，music producers should consider AI as something to be embraced. AI music software is still very much in its infancy，but with more investors interested in the development and outcomes of such technology，and considering the rapid growth rate of other tech advances in recent years，its only a matter of time until AI-produced music is seen as the new norm.

井冈山地处湖南江西两省交界处，因其辉煌的革命历史被誉为“中国革命红色摇篮”。1927年10月，毛泽东、朱德等老一辈革命家率领中国工农红军来到这里，开展了艰苦卓绝的斗争，创建了第一个农村革命根据地，点燃了中国革命的星星之火，开辟了“农村包围(besiege)城市，武装夺取政权”这一具有中国特色的革命道路，中国革命从这里迈向胜利。井冈山现有100多处革命旧址，成为一个“没有围墙的革命历史博物馆”，是爱国主义和革命传统教育的重要基地。

Tales of schools filled with disgusting smell from rotten building materials, as well as schools built on former industrial sites or in the shadow of chemical factories, can be found all across the country. And research such as one study underway at the University of Michigan suggests that the problem of school environmental hazards may disproportionately endanger poor children and those of color. Preliminary findings of the ongoing study, led by Paul Mohai, suggest the scope of the problem of school pollution and its impact on performance. Their team divided their state into 10 zones based on the concentration of pollutants, and found that 56 percent of white students attend schools in these zones, while 69 percent of Hispanic (西班牙裔的) children and a shocking 92 percent of black students do. They also found that children in schools with higher concentrations of pollutants tend to score lower on standardized tests than children in less polluted schools, though they cannot say with certainty to what extent the pollution is the cause. The increased vulnerability of children of color, says Daria Neal of the Lawyers' Committee, is the legacy of discriminatory housing policy and zoning laws. People of color were historically confined to undesirable neighborhoods, which were often near sources of environmental pollution, like highways and electrical facilities. Schools in polluted neighborhoods would, therefore, be expected to be polluted as well. But another one of Mohai's early findings in Michigan suggests that something even more disturbing contributes to the problem: the schools located in the most polluted zones tend to be in spots that are even more polluted than their surrounding neighborhoods. In other words, schools are often put in toxic spots or polluters are allowed to move in next door. This is likely because often in urban areas the only real estate available to cash-strapped (缺钱的) school districts is polluted land that no one else would want. Part of the problem is that schools fall into a regulatory gray area. Even if the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) steps up its emphasis on school quality, it has no direct supervision of how schools are built and operated. And in many states, health and environmental-quality departments have limited authority over schools that operate under independent school boards. Occupational safety agencies may step in to protect teachers in their workplaces, but there is no official agency charged with protecting children at school. All of that may help explain why resource-limited school districts sometimes turn deaf ears to parents' complaints of environmental hazards in their children's schools.

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When a group of Australians was asked why they believed climate change was not happening，about 36% said it was "common sense", according to a report published last year by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. This was the most popular reasonfor their opinion, with only 11% saying their belief that climate change was not happening wasbased on scientific research.But what do we mean by an appeal to common sense? Presumably its an appeal to rationality of some sort that forms the basis of more complex reasoning. The appeal to common sense, however, is usually nothing more than an appeal to thinking that just feels right, but what feels right to one person may not feel right to another. Whether it feels right is usually a reflection of the world view and ideologies we have internalised, and that frames how we interact with new ideas. When new ideas are in accord with what we already believe, they are more readily accepted.When they are not, they, and the arguments that lead to them, are more readily rejected.We often mistake this automatic compatibility testing of new ideas with existing beliefs as an application of common sense. But, in reality, it is more about judging than thinking. As nobelist Daniel Kahneman notes in Thinking Fast and Slow, when we arrive at conclusions in this way, the outcomes also feel true, regardless of whether they are. We are not psychologically well equipped to judge our own thinking.We are also highly susceptible to a range of cognitive biases, such as giving preference to the first things that come to mind when making decisions or giving weight to evidence. One way we can check our internal biases and inconsistencies is through the social verification of knowledge, in which we test our ideas in a rigorous and systematic way to see if they make sense not just to us, but to other people. The outstanding example of this socially shared cognition is science.That does not mean that individuals are not capable of excellent thinking, nor does it mean no individual is rational. But the extent to which individuals can do this on their own is a function of how well integrated they are with communities of systematic inquiry in the first place. You cant learn to think well by yourself.In matters of science at least, those who value their common sense over methodological, collaborative investigation imagine themselves to be more free in their thinking, unbound by involvement with the group, but in reality they are tightly bound by their capabilities and perspectives. We are smarter together than we are individually, and perhaps thats just common sense.

中国共产党第一次全国代表大会会址位于上海兴业路76号，是一栋典型的上海式住宅，建于1920年秋。1921年7月23日，中国共产党第一次全国代表大会在此召开，大会通过了中国共产党的第一个纲领和第一个决议，选举产生了中央领导机构，宣告了中国共产党的诞生。1952年9月，中共一大会址修复，建立纪念馆并对外开放。纪念馆除了介绍参加一大的代表之外，还介绍党的历史发展进程，现已成为了解党史、缅怀革命先烈的爱国主义教育基地。

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