单选题. Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.1.

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单选题. Picture a typical MBA lecture theatre twenty years ago. In it the majority of students will have conformed to the standard model of the time: male, middle class and Western. Walk into a class today, however, and you'll get a completely different impression. For a start, you will now see plenty more women—the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School, for example, boasts that 40% of its new enrolment is female. You will also see a wide range of ethnic groups and nationals of practically every country. It might be tempting, therefore, to think that the old barriers have been broken down and equal opportunity achieved. But, increasingly this apparent diversity is becoming a mask for a new type of conformity. Behind the differences in sex, skin tones and mother tongues, there are common attitudes, expectations and ambitions which risk creating a set of clones among the business leaders of the future. Diversity, it seems, has not helped to address fundamental weaknesses in business leadership. So what can be done to create more effective managers of the commercial world? According to Valerie Gauthier, associate dean at HEC Paris, the key lies in the process by which MBA programmes recruit their students. At the moment candidates are selected on a fairly narrow set of criteria such as prior academic and career performance, and analytical and problem solving abilities. This is then coupled to a school's picture of what a diverse class should look like, with the result that passport, ethnic origin and sex can all become influencing factors. But schools rarely dig down to find out what really makes an applicant succeed, to create a class which also contains diversity of attitude and approach—arguably the only diversity that in a business context, really matters. Professor Gauthier believes schools should not just be selecting candidates from traditional sectors such as banking, consultancy and industry. They should also be seeking individuals who have backgrounds in areas such as political science, the creative arts, history or philosophy, which will allow them to put business decisions into a wider context. Indeed, there does seem to be a demand for the more rounded leaders such diversity might create. A study by Mannaz, a leadership development company, suggests that, while the bully-boy chief executive of old may not have been eradicated completely, there is a definite shift in emphasis towards less tough styles of management—at least in America and Europe. Perhaps most significant, according to Mannaz, is the increasing interest large companies have in more collaborative management models, such as those prevalent in Scandinavia, which seek to integrate the hard and soft aspects of leadership and encourage delegated responsibility and accountability.1. What characterises the business school student population of today? ______

单选题. Questions 13 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.5.

单选题Questions 1 to 10 are based on the following passage.The Arctic is in a death spiral.The top of our world is____1____up faster than anywhere else on the planet,____2____new records for the speed and a

单选题Questions 1 to 10 are based on the following passage.More than half of American adults____1____vitamin pills.Data from the National Health and Nutri-tion Examination Survey NHANES____2____a trend away

单选题Parents’Homework：Find Perfect Teachers for KidsATomi Hall did what she could to lobby for the best teachers for her two children, making her case this spring in letters to the principal.Then all she c

单选题. One of the great mysteries of autism is why many more boys are diagnosed with the disorder than girls. In the United States, 80 percent of people with autism spectrum disorder are male. It's long been known that different kinds of disorders tend to affect men and women at different rates: males are more likely to suffer from substance abuse issues, for example, and in general women are more likely to suffer from problems like depression or anxiety, as a book called The Stressed Sex has argued. But with autism, the gender disparity is particularly pronounced. A new study, published today in the American Journal of Human Genetics, provides a clue to the mystery of gender and genetics in autism. The study involved 762 families that had been affected by autism spectrum disorder, and looked for two kinds of genetic mutations (基因突变): the first is known as a copy-number variant, or CNV, and the second is called single-nucleotide variant, or SNV. Surprisingly, they discovered that the females in the study had a greater number of genetic mutations than the males. (Genetic mutations can be tied, in general, with neurodevelopmental disorders.) In a group of 653 male subjects and 109 females with autism, they found that the females had roughly two to three times as many CNVs. They discovered more SNVs in females, too. In other words, the study suggests that it takes more mutations to lead to an autism diagnosis in females. The results paint a picture of female resilience—and male susceptibility. As the study posits (断定), "the male brain requires milder alterations to exhibit" autism spectrum disorder, which "might be the basis for what has been described as the 'extreme male brain hypothesis,'" which has been put forward by autism researchers like Simon Baron-Cohen (incidentally, actor Sacha Baron Cohen's cousin). Eric Butter, a pediatric (儿科的) neurodevelopmental psychologist and an associate professor of pediatrics at Ohio State University who works with children with autism and other disabilities, called the study "an important 'aha' moment." Butter says the study gives "good evidence" for a genetic basis to why "boys apparently are more vulnerable to neurodevelopmental disorders and autism than girls." While the study focuses on the number of genetic mutations in females and males, Butter says an important, and related, part of the autism-gender puzzle is how it's diagnosed, specifically in girls. "Are we asking the diagnostic questions wrong?" he wonders. Girls tend to exhibit more severe symptoms when they have been diagnosed with the disorder. Butter wants to know if girls with more mild autistic symptoms might be being missed because of societal expectations. A girl who doesn't raise her hand in class might just be written off as shy, for example, where a boy in the same situation might get more attention, possibly leading to a diagnosis.1. What has been known about disorders before the study?

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单选题. Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1.

单选题 I wish to thank Professor Smith

单选题. Many who think they have food allergies (过敏) actually do not. A new report, commissioned by the federal government, finds the field is full of poorly done studies, misdiagnoses and tests that can give misleading results. While there is no doubt that people can be allergic to certain foods, the true incidence of food allergies is only about 8 percent for children and less than 5 percent for adults, said Dr. Marc Riedl, an author of the new paper and an allergist and immunologist at the University of California, Los Angeles. Yet about 30 percent of the population believe they have food allergies. And, Dr. Riedl said, about half the patients coming to his clinic because they had been told they had a food allergy did not really have one. Dr. Riedl does not dismiss the seriousness of some people's responses to foods. But, he says, "That accounts for a small percentage of what people term 'food allergies.'" Even people who had food allergies as children may not have them as adults. People often shed allergies, though no one knows why. And sometimes people develop food allergies as adults, again for unknown reasons. For their report, Dr. Riedl and his colleagues reviewed all the papers they could find on food allergies-more than 12,000 articles. In the end, only 72 met their criteria, which included having sufficient data for analysis and using more rigorous tests for allergic responses. "Everyone has a different definition" of a food allergy, said Dr. Jennifer J. Schneider Chafen, the lead author of the new report. People who receive a diagnosis after one of the two tests most often used—piercing the skin and injecting a tiny amount of the suspect food and looking in blood for IgE antibodies (抗体), the type associated with allergies—have less than a 50 percent chance of actually having a food allergy, the investigators found. One way to see such a reaction is with what is called a food challenge, giving people a suspect food disguised so they do not know if they are eating it or a placebo (安慰剂) food. If the disguised food causes a reaction, the person has an allergy. But in practice, most doctors are reluctant to use food challenges, Dr. Riedl said. They believe the test to be time consuming, and worry about asking people to consume a food, like peanuts, that can elicit a frightening response. The paper, to be published Wednesday in The Journal of the American Medical Association, is part of a large project organized by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases to try to impose order on the chaos of food allergy testing. An expert panel will provide guidelines defining food allergies and giving criteria to diagnose and manage patients. They hope to have a final draft by the end of June.1. The word "shed" in the 3rd paragraph means closest to "______".

单选题. Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.7.

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单选题. Acting is such an over-crowded profession that the only advice that should be given to a young person thinking of going on the stage is "Don't!" But it is useless to try to discourage someone who feels that he must act, though the chances of his becoming famous are slim. The normal way to begin is to go to a drama school. Usually only students who show promise and talent are accepted, and the course lasts two years. Then the young actor or actress takes up work with a repertory company, usually as an assistant stage manager. This means doing everything that there is to do in the theatre: painting scenery, looking after the furniture, taking care of the costumes, and even acting in very small parts. It is very hard work indeed. The hours are long and the salary is tiny. But young actors with the stage in their blood are happy, waiting for the chances of working with a better company, or perhaps in films or television. Of course, some people have unusual chances which lead to fame and success without this long and dull training. Connie Pratt, for example, was just an ordinary girl working in a bicycle factory. A film producer happened to catch sight of her one morning waiting at a bus stop, as he drove past in his big car. He told the driver to stop, and he got out to speak to the girl. He asked her if she would like to go to the film studio to do a test, and at first she thought he was joking. Then she got angry and said she would call the police. It took the producer twenty minutes to tell Connie that he was serious. Then an appointment was made for her to go to the studio the next day. The test was successful. They gave her some necessary lessons and within a few weeks she was playing the leading part opposite one of the most famous actors of the day. Of course, she was given a more dramatic name, which is now world-famous. But chances like this happen once in a blue moon!1. According to the passage, the main reason why young people should be discouraged from becoming actors is ______.

单选题. The Alzheimer's Association and the National Alliance for Caregiving estimate that men make up nearly 40 percent of family care providers now, up from 19 percent in a study conducted by the Alzheimer's Association a decade ago. About 17 million men are caring for an adult. Women still provide the bulk of family care, especially intimate tasks like bathing and dressing. Many complain that their brothers are treated like heroes just for showing up. But with smaller families and more women working full-time, many men have no choice but to take on roles that would have been alien to their fathers. Often they are overshadowed by their female counterparts and faced with employers, friends, support organizations and even parents who view caregiving as an essentially female role. Male caregivers are more likely to say they feel unprepared for the role and become socially isolated, and less likely to ask for help. "Isolation affects women as well, but men tend to have fewer lifeline. They are less likely to have friends going through similar experiences, and depend more on their jobs for daily human contact." Dr. Donna Wagner, the director of gerontology (老年学) at Towson University and one of the few researchers who has studied sons as caregivers, said. In past generations, men might have pointed to their accomplishments as breadwinners or fathers. Now, some men say they worry about the conflict between caring for their parents and these other roles. In a study at three Fortune 500 companies, Dr. Donna Wagner found that men were less likely to use employee-assistance programs for caregivers because they feared it would be held against them. "Even though the company has endorsed the program, your supervisors may have a different opinion." Dr. Wagner said. Matt Kassin, 51, worked for a large company with very generous benefits, and his employer had been understanding. But he was reluctant to talk about his caregiving because he thought "when they hire a male, they expect him to be 100 percent focused." And he didn't want to appear to be someone who had distractions that detracted (破坏) from performance. For many men, the new role means giving up their self-image as experts, said Louis Colbert, director of the office of services for the aging in Delaware County, Pa., who has shared care of his 84-year-old mother with his siblings since her Alzheimer's made it necessary. Once a year, Mr. Colbert organizes a get-together for male caregivers. The concerns they raise, he said, are different from those of women in support groups. "Very clearly, they said they wanted their roles as caregivers validated, because in our society, as a whole, men as caregivers have been invisible," he said.1. What can we know about men according to the Alzheimer's Association and the National Alliance for Caregiving?______

单选题19. Of all the soldiers they had the ______ of being the fiercest, the most patriotic, the toughest.

单选题23. The heavily populated area was a breeding place for ______ diseases.

单选题. Questions 20 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.5.