Foreign Language Study in America Almost 7 million students【T1】______in the United States【T2】______. Each state【T3】______for foreign language study at the【T4】______high and high school level. Many students【T5】______high school with at least two years of foreign language study. Some study a foreign language【T6】______. There are【T7】______foreign language requirements at colleges and universities. Some universities require students to have had【T8】______years of language education in high school【T9】______, many colleges and universities require students to【T10】______at least two years of foreign language study before graduating.

{{B}}SECTION A TALKIn this section you will hear a talk. You will hear the talk ONCE ONLY. While listening, you may look at ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word (s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.{{/B}}

[此试题无题干]

{{B}}PART I DICTATIONDirections: Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be done at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be done at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work.{{/B}}

How to Reduce Presentation Stress1. Causes of presentation stressFear of being【T1】______Doubt of your own abilityFocusing on【T2】______2. Strategy 1:【T3】______ and prepareKnowledgeable about the topicAnticipate audience'【T4】______Rehearse your presentation loudlyRecord your speech and【T5】______ it3. Strategy 2:【T6】______ your focus to audienceChange your【T7】______【T8】______ in your goalThink about how powerful sharing knowledge is4. Strategy 3: work with a speech therapistTeaching you the art of【T9】______Where to【T10】______What words to emphasizeHow to eliminate distracting fillers

Members of Parliament are required to_______ all their financial interests.

{{B}}SECTION BIn this section there are five short answer questions based on the passages in Section A. Answer the questions with No more than TEN words in the space provided.{{/B}}

阅读理解A century ago in the United States, when an individual brought suit against a company, public opinion tended to protect that company. But perhaps this phenomenon was most striking in the case of the railroads. Nearly half of all negligence (过失) cases decided through 1,896 involved railroads. And the railroads usually won. Most of the cases were decided in state courts, when the railroads had the climate of the times on their sides. Government supported the railroad industry; the progress railroads represented was not to be slowed down by requiring them often to pay damages to those unlucky enough to be hurt working for them. Court decisions always went against railroad workers. Mr. Farrell, an engineer, lost his right hand when a switchman''s negligence ran his engine off the track. The court reasoned that since Farrell had taken the job of an engineer voluntarily at good pay, he had accepted the risk. Therefore the accident, though avoidable had the switchmen acted carefully, was a "pure accident." In effect a railroad could never be held responsible for injury to one employee caused by the mistake of another. In one case where a Pennsylvania Railroad worker had started a fire at a warehouse and the fire had spread several blocks, causing widespread damage, a jury found the company responsible for all the damage. But the court overturned the jury''s decision because it argued that the railroad''s negligence was the immediate cause of damage only to the nearest buildings. Beyond them the connection was too remote to consider. As the century wore on, public sentiment began to turn against the railroads—against their economic and political power and high fares as well as against their callousness (无情) toward individuals.

阅读理解What is the purpose of the last paragraph?

阅读理解In 1983, when oil process were till high in my area, I installed a ground-source heat pump in my brand-new, and insulated 1,600-square-foot house. It cost several thousand dollars more than comparable systems that use oil, gas, or wood, but I figured I''d recover my higher initial expense in a few years through lower energy bills. True, my heat pump runs on electricity-an expensive commodity where I live. But most of its energy comes from the earth: a propylene-glycol solution circulates through 1,200 feet of two-inch-diameter plastic pipe buried three feet deep in a field next to my house. As it travels, the solution absorbs heat from the surrounding soil, even when soil temperature drops below freezing. My ground-source heat pump also offers important benefits that have nothing to do with economics. *Minimal fire hazard-no chimney, firebox, or heating elements-only pumps, fans, and a compressor. *Cleanliness-no combustion products, thus no chance of my heating system polluting the indoor air, leaving scummy deposits on walls and furniture. *Reliability-solid-state electronic controls and sealed beatings almost eliminate breakdowns. *No maintenance-no wood to cut, ashes to haul, or chimney to clean. *Convenience-The system runs automatically, even switching from heating to air conditioning as needed. I can simply lock the door and go away for a day, week, or month. Not only did I expect to start saving on energy costs immediately, but I also expected those savings to grow over the years as oil process continued to soar. Since I was wrong about oil prices, the big dollar savings I'' d hoped for haven'' t materialized. Nevertheless, I am satisfied, all things considered.

阅读理解Since teaching is a job no one can be perfect at, it is necessary for teachers to keep improving their knowledge of the subjects they teach and their

阅读理解What is the author's view on homemade Christmas presents?

阅读理解Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us. To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages. People once thought of the languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped forms of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of" backward" languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted: 1. All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. 2. The objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in "backward" languages, while different from ours, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A Western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness C this" and" that" ); some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future. This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.

阅读理解A few common misconceptions. Beauty is only skin-deep. One''s physical assets and liabilities don''t count all that much in a managerial career. A woman should always try to look her best. Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how we react to beautiful and not- so-beautiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks do matter, more than most of us realize. The data suggest, for example, the physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically. With the possible exception of women seeking managerial jobs they are also more likely to be hired, paid well, and promoted. Un-American, you say, unfair and extremely unbelievable? Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties (虔诚) while acting just the contrary. Their typical experiment works something like this. They give each member of a group--college students, perhaps, or teachers or corporate personnel managers a piece of paper relating an individual''s accomplishments. Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the pictures are different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some an average-looking character, and some an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the individual on certain attributes, anything from personal warmth to the likelihood that he or she will be promoted. Almost invariably, the better looking the person in the picture, the higher the person is rated. In the phrase, borrowed from Sappho, that the social scientists use to sum up the common perception, what is beautiful is good. In business, however, good looks cut both ways for women, and deeper than for men. A Utah State University professor, who is an authority on the subject, explains: In terms of their careers, the impact of physical attractiveness on males is only modest. But its potential impact on females can be tremendous, making it easier, for example, for the more attractive to get jobs where they are in the public eye. on another note, though, there is enough literature now for us to conclude that attractive women who aspire (追求) to managerial positions do not get on as well as who may be less attractive.

阅读理解Which of the following is the best as the title of the passage?

阅读理解The word "ritualistically" in the last paragraph equals something done___.

阅读理解Please Recycle That Bobsled Run(大学橇滑道) 1 For the 1992 Winter Games, French organizers constructed a new motorway, parking lots and runs for skiing in the Alps. Environmentalists screamed "Disaster!''. Thus warned, the Norwegians have adopted "green" advice and avoided great blots on the landscape. The speed-skating rink was built to look like an overturned ship, and placed so as not to disturb a bird sanctuary. Dug into a mountainside, the hockey arena is well concealed and energy efficient. The bobsled run is built out of wood not metal and hidden among trees. No wonder the president of the International Olympic Committee has called these the first "Green Games". 2 Lillehammer''s opening ceremonies featured a giant Olympic Torch burning biogas produced by rotting vegetation. During construction, builders were threatened with ＄7,500 fines for felling trees unnecessarily. Rare trees were carefully transplanted from hillsides. Food is being served on potato-based plates that will be fed, in turn, to pigs. Smoking has been banned outdoors as well as in, with enforcement by polite requests. 3 Environmentalists have declared partial victory, though Coca-Cola''s plan to decorate the town with banners has been scaled back, there are still too many billboards for strict green tastes. Perhaps, but after the Games, athlete housing will be converted into vacation homes or shipped to the northlands for student dormitories. Bullets will be plucked from biathlon targets and recycled to keep the lead from poisoning ground water. And these tricks won''t be forgotten. Embarrassed by environmental protests, the I. O. C. claims that green awareness is now entrenched — along with sport and culture — as a permanent dimension of the Olympic Charter. 4 Indeed, Sydney was successful in becoming host for the 2000 Summer Games in part on the strength of its endorsement from Greenpeace. Aspiring host cities are picking up the code. Salt Lake City, bidding for the 2002 Games, may opt to use the bobsled run that Calgary built for the 88 Games. after that, who could deny that recycling is an Olympic movement?

阅读理解The train clattered over points and passed through a station. Then it began suddenly to slow down, presumably in obedience to a signal. For some minutes it crawled along, then stopped, presently it began to move forward again. At that moment another train, also on a down line, swerved inwards towards them, for a moment with almost alarming effect. For a time the two trains ran parallel, now one gaining a little, now the other. Mrs. McGillicuddy looked from her window through the windows of the parallel carriages. Most of the blinds were down, but occasionally the occupants of the carriages were visible. The other train was not very full and there were many empty carriages. At the moment when the two trains gave the illusion of being stationary, a blind in one of the carriages flew up with a snap. Mrs. McGillicuddy looked into the lighted first-class carriage that was only a few feet away. Then she drew her breath in with a gasp and half-rose to her feet. Standing with his back to the window and to her was a man. His hands were round the throat of a woman who faced him, and he was slowly, remorselessly, strangling her. Her eyes were staring from their sockets, her face was purple. As Mrs. McGillicuddy watched, fascinated, the end came; the body went limp and crumpled in the man''s hands. At the same moment, Mrs. McGillicuddy''s train slowed down again and the other began to gain speed. It passed forward and a moment or two later it had vanished from sight. Almost automatically Mrs. McGillicuddy''s hand went up to the communication cord then paused, irresolute. After all, what use would it be ringing the cord of the train in which she was traveling? The horror of what she had seen at such close quarters, and the unusual circumstances, made her feel paralyzed. Some immediate action was necessary--but what? The door of her compartment was drawn back and a ticket collector said, "Ticket, please."

阅读理解Efforts to educate people about the risks of substance abuse seem to deter some people from using dangerous substances, if such efforts are realistic about what is genuinely dangerous and what is not. Observed declines in the use of such drugs as LSD, PCP, and Quaaludes since the early 1970s are probably related to increased awareness of the risks of their use, and some of this awareness was file result of warnings about these drugs in "underground" papers read by drug users. Such sources are influential, because they do not give a simple "all drugs are terrible for you" message. Drug users know there are big variations in danger among drugs and anti-drag education that ignores or denies this is likely to be ridiculed. This is illustrated by the popularity among young marijuana users of Reefer Madness, a widely unrealistic propaganda film against marijuana made in the 1930s. This film made the rounds of college campuses in the 1970s and joined rock-music videos oncabletdevision''sMTVinthel980s. Instead of deterring marijuana, it became a cult film among users , many of whom got high to watch it. Although persuasion can work for some people if it is balanced and reasonable, other people seem immune to the most reasoned educational efforts. Millions have started smoking even though the considerable health risks of smoking have been well known and publicized for years. Moreover, the usefulness of education lies in primary prevention: prevention of abuse among those who presently have no problem. Hence, Bomier''s (1978) contention that "if the Pepsi generation can be persuaded to drink pop wine, they can be persuaded not to drink it while driving" is probably not correct, since most drunken driving is done by people who already have significant drinking problems, and hence seem not to be dissuaded even by much stronger measures such as loss of a driver''s license.

阅读理解Why do you listen to music? If you should put this question to a number of people, you might receive answers like these: "I like the beat of music," "I look for attractive tuneful- ness," "I am moved by the sound of choral singing," "I listen to music for many reasons but I could not begin to describe them to you clearly." Answers to this question would be many and diverse, yet almost no one would reply, "Music means nothing to me." To most of us, music means something; it evokes some response. We obtain some satisfaction in listening to music. 　　For many, the enjoyment of music does not remain at a standstill. We feel that we can get more satisfaction from the musical experience. We want to make closer contact with music in order to learn more of its nature; thus we can range more broadly and freely in the areas of musical style, form, and expression. This book explores ways of achieving these objectives. It deals, of course, with the techniques of music, but only in order to show how technique is directed toward expressive aims in music and toward the listener''s musical experience. In this way, we may get an idea of the composer''s intentions, for indeed, the composer uses every musical device for its power to communicate and for its contribution to the musical experience. 　　Although everyone hears music differently, there is a common ground from which all musical experiences grow. That source is sound itself. Sound is the raw material of music. It makes up the body and substance of all musical activity. It is the point of departure in the musical experience. 　　The kinds of sound that can be used for musical purposes are amazingly varied.Throughout the cultures of the world, East and West, a virtually limitless array of sounds has been employed in the service of musical expression. Listen to Oriental theatre music, then to an excerpt from a Wagner work; these two are worlds apart in their qualities of sound as well as in almost every other feature, yet each says something of importance to some listeners. Each can stir a listener and evoke a response in him. All music, whether it is the pulsation of primitive tribal drums or the complex coordination of voices and instruments in an opera, has this feature: it is based upon the power of sound to stir our senses and feelings. 　　Yet sound alone is not music. Something has to happen to the sound. It must move forward in time. Everything that takes place musically involves the movement of sound. If we hear a series of drumbeats, we receive an impression of movement from one stroke to the next. When sounds follow each other in a pattern of melody,we receive an impression of movement from one tone to the next. All music moves; and because it moves, it is associated with a fundamental truth of existence and experience. We are stirred by impressions of movement because our very lives are constantly in movement. Breathing, the action of the pulse, growth, decay, the change of day and night, as well as the constant flow of physical action- these all testify to the fundamental role that movement plays in our lives. Music appeals to our desire and our need for movement.