单选题{{B}}TEXT D{{/B}} Early in the film "A Beautiful Mind," the mathematician John Nash is seen sitting in a Princeton court- yard, hunched over a playing board covered with small black and white pieces that look like pebbles. He was playing Go(围棋), an ancient Asian game. Frustration at losing that game inspired the real Nash to pursue the mathematics of game theory, research for which he eventually was awarded a Nobel Prize. In recent years, computer experts, particularly those specializing in artificial intelligence, have felt the same fascination and frustration. Programming other board games has been a relative snap. Even chess has succumbed to the power of the processor. Five years ago, a chess-playing computer called "Deep Blue" not only beat but thoroughly humbled Garry Kasparov, the world champion at that time. That is because chess, while tithe complex, can be reduced to a matter of brute force computation. Go is different. Deceptively easy to learn, either for a computer or a human, it is a game of such depth and complexity that it can take years for a person to become a strong player. Today, no computer has been able to achieve a skill level beyond that of the casual player. The game is played on a board divided into a grid of 19 horizontal and 19 vertical lines. Black and white pieces called stones are placed one at a time on the grid' s intersections. The object is to acquire and defend territory by surrounding it with stones. Programmers working on Go see it as more accurate than chess in reflecting the ways the human mind works. The challenge of proroguing a computer to mimic that process goes to the core of artificial intelligence, which involves the study of learning and decision-making, strategic think- Lug, knowledge representation, pattern recognition and perhaps most intriguingly, intuition. Along with intuition, pattern recognition is a large part of the game. While computers are good at process- ing numbers, people are naturally good at matching patterns. Humans can recognize an acquaintance at a glance, even from the back. Daniel Bump, a mathematics professor at Stanford, works on a program called GNU Go in his spare time. "You can very quickly look at a chess game and see if there's some major issue," he said. But to make a decision in Go, he said, players must learn to combine their pattern-matching abilities with the logic and knowledge they have accrued in years of playing. One measure of the challenge the game poses is the performance of Go computer programs. The past five years have yielded incremental improvements but no breakthroughs, said David Fotland, a programmer and chip designer in San Jose, California, who created and sells The Many Faces of Go, one of the few commercial Go programs. Part of the challenge has to do with processing speed. The typical chess program can evaluate about 500,000 positions in a second, and Deep Blue was able to evaluate some 200 million positions in a second. By mitigate, most Go programs can evaluate only a couple of dozen positions each second, said Anders Kiem if, who wrote a program called, Smart Go. In the course of a chess game, a player has an average of 25 to 35 moves available. In Go, on the other hand, a player can choose from an average of 240 moves. A Go-playing computer would need about 30,000 years to look as far ahead as Deep Blue can with chess in three seconds, said Michael Reiss, a computer scientist in London. But the obstacles go deeper than processing power. Not only do Go programs have trouble evaluafing positions quickly; they have trouble evaluating them correctly. Nonetheless, the allure of computer Go increases as the difficulties it poses encourages programmers to advance basic work in artificial intelligence. Reiss, an expert in neural networks, compared a human being's ability to recognize a strong or weak position in Go with the ability to distinguish between an image of a chair and one of a bicycle. Both tasks, he said are hugely difficult for a computer. For that reason, Fotland said, "writing a strong Go program will teach us more about making computers think like people than writing a strong chess program."

单选题It was ______ of the Queen to speak to the elderly patients. A. gracious B. graceful C. grateful D. generous

单选题If you want children to work hard you must ______ their interests instead of their sense of duty.A. appeal toB. look intoC. give rise toD. go in for

单选题Language change is A. universal, continuous and to a large extent, regular and systematic. B. continuous, regular, systematic, but not universal. C. universal, continuous, but not regular and systematic. D. always regular and systematic, but not universal and continuous.

单选题In doing experiments, you must be ______ the precision instruments.

单选题NASA's Constellation Programme would be cancelled mainly because

单选题 Mankind's fascination with gold is as old as civilization itself. The ancient Egyptians esteemed gold, which had religious significance to them, and King Tutankhamun was buried in a solid-gold coffin 3300 years ago. The wandering Israelites worshipped a golden calf and the legendary King Midas asked that everything he touched be turned into gold. Not only is gold beautiful, but it is virtually indestructible. It will not rust or corrode; gold coins and products fabricated from the metal have survived undamaged for centuries. Gold is extremely easy to work with; one ounce, which is about the size a cube of sugar, can be beaten into a sheet nearly 100 square feet in size, and becomes so thin that light passes through it , an ounce of gold can also be stretched into a wire 50 miles long. Gold conducts electricity better than any other substance except copper and silver, and it is particularly important in the modern electronics industry. People have always longed to possess gold. Unfortunately, this longing has also brought out the worst in the human character. The Spanish conquistadors robbed palaces, temples, and graves and killed thousands of Indians in their ruthless search for gold. Often the only rule in young California during the days of the gold rush was exercised by the mob with a rope. Even today, the economic running of South Africa's gold mines depends largely on the employment of black laborers who are paid about-40 a month, plus room and board and who must work in conditions that can only be described as cruel. About 400 miners are killed in mine accidents in South Africa each year, or one for every two tons of gold produced. Great Britain was the first country to adopt the gold standard, when the Master of the Mint, Sir Isaac Newton. established a fixed price for gold in 1717. But until the big discoveries of gold in the last half of the nineteenth century-starting in California in 1848 and later in Australia and South Africa-there simply wasn't enough gold around for all the trading nations to link their currencies to the precious metal. Historically, the desire to hoard gold at home has been primarily an occupation of the working and peasant classes, I who have no faith in paper money. George Bernard Shaw defended their instincts eloquently:" You have to choose between trusting to the natural stability of gold and the natural stability of the honesty and intelligence of the members of the government," he said, "and with due respect to these gentlemen, I advise you.., to vote for gold."

单选题Our reporter has just called to say that rescue teams will ______ to bring out the trapped miners.

单选题Questions 14 to 17 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the passage.

单选题 Questions 25 and 26 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.

单选题{{I}}{{B}} Questions 29 and 30 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.{{/I}}{{/B}}

单选题These varied racial groups have learned to live together in peace and ______ , setting an example well worth following.[A] harmony[B] grace[C] rhythm[D] relief

单选题______ we first heard of the man referred to as a journalist. A. That was from Scott B. It was from Scott that C. It was Scott whom D. It was Scott that

单选题He led an attack on what ______ his own castle, and blew it up with dynamite!A. ought to beB. ought to have beenC. should beD. seems to be