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SECTIONAMULTIPLECHOICEQUESTIONSInthissectiontherearethreepassagesfollowedbytenmultiplechoicequestions.Foreachmultiplechoicequestion,therearefoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosetheonethatyouthinkisthebestanswerandmarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETTWO.PASSAGEONE(1)Sixmonthsbeforeshedied,mygrandmothermovedintoanoldpeopleshomeandIvisitedherthere.Shewassittinginthelivingroomwithaboutfifteenotherresidents,mostlywomen,halfofthemasleep.Theroomwascleanandwarm,withflowersandpictures,andthecareassistantswerekindandcheerful.Atalkshowwasonthetelevision,andtheonlyothersoundwassnoringandembarrassingdigestivenoises.Peopleonlymovedwhentheyneededtobehelpedtothebathroom.Itwasdepressing.Grantalkedalotabouthowmuchshemissedseeinghergrandchildren,butIknewfrommysisterthattheyhatedgoingtovisitherthereand,tobeperfectlyhonest,Icouldntwaittogetawaymyself.(2)SoIwasinterestedtoreadanewspaperarticleaboutanewconceptinoldpeopleshomes.Theideaissimple,butrevolutionary:combiningaresidentialhomefortheelderlywithanurseryschoolinthesamebuilding.Thechildrenandtheresidentseatlunchtogetherandshareactivitiessuchasmusic,painting,gardeningandcaringforthepetswhichtheresidentsareencouragedtokeep.Intheafternoons,theresidentsenjoyreadingortellingstoriestothechildrenand,ifachildisfeelingsadortired,thereisalwaysakindlaptositonandacuddle.Therearetripsoutandbirthdaypartiestoo.(3)Theadvantagesareenormousforeveryoneconcerned.Thechildrenarehappybecausetheygetalotmoreindividualattentionandrespondwellbecausesomeonehastimeforthem.Theyalsolearnthatoldpeoplearenotdifferentorfrighteninginanyway.Andofcourse,theyseeillnessanddeathandlearntoacceptthem.Theresidentsarehappybecausetheyfeelusefulandneeded.Theyaremoreactiveandmoreinterestedinlifewhenthechildrenarearoundandtheytakemoreinterestintheirappearancetoo.Andthestaffarehappybecausetheyseeanimprovementinthephysicalandpsychologicalhealthoftheresidents.(4)Nowadaysthereislessandlesscontactbetweentheoldandtheyoung.Therearemanyreasonsforthis,includingthebreakdownoftheextendedfamily,workingparentswithnotimetocareforageingrelations,familiesthathavemovedawayandsmallerflatswithnoroomforgrandparents.Buttheresultisthesame:increasingnumbersofchildrenwithoutgrandparentsandoldpeoplewhohavenocontactwithchildren.Andmoreoldpeoplewhoarelonelyandfeeluseless,alongwithmoreandmorefamilieswithyoungchildrenwhodesperatelyneedmoresupport.Itsamajorprobleminmanysocieties.(5)Thatswhyinter-generationalprograms,designedtobringtheoldandtheyoungtogether,aregrowinginpopularityallovertheworld,supportedbyUNESCOandotherlocalandinternationalorganizations.Thereareexamplesofsuccessfulinitiativesallovertheworld.UsingyoungpeopletoteachITskillstoolderpeopleisoneobviousexample.Usingoldpeopleasvolunteerassistantsinschoolsisanother,perhapsreadingwithchildrenwhoneedextraattention.Thereareschemeswhichinvolveolderpeoplevisitingfamilieswhoarehavingproblems,maybelookingafterthechildrenforawhiletogivethetiredmotherabreak.Oradoptagrandparentschemesinwhichchildrenwritelettersorvisitalonelyoldpersonintheirarea.Thereareevenholidaycompaniesthatspecializeinholidaysforchildrenandgrandparentstogether.Oneofthesuccessfulschemespairsyoungvolunteerswitholdpeoplewhoarelosingtheirsight.Theyoungpeoplehelpwithpracticalthingssuchashelpingwithonlineshopping,andtheolderpeoplecanpassontheirknowledgeandexperiencetotheiryoungvisitors.Forexample,aretiredjudgemaybepairedwithateenagerwhowantstostudylaw.Lastingfriendshipsoftendevelop.(6)Butitisntonlytheindividualsconcernedwhogainfrominter-generationalactivities.Theadvantagestosocietyareenormoustoo.Ifolderpeoplecanunderstandandaccepttheyouthoftoday,andviceversa,therewillbelessconflictinacommunity.Inaworldwherethenumberofoldpeopleisincreasing,weneedasmuchunderstandingandtoleranceaspossible.Modernsocietyhasisolatedpeopleintoagegroupsandnowweneedtorediscoverwhatcommunityreallymeans.Andwecanusethestrengthsofonegenerationtohelpanother.Thenperhapsgettingoldwontbesuchadepressingprospectafterall.PASSAGETWO(1)Myfathersyoungestbrother,UncleChul,sharedtheLeesfamouslybadreactiontoliquor,whichwastoturnbeet-redintheface,growdizzyandfinallygetsick.Inspiteofthis,hewasalwayshappytostayuplateatfamilygatherings.Afterafewglassesofwhiskyhewouldreallyloosenup,and,withthenotableexceptionofmymother,weallappreciatedhisroughlanguageandstories.OnlywhenMothercameinfromthekitchenwouldhistalksoften,forheknewhehadalwaysfallenshortinhereyes.Iftheywereeveralonetogether,sayinthekitchen,afterdinner,hewouldusethemostdecorous(得体的)voiceinaskingforaglassorafreshbucketofice,andevenoffertohelploadthedishwasherorrunanerrandtothestore.(2)Ononeofthosenightswespedoff,bothhappyforabreakinthelongevening.Heaskedmeaboutschool,whatsportsIwasplaying,buttheconversationinevitablyturnedtowardmyparents,andparticularlymymother—howmuchshehadinvestedinme,thatIwashergreathope.Ithoughtitwasoddthathewasspeakingthisway,likemyotherrelatives,andIansweredwithsomecriticismofher—thatshewastooanxiousandoverbearing.Hestaredatmeand,withahardsolemnityIhadnotheardfromhimbefore,saidthatmymotherwasoneofthefinestpeopleonecouldeverknow.HekeptagriponthewheelandintheensuingquietofthedriveIcouldsensehowhemusthavebothadmiredanddespisedher.Inmanyrespects,mymotherwasanunrelentingwoman.Shetendedtomeasurepeoplebythemarkofafewprinciplesofconduct,asknohelpfromanyone,alwaysplanforthelongrunandpractice(herownvariationof)thegoldenrule,whichwastotreatothersmuchbetterthanoneself.(3)Inhermind,UncleChulsorelylackedonalltheseaccounts.Intheweeksfollowingourdrive,myfatherwouldbedecidingwhethertolendhim$10,000tostartabusiness.Asalwaysafterdinner,myparentssatinthekitchenandspokeinKorean,underthelightofafluorescentring.Mymother,inmanywaysthedirectorofthefamily,questionedmyunclescharacterandwill.Hadntheperformedpoorlyinschool,failedtofinishcollege?Hadnthespentmostofhisyouthperfectinghisskillsasablackbeltintaekwondo(跆拳道)andhisbilliardsgame?Wasntheagamblerinspirit?(4)Myfathercoulddefendhimonlyweakly.UncleChulhadahistoryofworkinghardonlywhenrewardwaswellwithinsight,likecashpiledhighontheendofapooltable.Hisolderbrotherswereallrespectedprofessionalsandacademics.Myfatherwasadoctor,apsychiatristwhohadtaughthimselfEnglishinordertopracticeinVancouver.UncleChulhadleftKoreaafteraseriesoffailedventuresandoddjobs,andfoundhimselfbrokewithawifeandnewbaby.Howvaluablewerehistaekwondotrophiesnow?Whatcouldhepossiblydointhiscountry?(5)Myparentsarguedfiercelyandmyfatherleftthekitchen.Butaswasmymothersway,shekeptonpushinghersideoftheissue,thinkingaloud.Myfatherwasthrowingawayhishard-earnedmoneyonthenaivewishthathislittlebrotherhadmagicallychanged.UncleChulwasapoorriskandevennowwascomplainingabouthispresentjob,haulingandcleaningproduceforagreengrocer.Hewouldgettothestoreat4a.m.topreparevegetablesforthedaysselling.Whilehesharedasofabedwithhisnephewinhisolderbrotherstinyapartment,hiswifeandinfantdaughterwerestillinSeoul,waitingforhimtomakeenoughmoneytosendforthem.PASSAGETHREE(1)DeepinthejunglesofColombiathereisakindofflowerthatattractsbeeswithitsuniqueperfume.InVenezuelathereisaflowerpeoplecollectforitslargewhiteoryellowpetals.Fewpeopleeverfindit,though,sinceitonlybloomsforafewdays.ThereisasmallpinkandyellowflowerthatonlygrowsinaveryspecificpartofthestateofFlorida.Italsoonlygrowsontrees,andwindorbirdsmayspreaditsseeds.Theseflowersaresomeofthemostrareanddelicatespeciesinallofnature.Theyarealltypesoforchids(兰花).(2)Forhundredsofyearsorchidshavebeenprizeddiscoveriesofcollectorsandadventurershopingtofindnewandexoticbreedsoftheflower.InherbookTheOrchidThief,authorSusanOrleantellshowinthe1800sorchidsbecamepopularinEurope,whichmadethemveryvaluable.Manyorchidhunterssetouttofindandbringbacknewtypesoforchidstosell.However,manyofthemenwhowentlookingforthemysteriousorchidsmetwithtragedyinstead.(3)Whiletheplantshavelongbeenvaluedfortheirbeauty,theymaybeevenmoreimportanttoscienceandourunderstandingofco-evolution.Unlikeplantsthatcanself-pollinate(自传花粉),orchidsneedveryspecificinsectsorbirdstospreadtheirpollen(花粉).Theprocessbywhichinsects,thewind,orbirdsspreadthepollenofdifferentflowersiscalledpollination.Pollenisapowderproducedbyplantsthatcontainstheirgeneticmaterial.Inorderfortheplantstoreproduce,thepollenmustbephysicallymovedtotheflowersstigma(柱头),whichcontainsanegg.Nowthefertilizedeggcanbecomeaseed.Birdsandinsectscanpollinateplantsbytouchingmanydifferentflowersandspreadingthepollenaround.(4)Orchidsevolvedtoattractinsectsandbirds.Becausetherearemanydifferentspeciesoforchid,therearealsomanydifferentwaystheorchidsattracttheirpollinators.Orleanexplainsthatmanyspecieslooksomuchliketheirfavoriteinsectsthattheinsectmistakesthemforkin[otherinsects],andwhenitlandsontheflowertovisit,pollenstickstoitsbody...Anotherorchidimitatestheshapeofsomethingthatapollinatinginsectlikestokill...Otherspecieslooklikethemateoftheirpollinator,sotheinsecttriestomatewithoneorchidandthenanother...andspreadspollenfromflowertoflowereachhopelesstime.(5)Otherorchidsdontusetheirshapeatall,butratherproducespecializedscentstoattractspecificinsects,suchasbees,beetlesorflies.Someorchidssmelllikecake,somelikechocolate,andsomelikerottingmeat.Allthesesmellsmayseemweird,buttheyexisttolurecreaturestotheirpollenandhelptheorchidssurvive.Thestrategiestoattractinsectsandspreadtheirflowerspollengoonandon.Eachfamilyoforchidshasauniquekindofinsectorbirdthatvisitstheirflowers,aswellasitsownwayofattractingthem.Ithasworked,too.AccordingtoNOVA,asciencetelevisionseries,orchidspeciesnumbermorethan25,000worldwide.Thatismorekindsofspeciesthananyotherflowerontheplanet,andnewonesarestillbeingfound.(6)Orchidsandtheinsectsthatpollinatethemareoneofthemostamazingexamplesofevolution.Thoughtheirdegreeofco-dependencevaries,asitisapparentthatatleastsomeorchidsaremorereliantontheirpollinatorsthanthepollinatorsareontheorchids,thedegreeofevolutionaryspecializationisstillveryimpressive.Researchsuggeststhatcertainspeciesoforchidevolvedspecificallytoattractorchidbees,whichcollectawidevarietyofscentsfromvariousplantsinpreparationformating.Inanothercase,anorchidmimicsafemalessmellandappearance—andthemalepollinatorgetsnothingoutofthebargainwhatsoever.Bytrickingtheinsectsthatcollectitspollen,theorchidhassurvivedsincethetimeofthedinosaurs.
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SECTIONAMULTIPLECHOICEQUESTIONSInthissectiontherearethreepassagesfollowedbytenmultiplechoicequestions.Foreachmultiplechoicequestion,therearefoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosetheonethatyouthinkisthebestanswerandmarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETTWO.PASSAGEONE(1)Sixmonthsbeforeshedied,mygrandmothermovedintoanoldpeopleshomeandIvisitedherthere.Shewassittinginthelivingroomwithaboutfifteenotherresidents,mostlywomen,halfofthemasleep.Theroomwascleanandwarm,withflowersandpictures,andthecareassistantswerekindandcheerful.Atalkshowwasonthetelevision,andtheonlyothersoundwassnoringandembarrassingdigestivenoises.Peopleonlymovedwhentheyneededtobehelpedtothebathroom.Itwasdepressing.Grantalkedalotabouthowmuchshemissedseeinghergrandchildren,butIknewfrommysisterthattheyhatedgoingtovisitherthereand,tobeperfectlyhonest,Icouldntwaittogetawaymyself.(2)SoIwasinterestedtoreadanewspaperarticleaboutanewconceptinoldpeopleshomes.Theideaissimple,butrevolutionary:combiningaresidentialhomefortheelderlywithanurseryschoolinthesamebuilding.Thechildrenandtheresidentseatlunchtogetherandshareactivitiessuchasmusic,painting,gardeningandcaringforthepetswhichtheresidentsareencouragedtokeep.Intheafternoons,theresidentsenjoyreadingortellingstoriestothechildrenand,ifachildisfeelingsadortired,thereisalwaysakindlaptositonandacuddle.Therearetripsoutandbirthdaypartiestoo.(3)Theadvantagesareenormousforeveryoneconcerned.Thechildrenarehappybecausetheygetalotmoreindividualattentionandrespondwellbecausesomeonehastimeforthem.Theyalsolearnthatoldpeoplearenotdifferentorfrighteninginanyway.Andofcourse,theyseeillnessanddeathandlearntoacceptthem.Theresidentsarehappybecausetheyfeelusefulandneeded.Theyaremoreactiveandmoreinterestedinlifewhenthechildrenarearoundandtheytakemoreinterestintheirappearancetoo.Andthestaffarehappybecausetheyseeanimprovementinthephysicalandpsychologicalhealthoftheresidents.(4)Nowadaysthereislessandlesscontactbetweentheoldandtheyoung.Therearemanyreasonsforthis,includingthebreakdownoftheextendedfamily,workingparentswithnotimetocareforageingrelations,familiesthathavemovedawayandsmallerflatswithnoroomforgrandparents.Buttheresultisthesame:increasingnumbersofchildrenwithoutgrandparentsandoldpeoplewhohavenocontactwithchildren.Andmoreoldpeoplewhoarelonelyandfeeluseless,alongwithmoreandmorefamilieswithyoungchildrenwhodesperatelyneedmoresupport.Itsamajorprobleminmanysocieties.(5)Thatswhyinter-generationalprograms,designedtobringtheoldandtheyoungtogether,aregrowinginpopularityallovertheworld,supportedbyUNESCOandotherlocalandinternationalorganizations.Thereareexamplesofsuccessfulinitiativesallovertheworld.UsingyoungpeopletoteachITskillstoolderpeopleisoneobviousexample.Usingoldpeopleasvolunteerassistantsinschoolsisanother,perhapsreadingwithchildrenwhoneedextraattention.Thereareschemeswhichinvolveolderpeoplevisitingfamilieswhoarehavingproblems,maybelookingafterthechildrenforawhiletogivethetiredmotherabreak.Oradoptagrandparentschemesinwhichchildrenwritelettersorvisitalonelyoldpersonintheirarea.Thereareevenholidaycompaniesthatspecializeinholidaysforchildrenandgrandparentstogether.Oneofthesuccessfulschemespairsyoungvolunteerswitholdpeoplewhoarelosingtheirsight.Theyoungpeoplehelpwithpracticalthingssuchashelpingwithonlineshopping,andtheolderpeoplecanpassontheirknowledgeandexperiencetotheiryoungvisitors.Forexample,aretiredjudgemaybepairedwithateenagerwhowantstostudylaw.Lastingfriendshipsoftendevelop.(6)Butitisntonlytheindividualsconcernedwhogainfrominter-generationalactivities.Theadvantagestosocietyareenormoustoo.Ifolderpeoplecanunderstandandaccepttheyouthoftoday,andviceversa,therewillbelessconflictinacommunity.Inaworldwherethenumberofoldpeopleisincreasing,weneedasmuchunderstandingandtoleranceaspossible.Modernsocietyhasisolatedpeopleintoagegroupsandnowweneedtorediscoverwhatcommunityreallymeans.Andwecanusethestrengthsofonegenerationtohelpanother.Thenperhapsgettingoldwontbesuchadepressingprospectafterall.PASSAGETWO(1)Myfathersyoungestbrother,UncleChul,sharedtheLeesfamouslybadreactiontoliquor,whichwastoturnbeet-redintheface,growdizzyandfinallygetsick.Inspiteofthis,hewasalwayshappytostayuplateatfamilygatherings.Afterafewglassesofwhiskyhewouldreallyloosenup,and,withthenotableexceptionofmymother,weallappreciatedhisroughlanguageandstories.OnlywhenMothercameinfromthekitchenwouldhistalksoften,forheknewhehadalwaysfallenshortinhereyes.Iftheywereeveralonetogether,sayinthekitchen,afterdinner,hewouldusethemostdecorous(得体的)voiceinaskingforaglassorafreshbucketofice,andevenoffertohelploadthedishwasherorrunanerrandtothestore.(2)Ononeofthosenightswespedoff,bothhappyforabreakinthelongevening.Heaskedmeaboutschool,whatsportsIwasplaying,buttheconversationinevitablyturnedtowardmyparents,andparticularlymymother—howmuchshehadinvestedinme,thatIwashergreathope.Ithoughtitwasoddthathewasspeakingthisway,likemyotherrelatives,andIansweredwithsomecriticismofher—thatshewastooanxiousandoverbearing.Hestaredatmeand,withahardsolemnityIhadnotheardfromhimbefore,saidthatmymotherwasoneofthefinestpeopleonecouldeverknow.HekeptagriponthewheelandintheensuingquietofthedriveIcouldsensehowhemusthavebothadmiredanddespisedher.Inmanyrespects,mymotherwasanunrelentingwoman.Shetendedtomeasurepeoplebythemarkofafewprinciplesofconduct,asknohelpfromanyone,alwaysplanforthelongrunandpractice(herownvariationof)thegoldenrule,whichwastotreatothersmuchbetterthanoneself.(3)Inhermind,UncleChulsorelylackedonalltheseaccounts.Intheweeksfollowingourdrive,myfatherwouldbedecidingwhethertolendhim$10,000tostartabusiness.Asalwaysafterdinner,myparentssatinthekitchenandspokeinKorean,underthelightofafluorescentring.Mymother,inmanywaysthedirectorofthefamily,questionedmyunclescharacterandwill.Hadntheperformedpoorlyinschool,failedtofinishcollege?Hadnthespentmostofhisyouthperfectinghisskillsasablackbeltintaekwondo(跆拳道)andhisbilliardsgame?Wasntheagamblerinspirit?(4)Myfathercoulddefendhimonlyweakly.UncleChulhadahistoryofworkinghardonlywhenrewardwaswellwithinsight,likecashpiledhighontheendofapooltable.Hisolderbrotherswereallrespectedprofessionalsandacademics.Myfatherwasadoctor,apsychiatristwhohadtaughthimselfEnglishinordertopracticeinVancouver.UncleChulhadleftKoreaafteraseriesoffailedventuresandoddjobs,andfoundhimselfbrokewithawifeandnewbaby.Howvaluablewerehistaekwondotrophiesnow?Whatcouldhepossiblydointhiscountry?(5)Myparentsarguedfiercelyandmyfatherleftthekitchen.Butaswasmymothersway,shekeptonpushinghersideoftheissue,thinkingaloud.Myfatherwasthrowingawayhishard-earnedmoneyonthenaivewishthathislittlebrotherhadmagicallychanged.UncleChulwasapoorriskandevennowwascomplainingabouthispresentjob,haulingandcleaningproduceforagreengrocer.Hewouldgettothestoreat4a.m.topreparevegetablesforthedaysselling.Whilehesharedasofabedwithhisnephewinhisolderbrotherstinyapartment,hiswifeandinfantdaughterwerestillinSeoul,waitingforhimtomakeenoughmoneytosendforthem.PASSAGETHREE(1)DeepinthejunglesofColombiathereisakindofflowerthatattractsbeeswithitsuniqueperfume.InVenezuelathereisaflowerpeoplecollectforitslargewhiteoryellowpetals.Fewpeopleeverfindit,though,sinceitonlybloomsforafewdays.ThereisasmallpinkandyellowflowerthatonlygrowsinaveryspecificpartofthestateofFlorida.Italsoonlygrowsontrees,andwindorbirdsmayspreaditsseeds.Theseflowersaresomeofthemostrareanddelicatespeciesinallofnature.Theyarealltypesoforchids(兰花).(2)Forhundredsofyearsorchidshavebeenprizeddiscoveriesofcollectorsandadventurershopingtofindnewandexoticbreedsoftheflower.InherbookTheOrchidThief,authorSusanOrleantellshowinthe1800sorchidsbecamepopularinEurope,whichmadethemveryvaluable.Manyorchidhunterssetouttofindandbringbacknewtypesoforchidstosell.However,manyofthemenwhowentlookingforthemysteriousorchidsmetwithtragedyinstead.(3)Whiletheplantshavelongbeenvaluedfortheirbeauty,theymaybeevenmoreimportanttoscienceandourunderstandingofco-evolution.Unlikeplantsthatcanself-pollinate(自传花粉),orchidsneedveryspecificinsectsorbirdstospreadtheirpollen(花粉).Theprocessbywhichinsects,thewind,orbirdsspreadthepollenofdifferentflowersiscalledpollination.Pollenisapowderproducedbyplantsthatcontainstheirgeneticmaterial.Inorderfortheplantstoreproduce,thepollenmustbephysicallymovedtotheflowersstigma(柱头),whichcontainsanegg.Nowthefertilizedeggcanbecomeaseed.Birdsandinsectscanpollinateplantsbytouchingmanydifferentflowersandspreadingthepollenaround.(4)Orchidsevolvedtoattractinsectsandbirds.Becausetherearemanydifferentspeciesoforchid,therearealsomanydifferentwaystheorchidsattracttheirpollinators.Orleanexplainsthatmanyspecieslooksomuchliketheirfavoriteinsectsthattheinsectmistakesthemforkin[otherinsects],andwhenitlandsontheflowertovisit,pollenstickstoitsbody...Anotherorchidimitatestheshapeofsomethingthatapollinatinginsectlikestokill...Otherspecieslooklikethemateoftheirpollinator,sotheinsecttriestomatewithoneorchidandthenanother...andspreadspollenfromflowertoflowereachhopelesstime.(5)Otherorchidsdontusetheirshapeatall,butratherproducespecializedscentstoattractspecificinsects,suchasbees,beetlesorflies.Someorchidssmelllikecake,somelikechocolate,andsomelikerottingmeat.Allthesesmellsmayseemweird,buttheyexisttolurecreaturestotheirpollenandhelptheorchidssurvive.Thestrategiestoattractinsectsandspreadtheirflowerspollengoonandon.Eachfamilyoforchidshasauniquekindofinsectorbirdthatvisitstheirflowers,aswellasitsownwayofattractingthem.Ithasworked,too.AccordingtoNOVA,asciencetelevisionseries,orchidspeciesnumbermorethan25,000worldwide.Thatismorekindsofspeciesthananyotherflowerontheplanet,andnewonesarestillbeingfound.(6)Orchidsandtheinsectsthatpollinatethemareoneofthemostamazingexamplesofevolution.Thoughtheirdegreeofco-dependencevaries,asitisapparentthatatleastsomeorchidsaremorereliantontheirpollinatorsthanthepollinatorsareontheorchids,thedegreeofevolutionaryspecializationisstillveryimpressive.Researchsuggeststhatcertainspeciesoforchidevolvedspecificallytoattractorchidbees,whichcollectawidevarietyofscentsfromvariousplantsinpreparationformating.Inanothercase,anorchidmimicsafemalessmellandappearance—andthemalepollinatorgetsnothingoutofthebargainwhatsoever.Bytrickingtheinsectsthatcollectitspollen,theorchidhassurvivedsincethetimeofthedinosaurs.
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