单选题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Lectures and Discussions. You should analyze the pros and cons of the two main teaching styles and state your own choice. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

单选题 Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project A. The disappointing results of many conventional road transport projects in Africa led some experts to rethink the strategy by which rural transport problems were to be tackled at the beginning of the 1980s. A request for help in improving the availability of transport within the remote Makete District of south-western Tanzania presented the opportunity to try a new approach. B. The concept of 'integrated rural transport' was adopted in the task of examining the transport needs of the rural households in the district. The objective was to reduce the time and effort needed to obtain access to essential goods and services through an improved rural transport system. The underlying assumption was that the time saved would be used instead for activities that would improve the social and economic development of the communities. The Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project (MIRTP) started in 1985 with financial support from the Swiss Development Corporation and was co-ordinated with the help of the Tanzanian government. C. When the project began, Makete District was virtually totally isolated during the rainy season. The regional road was in such bad shape that access to the main towns was impossible for about three months of the year. Road traffic was extremely rare within the district, and alternative means of transport were restricted to donkeys in the north of the district. People relied primarily on the paths, which were slippery and dangerous during the rains. D. Before solutions could be proposed, the problems had to be understood. Little was known about the transport demands of the rural households, so Phase I, between December 1985 and December 1987, focused on research. The socio-economic survey of more than 400 households in the district indicated that a household in Makete spent, on average, seven hours a day on transporting themselves and their goods, a figure which seemed extreme but which has also been obtained in surveys in other rural areas in Africa. Interesting facts regarding transport were found: 95% was on foot; 80% was within the locality; and 70% was related to the collection of water and firewood and travelling to grinding mills. E. Having determined the main transport needs, possible solutions were identified which might reduce the time and burden. During Phase Ⅱ, from January to February 1991, a number of approaches were implemented in an effort to improve mobility and access to transport. F. An improvement of the road network was considered necessary to ensure the import and export of goods to the district. These improvements were carried out using methods that were heavily dependent on labour. In addition to the improvement of roads, these methods provided training in the operation of a mechanical workshop and bus and truck services. However, the difference from the conventional approach was that this time consideration was given to local transport needs outside the road network. G. Most goods were transported along the paths that provide short-cuts up and down the hillsides, but the paths were a real safety risk and made the journey on foot even more arduous. It made sense to improve the paths by building steps, handrails and footbridges. H. It was uncommon to find means of transport that were more efficient than walking but less technologically advanced than motor vehicles. The use of bicycles was constrained by their high cost and the lack of available spare parts. Oxen were not used at all but donkeys were used by a few households in the northern part of the district. MIRTP focused on what would be most appropriate for the inhabitants of Makete in terms of what was available, how much they could afford and what they were willing to accept. After careful consideration, the project chose the promotion of donkeys—a donkey costs less than a bicycle—and the introduction of a locally manufacturable wheelbarrow. I. At the end of Phase Ⅱ, it was clear that the selected approaches to Makete's transport problems had had different degrees of success. Phase Ⅲ, from March 1991 to March 1993, focused on the refinement and institutional isation of these activities. J. The road improvements and accompanying maintenance system had helped make the district centre accessible throughout the year. Essential goods from outside the district had become more readily available at the market, and prices did not fluctuate as much as they had done before. K. Paths and secondary roads were improved only at the request of communities who were willing to participate in construction and maintenance. However, the improved paths impressed the inhabitants, and requests for assistance greatly increased soon after only a few improvements had been completed. L. The efforts to improve the efficiency of the existing transport services were not very successful because most of the motorised vehicles in the district broke down and there were no resources to repair them. Even the introduction of low-cost means of transport was difficult because of the general poverty of the district. The locally manufactured wheelbarrows were still too expensive for all but a few of the households. Modifications to the original design by local carpenters cut production time and costs. Other local carpenters have been trained in the new design so that they can respond to requests. Nevertheless, a locally produced wooden wheelbarrow which costs around 5000 Tanzanian shillings (less than $20) in Makete, and is about one quarter the cost of a metal wheelbarrow, is still too expensive for most people. M. Donkeys, which were imported to the district, have become more common and contribute, in particular, to the transportation of crops and goods to market. Those who have bought donkeys are mainly from richer households but, with an increased supply through local breeding, donkeys should become more affordable. Meanwhile, local initiatives are promoting the renting out of the existing donkeys. N. It should be noted, however, that a donkey, which at 20,000 Tanzanian shillings costs less than a bicycle, is still an investment equal to an average household's income over half a year. This clearly illustrates the need for supplementary measures if one wants to assist the rural poor. O. It would have been easy to criticise the MIRTP for using in the early phases a 'top-down' approach, in which decisions were made by experts and officials before being handed down to communities, but it was necessary to start the process from the level of the governmental authorities of the district. It would have been difficult to respond to the requests of villagers and other rural inhabitants without the support and understanding of district authorities.

单选题 Solve Your Sleep Problems A. There's no one-size-fits-all cure—pick the wrong sleep strategy and you might as well go back to counting sheep. To get the zzz's you need, find the lifestyle solution and medications targeted to your specific dozing dilemma. B. 'There's a growing recognition that using medicinal drugs as sleep aids as you work on improving sleep habits can help nip insomnia (失眠症) in the bud so it doesn't bloom and become an ongoing issue,' says Mary S. Esther, president of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. 'Short-term use is the ideal, but we also know that for people with chronic sleep problems, taking a medication for a longer period of time can make a huge difference in their ability to enjoy life and function well.' C. Today's sleep medications are less likely to cause next-day drowsiness (昏昏欲睡) or addiction than older remedies. Some can be taken intermittently over long periods. This is good news for women, who not only report more sleep problems than men but also take sleep aids 58% more often. D. Sleeping soundly requires finding the lifestyle solution—and, if needed, medicine—geared to your specific type of sleep problem. Read on to see where you fit. 1. It Often Takes You an Hour or More to Fall Asleep E. Avoid caffeine for at least six hours before bedtime and cut out stimulating activities, such as answering e-mails, housecleaning, or watching TV, a habit shared by 90% of people who report sleep problems, according to a poll by the National Sleep Foundation. Instead, shift gears and slow down for about 20 minutes before bed. Take a warm bath, write in a journal, or listen to soothing music. A ritual of relaxing pre-bedtime activities is an automatic stimulus to become sleepy, making it more likely you'll fall asleep. F. Zolpidem tartrate acts quickly to put you to sleep within 15 to 30 minutes on average and, as a benefit, may help you sleep longer and awaken less, according to a recent University of Rochester study of almost 200 men and women. And because it doesn't appear to cause rebound insomnia, it shouldn't prevent you from falling asleep on the nights you don't take it. Since it lasts only four to six hours, there's a low risk of next-day drowsiness. Side effects can include headaches and dizziness, but what is more worrying are reports that this drug can cause sleepwalking, sleepdriving. Many side effects occur because people take extra doses or mix the drug with alcohol. Report any unusual reactions to your doctor. 2. You Wake up and Can't Fall Back to Sleep G. Eliminate dead-of-night disturbances that rouse you. Shut the bedroom door so the cat can't jump on you or place twin-size top sheets and blankets side by side so your husband takes only his covers when he rolls over. Also, avoid alcohol before bed. It may help you fall asleep faster but will likely make you wake up a few hours later and have problems going back to sleep. H. Zaleplon works in less than half an hour, then lasts less than four. A study from St. Luke's Hospital in Chesterfield, Missouri, found zaleplon didn't cause daytime sleepiness in patients given it in the middle of the night, then awakened three and a half hours later. The downside of zaleplon is that if you wake up at 2 or 3 o'clock, you then have to decide whether to take the pill and wait for it to work. If you awaken almost nightly, a low dose of trazodone may be better. This antidepressant is rarely used to treat mood disorders today (other drugs are more efficient), but it is the most-often prescribed drug for problems falling and staying asleep. Side effects of the low doses used to promote sleep may include dizziness, next-day drowsiness, headache, and weight gain. 3. You're a Night Owl Who Can't Fall Asleep Early I. You need to readjust your body's internal clock so that you get sleepy earlier in the evening. Start by exposing yourself to early morning sun. If your room lacks early sun, turn on bright lighting. Going to bed earlier and waking up earlier will be much easier for those who are troubled by the sleep problem. In addition, at least half an hour before your ideal bedtime, get into a low-light environment to trigger your body's production of the sleep-promoting hormone (荷尔蒙). Finally, make your bedroom as dark as possible. If curtains and shades don't completely block out light, consider wearing an eye mask. J. Ramelteon targets the brain part involved in the sleep-wake cycle and helps reset your body clock so that going to bed earlier and waking earlier become more natural, though this may take a week or two. Ramelteon puts you to sleep in less than an hour. 4. You're Sleepless Because of Stress K. Exercise. Working out boosts your brain's feel-good chemicals, easing stress, lifting a low mood and contributing to better sleep. A study of more than 170 women from the Seattle area found that those who followed a moderate intensity walking program for 45 minutes, five mornings a week, were less likely to have trouble falling asleep than those who exercised less or in the evening (working out too close to bedtime may get you excited). Other studies found that practices such as yoga, Tai Chi and stretching also cut stress and help sleep. L. Consider benzodiazepines. These anti-anxiety drugs are commonly prescribed for short-term insomnia. They can put you to sleep in as little as 15 minutes and help you stay asleep, though it causes daytime sleepiness. Besides, benzodiazepines can be addicting, so use only for one or two nights a week or less than two weeks continuously. If stress and sleeplessness linger, a daily antidepressant can be used safely long-term and is especially effective if you also have mild depression. Common side effects: next-day drowsiness and dry mouth. 5. Normal Sleep 'Problems' M. Some that claim to have sleeping problems do not actually have the trouble. Some complain that they sleep less than 7 to 8 hours a night. The fact is that if you're not sleepy the next day, it's okay. There is no magic number of sleep hours people need to feel rested. Some complain that they wake up at 4 or 5 am The fact is that if you went to bed at 9 pm and wake up at 4 or 5 am, you've probably gotten enough sleep; just delay bedtime by two hours so you naturally wake up later. N. Some complain that it takes them longer than five minutes to fall asleep. The fact is that it takes many people an average of 20 minutes to fall asleep once their head hits the pillow. Some complain that they wake up one or two times a night. The fact is that night-waking (to visit the bathroom, for example) isn't considered unhealthy if you can go back to sleep fast and wake up refreshed.

单选题 Acting is such an over-crowded profession that the only advice that should be given to a young person thinking of going on the stage is 'Don't!'. But it is useless to try to discourage someone who feels that he must act, though the chances of his becoming famous are slim. The normal way to begin is to go to a drama school. Usually only students who show promise and talent are accepted, and the course lasts two years. Then the young actor or actress takes up work with a repertory company, usually as an assistant stage manager. This means doing everything that there is to do in the theatre: painting scenery, looking after the furniture, taking care of the costumes, and even acting in very small parts. It is very hard work indeed. The hours are long and the salary is tiny. But young actors with the stage in their blood are happy, waiting for the chances of working with a better company, or perhaps in films or television. Of course, some people have unusual chances which lead to fame and success without this long and dull training. Connie Pratt, for example, was just an ordinary girl working in a bicycle factory. A film producer happened to catch sight of her one morning waiting at a bus stop, as he drove past in his big car. He told the driver to stop, and he got out to speak to the girl. He asked her if she would like to go to the film studio to do a test, and at first she thought he was joking. Then she got angry and said she would call the police. It took the producer twenty minutes to tell Connie that he was serious. Then an appointment was made for her to go to the studio the next day. The test was successful. They gave her some necessary lessons and within a few weeks she was playing the leading part opposite one of the most famous actors of the day. Of course, she was given a more dramatic name, which is now world-famous. But chances like this happen once in a blue moon!

单选题 腾讯QQ QQ是目前在中国使用很广的一种即时通讯工具，它基于因特网，可以方便人们随时随地进行在线交流。QQ由腾讯(Tencent)公司开发，其标志(logo)为可爱的小企鹅图像。QQ可以支持在线聊天、视频电话、文件传输、音乐、游戏、邮箱等多种功能。现在QQ已经成为世界上最大的中文在线社区，拥有约7亿个活跃用户。人们已经越来越习惯于用QQ交流，QQ成为最受中国网民喜爱的软件之一。QQ已经融入人们的生活，丰富着人们的精神世界。

单选题 Dare to Dream Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark 'If you don't know where you are going, no road will get you there.' You can cite examples to illustrate your point. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

单选题 Questions19-21 are based on the recording yon have just heard.

单选题 A recent study discovered that after surviving a heart attack, women have a slightly higher risk than men of dying in the next 30 days. The finding, researchers say, likely reflects the differences in the type of heart failure women experience, as well as the severity of the condition. (When the severity of the heart attack was taken into consideration, the mortality rates were more comparable between men and women.) The study examined medical records for more than 136,000 patients who had suffered from acute coronary syndromes (ACS急性冠状动脉综合症). They found that, in the month after first suffering ACS, the mortality rate among men was 5.3%, compared with 9.6% in women. Under the umbrella term ACS there are multiple conditions—including heart attack caused by either completely or partially blocked blood supply, and what doctors refer to as 'unstable angina(心绞痛),' or when slowly decreasing blood and oxygen supply causes tightness in the chest, often a precursor (前兆)to the more severe types of heart attack. In this study, a heart attack caused by completely or nearly completely blocked blood supply was more likely to result in death after 30 days for women, compared with men. But for slightly less severe incidents, in which blood flow was partially or temporarily blocked, or in cases of unstable angina, women had lower mortality rates in the following 30 days than men did. The differences, which incorporate both sex and type of ACS, suggest to researchers that physicians should take gender into consideration when assessing patients, and deciding on the best course of treatment or prevention. Women, who in the study tended to be older than men when they suffered heart attack, were also more likely to have concurrent complications (并发症)such as diabetes(糖尿病)or hypertension(高血压). And whereas men were more likely to have narrowed coronary arteries(冠状动脉), which was less frequently the case among women. After a more severe incident, the fact that women had a greater risk for death suggested to doctors that it might be due to the subsequent reduction in blood flow. On the other hand, that they got along better than men after the less severe forms of ACS—partial blockage or unstable angina—was likely a result of the generally less severe blockages seen in women, as compared to men. Heart disease is the leading cause of death among both men and women, and though, overall women's health outcomes continue to be slightly worse than men's, they are improving. And, researchers hope, with more studies illuminating the way in which heart disease uniquely impacts women and men, new gender-specific treatment methods may be the way of the future.

单选题 Breeding in most organisms occurs during a part of the year only, and so a reliable cue is needed to trigger breeding behaviour. Day length is an excellent cue, because it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of change within a year. In the temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate greatly from day to day, but day length increases steadily by a predictable amount. The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable. For example, some species of birds' breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964). Other examples of photoperiodism occur in plants. A short-day plant flowers when the day is less than a certain critical length. A long-day plant flowers after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. Plants which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants. Breeding seasons in animals such as birds have evolved to occupy the part of the year in which offspring have the greatest chances of survival. Before the breeding season begins, food reserves must be built up to support the energy cost of reproduction, and to provide for young birds both when they are in the nest and after fledging. Thus many temperate-zone birds use the increased day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting cycle, because this is a point when adequate food resources will be assured. The adaptive significance of photoperiodism in plane is also clear. Short-day plane that flower in spring in the temperate zone are adapted to maximising seedling growth during the growing season. Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by insects, or a long period of seed ripening. Short-day plane that flower in the autumn in the temperate zone are able to build up food reserves over the growing season and over winter as seeds. Day-neutral plane have an evolutionary advantage when the connection between the favourable period for reproduction and day length is much less certain. For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length. The breeding season of some plants can be delayed to extraordinary lengths. Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976). Every bamboo of the species Chusquea abietifolio on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884. The next generation of bamboo flowered and died between 1916 and 1918, which suggests a vegetative cycle of about 31 years. The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not-yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear. The simultaneous production of masses of bamboo seeds (in some cases lying 12 to 15 centimetres deep on the ground) is more than all the seed-eating animals can cope with at the time, so that some seeds escape being eaten and grow up to form the next generation (Evans 1976).

单选题 Questions22-24 are based on the recording you have just heard.

单选题 Questions20-22 are based on the recording you have just heard.

单选题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on traditional Chinese culture in college education. Your essay should include the current situation of traditional Chinese culture in college education and measures to be taken to encourage it. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.