The novel contains some marvelously revealing ______ of rural life in the 19th century.
{{B}}PART I DICTATIONDirections: Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be done at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be done at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work.{{/B}}
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The evident increase of the variety and amount of the daily consumption items and imported food products have considerably increased the quantity of waste generated by these products particularly from glass, plastic, card board and metal packaging. On the other hand, there does not exist an adequate system for the collection and transport of solid waste. Also, the country has not elaborated a strategy on urban solid waste, including the contemporary technologies for their treatment and recycling. All these have created extraordinary situation in cities and urban areas and especially in the capital city, situations which make responsible the relevant ministries and local authorities. Although they have declared to be committed for the solution of the problem, several times are still too far from the situation control. No city in Albania has completely solved the collection, transport and depositing of urban wastes. The same picture is about sewage waters. The situation is worse, because the shelters near residential areas very often are filled with stagnant waters and garbage. Damages and splitting in the drinking water network, interrupted supplying and sewage leakages pose a continuous danger for the infection of drinking waters with sewage waters, in some cities. New construction works, particularly in the city suburbs are not associated with the network of sewage pipelines, something which will aggravate more the environmental situation in urban areas, unless funds are urgently allocated for the construction of pipeline networks. Presently, the most of the depositing sites of urban wastes are inappropriate for this purpose and even close to river beds, constantly contaminating their waters and seriously endangering the quality of ground waters which very often are sources of drinking water. In order to precede the investments in this sector, during 1995 at the financial assistance of PHARE program, a study on urban and industrial waste management will be carried out. Considerable damages have been caused to parks and public gardens inside and near cities, due to the construction of a large number of bars and kiosks, in flagrant opposition to the criteria of urban planning and preservation of environment and natural landscape. Parti-cularly critical is the situation in some main cities of the country, where relatively large construction works are realized within green areas, further damaging and reducing them. The phenomenon of illegal constructions is present in many other zones of the country, especially on the coast and ecologically protected areas for tourism development like Karvasta, Golem, and Ksamili. The complete lack of sewage water treatment plants in cities, like Tirana, Durres, Vlore, Pogradec has created grave problems regarding environmental pollution and health risks for the population, which should be treated as priorities, especially in perspective zones for tourism development. A good beginning for the solution of this situation is the inclusion in PHARE program of two projects about treatment plants for sewage waters in Vlore and Pogradec, as well as some undertakings in cooperation with the World Bank or other organizations to improve sewage water pipelines.
He has been up to his chin in his research. The underlined part means ______.
At a rough estimate, Nigeria is ______ Great Britain.
A recent article in a weekly newspaper was headed with a striking ______ of a lady in a stage of considerable distress.
All the students in Miss Gao's class were asked to write a 400-word______ about Autumn.
Which of the following sentences has an object complement?
Should we sustain the extensive use of English as a global language? This has been intensely discussed for years. The following are the supporters' and opponents' opinions. Read carefully the opinions from both sides and write your response in about 200 words, in which you should first summarize briefly the opinions from both sides and give your view on the issue. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. YES English as a global lingua franca facilitates cross-cultural communication. Today, eight in every ten international conferences designate English as their chief working language and ninety-eight percent of leading scientific journals in the world are published in English or at least have an English version. The extensive use of English as a common language has a unifying effect on people who have different mother tongue. Language barriers naturally engender alienation while a shared language arouses a sense of belonging and sympathy. The expansion of English also enables people whose mother tongue is not English to appreciate the cultures of English-speaking countries more efficiently and more fully. As is known to us all, many cultures of English-speaking countries are among the richest and the most dynamic cultures in the world. NO The extensive use of English renders a host of indigenous languages obsolete. According to a study conducted by UNESCO, over 200 ethnic languages went extinct in 2004, primarily due to the linguistic assimilation of ethnic minorities into the English language. These languages have crystallized and conveyed unique indigenous traditions, rites, rituals, and their extinction is an anthropological disaster. The encroachment of English erodes the cultural identity of other races. The prevalence of English has a chilling effect on the purity of other languages and can aggravate the sense of cultural inferiority among the non-native speakers of English.
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We feel it is high time that the government ______ something to curb inflation.
With the development of science and technology, especially the extensive utilization of the Internet, various kinds of new inventions and phenomena have appeared and many new words have emerged. The coined new words are prevalent among young students and the Internet users, but experts worry about their adverse effect on standard language. Should people create and widely use the coined Internet buzzwords? Read carefully the opinions from both sides and write your response in about 200 words, in which you should first summarize briefly the opinions from both sides and give your view on the issue. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. YES Internet buzzwords display young people's creativity, and help our language become better and richer. As for some not-so-good ones, they will be washed out naturally. Some Internet words have the same form as characters, and the meanings they have are relatively stable. So we should not factitiously ban the new-born words and terms. Internet buzzwords enrich our communication and contribute a lot to entertaining people. Compared with traditional language, Internet hot words are vivid and funny, and many of them are popular among the young people. Through these buzzwords, people can communicate and interact with each other in a more interesting and effective way. NO Internet buzzwords are formed with the popularity of Internet, which means that without the Internet those words may make no sense. In real life, not everyone is familiar with those words. Some people, especially the old, are puzzled by those words. In other words, Internet buzzwords can only make sense with the context of Internet. They are not supposed to be encouraged. Young people are in the critical period of learning knowledge and forming their values. For them, it is very important to use the standard language. In the virtual world, they may use the buzzwords at will. But if such kind of language is used in news and formal documents, it will do harm to the healthy development of language, even to our traditiomd culture.
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Should the international community act immediately to ensure that all countries reduce the consumption of fossil fuels (e. g. gas and oil) ? This has been intensely discussed for years. The following are the supporters' and opponents' opinions. Read carefully the opinions from both sides and write your response in about 200 words, in which you should first summarize briefly the opinions from both sides and give your view on the issue. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. YES Reducing the fossil fuel consumption has its own rationality. It is conducive to the improvement of people's living environment. Since fossil fuels are non-renewable, it's wise to reduce the consumption of them. Fossil energy, gasoline and coal are non-renewable and the related natural resources are on the edge of exhausting day by day. Moreover, cutting back on the reliance of fossil fuels will help to contain and reduce pollution. Greenhouse effect, haze, and water pollution are constantly threatening the livelihood of human beings, and lowering the usage of energy sources of coal and oil is the common cure. NO Reducing the consumption of fossil fuels goes against the fact that energy demands are increasing in current society. In other words, decreasing the utilization of fossil fuels will lead to failure to maintain a well-balanced social order. The nonexistence of alternative energy resources makes it impossible to reduce the use of fossil fuels. Conspicuously, no energy has been proved by to be able to replace fossil fuels by now. It is somehow impossible for the Middle East with its rich fossil energy reserve to consider energy alternatives.
The Origins of Plant and Animal DomesticationP1: Plant and animal domestication is the most monumental development to have taken place in the past 13,000 years of human history. It's relevant to all of us, scientists and non-scientists alike, because it provides most of our food today, it was prerequisite to the rise of civilization, and it transformed global demography. The development of agriculture was accompanied by fundamental changes in the organization on human society: disparities in wealth, hierarchies of power, and urbanization.P2: Phrases like "plant and animal domestication" and "the invention of agriculture" create the impression that the transition was the discovery of a brilliant sage made in a flash of insight—that if you sow seeds, the crop will grow, and that a dependable food source could be easily grown rather than collected from the wild. Most scholars don't think so. It seems more likely a gradual cultural evolution that humans used and manipulated wild plants and animals for many hundreds of thousands of years. The transition to gardens, fields, and pastures was probably gradual, as the natural outgrowth of a long familiarity with the environmental requirements, growth cycles, and reproductive mechanisms of whatever plants and animals humans liked to eat, ride, or wear.P3: For years, scholars argued that cultivation and animal domestication were invented in one or two locations on Earth and then diffused from those centers of innovation. Genetic studies are now showing that many different groups of people in many different places around the globe learned independently to create especially useful plants and animals through selective breeding. In fact, both patterns played a role in agriculture innovation. Worldwide, approximately 11 regions are believed to be centers of origin of agriculture, identified as the location in which native plant and some animal species were domesticated independently of each other In contrast, in other regions the origin of agriculture is based, at least in large part, on crops and livestock that were introduced to those regions and originally come from the centers of origin.P4: Scholars used to assume that people turned to cultivating instead of gathering their food either because they there was a shortage of food resources, or because agriculture provided such obviously better nutrition. Reasons for such preconditions include an increase in human population density in combination with decreases in big-game species because of overhunting. Accordingly, the transition to agriculture was not a voluntary act, but rather occurred as a result of the need to find alternative sources of food. By no means did this present advantages over hunting and gathering, as it was more labor and time-intensive and was, in addition, associated with the risk of crop failures and thus with hunger. A varied diet based on gathered (and occasionally hunted) food probably provided a wider, more secure range of nutrients than an early agriculturally based diet of only one or two cultivated crops. It is more likely that populations expanded after agricultural successes, and not before.P5: Richard MacNeish, an archaeologist who studied plant domestication in Mexico and Central America, suggested that the chance to trade was at the heart of agricultural origins worldwide. Many of the known locations of agricultural innovation lie near early trade centers. The several centers of domestication were almost contemporaneous and developments were very rapid. However, over time these specialized food foragers built up larger populations per unit of land area and were forced to begin exploiting lower quality resources over larger areas. This, as MacNeish suggested, served in part as a motive for early food gatherers to pursue cultivation and animal-raising. Perhaps eventually, because of market demand, it grew into the primary source of sustenance.P6: E. N. Anderson, writing about the beginnings of agriculture in China, suggests that agricultural production for trade may have been the impetus for several global situations now regarded as problems: rapid population growth, social inequalities, environmental degradation, and famine. As more labor was required to supply the trade, humans produced more children, then more resources were put into producing food for subsistence and for trade. Gradually, hunting and gathering technology was abandoned as populations, with their demands for space, destroyed natural habitats. Meanwhile, a minority elite of hunters or food foragers quit doing what kept them alive and took to trade exclusively. Yet as ever larger populations depended solely on agriculture, when some large scale natural disaster took place, famine became more common.P3: For years, scholars argued that this transitional stage lasted in some location until resource stress or environmental change led to a diffusion from those centers of innovation. ■ Genetic studies are now showing that many different groups of people in many different places around the globe learned independently to create especially useful plants and animals through selective breeding. ■ In fact, both patterns played a role in agriculture innovation. Worldwide, approximately 11 regions are believed to be centers of origin of agriculture, identified as the location in which native plant and some animal species were domesticated independently of each other. ■ In contrast, in other regions the origin of agriculture is based, at least in large part, on crops and livestock that were introduced to those regions and originally come from the centers of origin. ■
A. instructions B. hesitation C. fainted D. urgent E. instruct F. relief G. circle H. appeared I. inquire J. impression K. informed L. thrown M. calm N. insure O. inspection As the plane circled over the airport, everyone sensed that something was wrong. The plane was moving unsteadily through the air, and although the passengers had fastened their seat belts, they were suddenly【C1】______ forward. At that moment, the air-hostess【C2】______. She looked very pale, but was quite【C3】______. Speaking quickly but almost in a whisper, she【C4】______ everyone that the pilot had【C5】______ and asked if any of the passengers knew anything about machines—or at least how to drive a car. After a moment's【C6】______, a man got up and followed the hostess into the pilot's cabin. Moving the pilot aside, the man took his seat and listened carefully to the【C7】______ instructions that were being sent by radio from the airport below. The plane was now dangerously close to the ground, but to everyone's【C8】______, it soon began to climb. The man had to【C9】______ the airport several times in order to become familiar with the controls of the plane. But the danger had not yet passed. The terrible moment came when he had to land. Following【C10】______, the man guided the plane toward the airfield. It shook violently as it touched the ground and then moved rapidly along the runway and after a long run it stopped safely.
The city government is building more roads to______the increasing number of cars.(2011-75)
We should open the windows often to let _____ in.