单选题{{B}}TEXT D{{/B}} Harriet Beecher Stowe was raised in a Puritan tradition of high moral standard. Her father Lyman Beecher was a Congregational Minister and brother Henry Ward Beecher became pastor of Brooklyn's Plymouth Church. The Beechers moved to Cincinatti when Lyman Beecher was appointed President of Lane Theological seminary. There, Harriet's sister Catharine founded Western Female Institute, where Harriet taught until her 1834 marriage to widower Calvin Stowe, a Biblical Literature professor at Lane. During the first seven years of marriage she bore five children, writing pieces for magazines to compliment Professor Stowe's meager salary. She won a short story prize from Western Monthly Magazine, and her literary production and skill increased steadily. In 1834, her short-story collection The Mayflower was published. This Ohio period gave Stowe the impetus to write Uncle Tom's Cabin. Cincinnati was just across the river from the slave trade, and she observed firsthand several incidents which galvanized her to write famous anti-slavery novel. Scenes she observed on the Ohio River, including seeing a husband and wife being sold apart, as well as newspaper and magazine accounts and interviews, contributed material to the e-merging plot. The family shared her abolitionist sentiment and was active in hiding runaway slaves. In 1850 Calvin Stowe was appointed at Bowdoin, and the entire family returned to the Northeast. They reached Boston at the height of the public furor over the 1850 Fugitive Slaye Law, which mandated the return of runaway slaves already in the North to their owners. Many former slaves fled to Canada from their homes in New England. Harriet set about writing a polemical novel illustrating the moral responsibility of the entire nation for the cruel system. She forwarded the first episodes to Dr. Bailey, editor of the Washington anti-slavery weekly, The National Era. He agreed to pay ＄ 300 for the work, then published it in 40 installments. The suspenseful episodes were read weekly to families and gatherings throughout the land. Despite The National Era's small circulation, limited to an audience already sympathetic to abolitionism, the installments reached a large audience as worn copies were passed from family to family. Although many Northerners considered slavery a political institution for which they had no personal responsibility, Uncle Tom's Cabin was becoming a national sensation. The episodes attracted the attention of Boston publisher, J. P. Jewett, who published the work in March of 1852. Uncle Tom's Cabin immediately broke all sales records of the day: selling half-a-million copies by 1857. Harriet Beecher Stowe received royalties only on the American editions; unauthorized dramatic productions boomed, as did a profusion of artifacts, "Tomitudes," based on the story. Pirated European editions also had astronomical sales. Putnam's Magazine called Uncle Tom's Cabin "the first real success in bookmaking." Stowe went on to many other literary projects, producing about a book a year from 1862 to 1884. For all the attention given to Uncle Tom's Cabin, it's far from Stowe's best work. She did write one other novel about life in the south, but much of her best work has nothing the south at all. In fact, Stowe's best writing is about village life in the New England's states in the 19th century. However, she is still most remembered as the author of Uncle Tom's Cabin.

单选题{{B}}TEXT C{{/B}} At the fall 2001 Social Science History Association convention in Chicago, the Crime and Justice network sponsored a forum on the history of gun ownership, gun use, and gun violence in the United States. Our purpose was to consider how social science history might contribute to the public debate over gun control and gun rights. To date, we have had little impact on that debate. It has been dominated by mainstream social scientists and historians, especially scholars such as Gary Kleck, John Lott, and Michael Bellesiles, whose work, despite profound flaws, is politically congenial to either opponents or proponents of gun control. Kleck and Mark Gertz, for instance, argue on the basis of their widely cited survey that gun owners prevent numerous crimes each year in the Untied states by using firearms to defend themselves and their property. If their survey respondents are to be believed, American gun owners shot 100,000 criminals in 1994 in self-defense—a preposterous number. Lott claims on the basis of his statistical analysis of recent crime rates that laws allowing private individuals to carry concealed firearms to deter murders, rapes, and robberies, because criminals are afraid to attack potentially armed victims. However, he biases his results by confining his analysis to the year between 1977 and 1992, when violent crime rates had peaked and varied little from year to year. He reports only regression models that support his thesis and neglects to mention that each of those models find a positive relationship between violent crime and real income, and inverse relationship between violent crime and unemployment. Contrary to Kleck and Lott, Bellesiles insists that guns and America's "gun culture" are responsible for America's high rate of murder. In Belleville's opinion, relatively few Americans owned guns before the 1850s or know how to use, maintain, or repair them. As a result, he says, guns contributed little to the homicide rate, especially among Whites, which was low everywhere, even in the South and on the frontier, where historians once assumed gun and murder went hand in hand. According to Bellesiles, these patterns changed dramatically after the Mexican War and especially after the Civil War, when gun ownership became widespread and cultural changes encouraged the use of handguns to command respect and resolve personal and political disputes. The result was an unprecedented wave of gun-related homicides that never truly abated. To this day, the United States has the highest homicide rate of any industrial democracy. Bellesile's low estimates of gun ownership in early America conflict, however, with those of every historian who has previously studied the subject and has thus far proven irreproducible. Every homicide statistic he presents is either misleading or wrong. Given the influence of Kleck, Lott, Bellesiles and other partisan scholars on the debate over gun control and gun rights, we felt a need to pull together what social science historians have learned to date about the history of gun ownership and gun violence in America, and to consider what research methods and projects might increase our knowledge in the near future.

单选题"Maria has blisters in her boots. " "She ______ walking such a long distance. " A. was used not to B. used to C. is not used to D. did not used to

单选题The official ______ the interview on the sensitive issue.

单选题In one scene of Modern Times Charlie Chaplin was shown trying ______ to keep in time with a rapid assembly line.

单选题In Zurich, a leading Canton in the Swiss Confederation, it has been proposed to teach one foreign language—English—in primary schools. This would represent a change 41 Zurich"s 42 school kids now study English and French. Voters will decide whether French will be dropped. Supporters of one foreign language believe that two foreign languages are 43 for kids. They believe that kids 44 strong fluency in German, the mother 45 for schoolchildren in Zurich. In fact, Zurich kids speak Swiss German, 46 is primarily an oral language. In school they have to learn standard German, which 47 is a foreign language. 48 when you add them all 49 Zurich kids are learning four languages. All of Switzerland will watch what Zurich voters decide because Zurich is a(n) 50 canton and others may follow suit. Yet some German-speaking cantons have already decided to 51 plans to reduce the number of foreign languages. 52 what happens, Swiss kids will be fluent 53 more than one language which is a definite asset in today"s global economy. It is 54 a definite asset in learning other subjects. Studies 55 in American universities have found that kids who study in dual-language schools outperform their 56 who are taught in English only. Apparently, kids 57 in two languages 58 a mental agility that monolingual kids 59 . Perhaps four languages are too many in elementary school, but two is not 60 at all.

单选题Questions 27 and 28 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the news.

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单选题Turning to the controversy ______ a world revolution could begin, Marx and Engels's stress on the determination of political events by economic change.A. in whichB. over whatC. over whereD. from where

单选题The underlined word "conducive" (Line 3, Para. 3) means ______.

单选题Fried foods have long been frowned upon. Nevertheless, the skillet(平底煎锅) is about our handiest and most useful piece of kitchen equipment. Sturdy lumberjacks(伐木工) and others engaged in active labor requiring 4,000 calories per day or more will take approximately one-third of their rations prepared in this fashion. Meat, eggs, and French toast cooked in this way are served in millions of homes daily. Apparently the consumers are not beset with more signs of indigestion than afflict those who insist upon broiling, roasting, or boiling. Some years ago one of our most eminent physiologists investigated the digestibility of fried potatoes. He found that the pan variety was more easily broken down for assimilation than when deep fat was employed. The latter, however, dissolved within the alimentary tract more readily than the boiled type. Furthermore, he learned, by watching the progress of the contents of the rate of digestion. Now all this is quite in contrast with "authority." Volumes have been written on nutrition, and everywhere the dictum has been accepted--no fried edibles of any sort for children. A few will go so far as to forbid this style of cooking wholly. Now and then an expert will be bold enough to admit that he uses them himself, the absence of discomfort being explained on the ground that he posses a powerful gastric apparatus. We can of course sizzle perfectly good articles to death so that they will be leathery and tough. But thorough heating, in the presence of shortening, is not the awful crime that it has been labeled. Such dishes stimulate rather than retard contractions of the gall bladder. Thus it is that bile mixes with the nutriment shortly after it leaves the stomach. We don't need to allow our foodstuffs to become oil soaked, but other than that, there seems to be no basis for the widely heralded prohibition against this method. But notions become fixed. The first condemnation probably arose because an "oracle" suffered from dyspepsia(消化不良) which he ascribed to some fried item on the menu. The theory spread. Others agreed with him, and after a time the doctrine became incorporated in our textbooks. The belief is now tradition rather than proved fact. It should have been refuted long since, as experience has demonstrated its falsity.

单选题aware beware bewilder rank aware a. (1) knowing that something exists I was not fully aware of the danger. You should be aware that the possibility exists. (2) knowing a lot about what is happening in the world around you She is one of the most aware people I know. Students today are very aware about the environment. awareness n. They had an acute awareness of what was going on. He is trying to raise public awareness. beware v. be on one"s guard; be cautious or wary about; be alert to Motorists were warned to beware of slippery conditions. Holidaymakers should beware of using plastic cards in foreign cash dispensers. Television commercials might seem more professional but beware of mistaking the gloss for the content. Beware the sharks when you are making up your mind how to invest. bewilder v. to confuse (someone)very much She was bewildered by his decision. rank n. a position in a society, organization, group She"s not concerned about rank or wealth. rank v. to place (someone or something) or to have a place in a particular position that is being judged according to quality, ability, size A magazine recently ranked the school as one of the best in the country. Students who rank in the top third of their class have a better chance of being accepted to the college of their choice.Gut feelings can occur without a person being consciously ______ of them.

单选题The market researchers interviewed people at ______ in the street.

单选题One more try,______ you will succeed. A. and B. but C. or D. so

单选题My parents immigrated to the United States in December 1966, three weeks before my 11th birthday. It is as if during that transcontinental flight from Belgrade, Yugoslavia, to Chicago, Illinois, my history was erased. I left behind my eccentric neighbors "Crazy Drina," with her many cats, and her one-legged mother who scared us children with nothing more than her appearance. Gone were my friends, the books from which I learned the Cyrillic alphabet, my uncle who taught me how to tell time and my aunt who sewed clothes for me and my dolls. I would no longer spend summers in my grandmother's village, where day and night blended into one and meals consisted of what we picked from her orchard. My colorful childhood ceased to exist. Everything in Chicago felt as gray as the color of the fire escape on the apartment building that had become my home. The contrast made me yearn for every familiar street corner on the way from my house to the school in Belgrade, the aroma from the neighborhood bakery, the sound of my aunt's sewing machine, the grain bin and the oil lamp in my grandmother's old house. These images embedded themselves so deeply in my cellular memory that three decades later I still feel a sense of loss. I love America with an immigrant's passion, but like everyone who has become a citizen, I also live with a part of me missing. I never quite adapted to life in America until 11 years ago when I moved to New Mexico, a simple, rustic place with breathtaking beauty, not unlike my homeland. Here, in an old adobe house with a wood floor in my bedroom, stained pine laid simply over dirt, I feel at home. It's not the packed-dirt floor of my grandmother's house, but in its imperfection it comes close. My house does have electricity and running water, of course, but it also once had a well like my grandmother's from which I drew water as a child. The house was last occupied by a much-loved schoolteacher. When the son of the local gas-station owner delivered my car one day, he asked if I saw a lot of butterflies on this property. Puzzled, I answered, "Yes, why do you ask?" "Well, you know, the woman who used to live here was such a sweet old lady. They say butterflies come around to people like that." My landlady, the old woman's daughter, seems to understand my need for history. She's given me some things that once belonged to her mother. The granddaughter, who lives in Colorado and visits often, has become a friend. When we sit in this house where she played as a child or go for walks on land she knows so intimately, I vicariously gain some more history. It has not been an easy thing, this business of becoming American. But there are times, like when I walk my dog in the country outside Santa Fe, when the sights and sounds of horses, roosters and donkeys so strongly evoke my childhood that I feel a deep sense of belonging. I've come to realize that by planting my roots here so firmly, I am no longer borrowing history. I am living and even creating it. Perhaps someday when I'm gone, someone will ask the person who lives in this house after me, "Do you see a lot of butterflies on this property?/

单选题What does the phrase "give credit to" in the second paragraph mean?It means ______.