填空题Advice for Students: How to Talk to Professors 1. Call them by the right 1 "Professor" is usually 2 than "Doctor" Use Mr. or Ms. when you"re unsure 2. 3 Be honest Make it a huge flaming whopper 3. Be prepared to do the work Under many 4 circumstances Missing an 5 or a test Falling behind in reading 4. Be 6 and brief Get to the point quickly 5. Prepare for 7 Only option: shift into 8 Learn from your 9 6. Show your commitment and 10

填空题A. mysterious B. collaboration C. bound D. candidly E. similarly F. optimum G. rumble H. outlive I. moment J. scramble K. contested L. speculations M. literary N. compensate O. abbreviation Phew, what a relief. It seems that the Royal Shakespeare Company and Shakespeare"s Globe won"t have to change their names any time soon. The squabble so beloved by academics, conspiracy (阴谋) theorists and Hollywood film-makers—which only surfaced in the mid-19th century but continues to 11 on—over the authorship of Shakespeare"s plays, may finally be called to a halt by a new book. In Shakespeare Beyond Doubt, leading scholars organize the arguments and evidence to prove that Shakespeare really did write Shakespeare"s plays. It puts paid to 12 that Shakespeare was the Earl of Oxford (as suggested by the movie Anonymous), or Christopher Marlowe or Francis Bacon, or even Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ when she was having a day off from running the country. Great. That means the rest of us can just go on seeing and enjoying the astonishing plays, which may have 13 authorship, but which are constantly revealing in their examination of what it means to be human. Except that it won"t. The arguments, between those who want to rewrite 14 history and those who don"t, will keep going, constantly fueled by any kind of conspiracy theory—the madder the better—and the fact that there is now so much money, and so many academic careers, 15 up in the Shakespeare industry. There is a 16 in Alan Bennett"s play Kafka"s Dick when one of the characters, Sydney, admits he"d much rather "read about writers than read what they write". His wife, Lynda, is 17 uninterested in the poems of WH Auden, but alights on juicy tidbits(趣闻) about the poet including his preference for not wearing underpants. It sometimes seems as if the 18 authorship debate around Shakespeare"s plays is full of Sydneys and Lyndas—people for whom the life of the writer is infinitely more important than the works themselves. The plays are what count and they will 19 the debate, no matter whose name is on the title page, whether written alone or in 20 , and whether someone can definitively prove whether the author was wearing underpants or not. So it should be, because the play"s the thing.

填空题MOOCs Are Moving Forward 1. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) ■ Course materials for studying far away or attending classes 1 ■ No 2 for students ■ Providing studying chance for those who could not attend 3 2. Class Central ■ The study program lasts for up to 4 ■ The study programs offer videos, homework, 5 , a rating and a final examination 3. Traditional class ■ Teachers 6 ■ Students 7 4. Today"s MOOCs ■ Students enter the professional world with 8 ■ Employers are willing to give offers especially in 9 ■ Future learning methods can be used with 10 , life experience, independent study and lectures.

填空题 alternatives coincides eventually hospitable hospitality hostile hostility indifferent ingenuity instant imaginatively prompts tolerance tolerable well off

填空题A. frustration B. success C. cultural D. with E. get F. define G. nature H. unique I. happiness J. unsuccessful K. accepted L. can M. material N. should O. that It is accurate to say that each of us has our own concept of success to the extent that each of us is responsible for setting our own goals and determining whether we have met these goals satisfactorily. Because each of us possesses 1 differences in genetic ability and favorable environment in which to express these abilities, it is true that we must 2 success broadly. For some people, simply being able to live their life 3 a minimum of misery and suffering is considered a success. Think of the peace of mind of a poor shepherd who tends his sheep, enjoys his frugal life with his family in the beauty of 4 . And he is also respected because he does a good job of achieving the goals expected of and 5 by his family and the society. On the other hand, it seems that even though some people appear to be rich in 6 possessions, many of them seem to be miserable and consider themselves unsuccessful when judged by their own standards of 7 . Because not all ventures can be successful, one should not set unrealistic goals for achieving success, but if one has self-confidence it would be unfortunate to set one"s goals at too low a level of achievement. A wise counselor once said to a young man who was experiencing 8 with his own professional success: "You do not have to set your goal to reach the moon in order to have success in traveling. Sometimes one 9 be very successful merely by taking a walk in the park or riding the subway downtown," The counselor added, "You have not really failed and spoiled your chances for success until you have been 10 at something you really like, and to which you have given your best effort."

填空题Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 11 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently 12 for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interaction with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in 13 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, or as a rejection of middle-class values. Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, 14 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes for lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 15 to criticism. Changes in the social structure may indirectly 16 juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in 17 lead more youths into criminal behavior. Families have also 18 changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; consequently, children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family pattern. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be a(n) 19 on juvenile crime rates. Other 20 causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased availability of drugs and alcohol, and the growing incidence of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, although a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. A．centering B．penalized C．sensitive D．response E．influence F．ignoring G．turn H．structure I．system J．affect K．identifiable L．available M．experienced N．relying O．subject

填空题How to Deal with Depression 1. Definition of depression ■ A 1 state that is hard to cure ■ Has a 2 impact 2. Depression leads to ■ Drain energy ■ Evaporate 3 and enthusiasm ■ Paralyze hope 3. Why people suffer from depression ■ They 4 too much ■ They 5 safety 4. Tips to solve it ■ Stay focused ■ Develop 6 relationship ■ Get interested in your own life ■ Get regular 7 ■ Eat healthy food ■ Avoid negative thinking and negtive 8 ■ Ask for 9 ■ 10 is the best anti-depressant

填空题A. knowing B. source C. knowledge D. consult E. help F. latest G. unnecessary H. vital I. qualities J. switch K. acquaintance L. features M. advantage N. inquiring O. last The translator must have an excellent, up-to-date knowledge of his 21 languages, full facility in the handling of his target language, which will be his mother tongue or language of habitual use, and a knowledge and understanding of the 22 subject-matter in his field of specialization. This is, as it were, his professional equipment. In addition to this, it is desirable that he should have a(n) 23 mind, wide interests, a good memory and the ability to grasp quickly the basic principles of new developments. He should be willing to work on his own, often at high speeds, but should be humble enough to 24 others should his own knowledge not always prove adequate to the task in hand. He should be able to type fairly quickly and accurately and, if he is working mainly for publication, should have more than a nodding 25 with printing techniques and proof-reading. If he is working basically as an information translator, let us say, for an industrial firm, he should have the flexibility of mind to enable him to 26 rapidly from one source language to another, as well as from one subject-matter to another, since this ability is frequently required of him in such work. Bearing in mind the nature of the translator"s work, i.e. the processing of the written word, it is, strictly speaking, 27 that he should be able to speak the languages he is dealing with. If he does speak them, it is a(n) 28 rather than a hindrance, but this skill is in many ways a luxury that he can do away with. It is, however, desirable that he should have an approximate idea about the pronunciation of his source languages even if this is restricted to 29 how proper names and place names are pronounced. The same applies to an ability to write his source languages. If he can, well and good; if he cannot, it does not matter. There are many other skills and 30 that are desirable in a translator.

填空题A．expectation B．unprecedented C．little D．epidemics E．however F．expectancy G．trapped H．decimated I．desperately J．pessimism K．declined L．fast M．optimism N．therefore O．expect to The census of 1851 recorded half of the population of Britain as living in towns—the first society in human history to do so. Over the previous 70 years, the population of Britain had risen at an 1 rate, passing the levels reached in earlier period of growth when the population had been 2 by epidemics such as the Black Death. But was there any reason for 3 ? The towns offered a better chance of work and higher wages than the countryside, where many families were 4 in dire poverty and seasonal employment. On the other hand, the countryside was healthier. A baby born in a large town with a population of more than 100,000 in the 1820s might 5 live to 35; in the 1830s, life expectancy was down to a miserable 29. A comparison between a 6 unhealthy large town and a small market town shows the costs of migrating in search of work and prosperity. In 1851, a boy born in inner Liverpool had a life 7 of only 26 years, compared with a boy born in the small market town of Okehampton, who could expect to live to 57. Large towns were, 8 , desperately unhealthy, with death from sickness at a level not seen since the Black Death. New 9 were stalking the cities: cholera and typhoid were carried by polluted water; typhus was spread by lice; and "summer diarrhoea" was caused by swarms of flies feeding on horse manure and human waste. The problem was easy to identify and difficult to solve: too 10 was invested in the urban environment, in sewers, street paving and cleansing, and in pure water and decent housing.

填空题A．duplicating B．imitated C．winning D．gestures E．echoes F．recommend G．acquainting H．hurt I．idioms J．shrugging K．promising L．activating M．target N．subtle O．imparts We are all naturally attracted to people with ideas, beliefs and interests like our own. Similarly, we feel comfortable with people with physical qualities similar to ours. You may have noticed how people who live or work closely together come to behave in a similar way. Unconsciously, we copy those we are close to or love or admire. So a sportsman"s individual way of walking with raised shoulders is 31 by an admiring fan; a pair of lovers both shake their heads in the same way; an employee finds himself 32 his boss"s habit of wagging a pen between his fingers while thinking. In every case, the influential person may not consciously notice the imitation, but he will feel comfortable in its presence. And if he does notice the matching of his 33 or movements, he finds it pleasing—he is influencing people; they are drawn to him. Sensitive people have been mirroring their friends and acquaintances all their lives, and 34 affection and respect in this way without being aware of their methods. Now, for people who want to win agreement or trust, affection or sympathy, some psychologists 35 the deliberate use of physical mirroring. The clever saleswoman 36 her lady customer"s movements, tilting her head in the same way to judge a color match, or folding her arms a few seconds after the customer, as though consciously attracted by her. The customer feels that the saleswoman is in sympathy with her, and understands her needs—a(n) 37 relationship for a sale to take place. The clever lawyer trying in a law-court to influence a judge imitates the great man"s 38 of his shoulders, the tone of his voice and the rhythm of his speech. Of course, physical mirroring must be 39 . If you blink every time your 40 blinks, or bite your bottom lip every time he does, your mirroring has become mockery and you can expect trouble. So, if you can"t model sympathetically, don"t play the game.

填空题Culture Understanding 1. No understanding ■ Involving no 1 of the new culture ■ Not knowing anyone from the culture ■ Having encountered few facts about the culture 2. Superficial understanding ■ Awareness of 2 aspects of the foreign culture ■ Knowing a few 3 facts of the new culture 3. Growing understanding and possible 4 ■ Awareness of subtle 5 in the foreign culture ■ Feeling home culture is much 6 4. Greater intellectual understanding ■ Comprehending 7 the people in the foreign culture ■ Not 8 extensively about cultural differences 5. True empathy and cultural 9 ■ The highest 10 of cultural awareness ■ Integrating into the culture

填空题A．immediate B．afraid C．division D．preserve E．peace F．shown G．However H．destroyed I．outlined J．spoiled K．Whereas L．instantly M．reserves N．ultimately O．branch Demands for stronger protection for wildlife in Britain sometimes hide the fact that similar needs are felt in the rest of Europe. Studies by the Council of Europe, of which 21 countries are members, have 11 that 45 percent of reptile species and 24 percent of butterflies are in danger of dying out. European concern for wildlife was 12 by Dr. Peter Baum, an expert in the environment and natural resources 13 of the council, when he spoke at a conference arranged by the administrators of a British national park. The park is one of the few areas in Europe to hold the council"s diploma for nature 14 of the highest quality, and Dr. Peter Baum had come to present it to the park once again. He was 15 that public opinion was turning against national parks, and that those set up in the 1960s and 1970s could not be set up today. But Dr. Baum clearly remained a strong supporter of the view that natural environments needed to be allowed to survive in 16 in their own right. "No area could be expected to survive both as a true nature reserve and as a tourist attraction," he went on. The short-sighted view that reserves had to serve 17 human demands for outdoor recreation should be replaced by full acceptance of their importance as places to preserve nature for the future. "We forget that they are the guarantee of life systems, on which any built-up area 18 depends," Dr. Baum went on. "We could manage without most industrial products, but we could not manage without nature. 19 , our natural environment areas, which are the original parts of our countryside, have shrunk to become mere islands in a(n) 20 and highly polluted land mass,"

填空题A. assess B. constrained C. contains D. explore E. influence F. interacting G. interpretation H. magnified I. mirrors J. philosophy K. potential L. sneaking M. sticking N. undermines O. violent "That which does not kill us makes us stronger." But parents can"t handle it when teenagers put this 1 into practice. Now technology has become the new field for the age-old battle between adults and their freedom-seeking kids. Locked indoors, unable to get on their bicycles and hang out with their friends, teens have turned to social media and their mobile phones to socialize with their peers. What they do online often 2 what they might otherwise do if their mobility weren"t so heavily 3 in the age of helicopter parenting. Social media and smart-phone apps have become so popular in recent years because teens need a place to call their own. They want the freedom to 4 their identity and the world around them. Instead of 5 out, they jump online. As teens have moved online, parents have projected their fears onto the Internet, imagining all the 6 dangers that youth might face—from 7 strangers to cruel peers to pictures or words that could haunt them on Google for the rest of their lives. Rather than helping teens develop strategies for negotiating public life and the risks of 8 with others, fearful parents have focused on tracking, monitoring and blocking. These tactics don"t help teens develop the skills they need to manage complex social situations, 9 risks and get help when they"re in trouble. "Protecting" kids may feel like the right thing to do, but it 10 the learning that teens need to do as they come of age in a technology-soaked world.

填空题This is a third memoir from the author Frank McCourt who has 31 international reputation with his previous two bestsellers Angela"s Ashes and Tis. Frank McCourt arrived in New York as a young, impoverished and 32 Irish boy. He didn"t know what he wanted except to stop being hungry and to better himself. On the subway, he watched students carrying books. He saw how they read and 33 and wrote things in the margin and he liked the look of this very much. He joined the New York Public Library and every night when he came back from his hotel work he would 34 up reading the great novels. Building his confidence and his determination, he talked his way into NYU and gained a literature 35 , and so began a teaching career that was to last 30 years, working in New York high school. Frank estimates that he 36 taught 12,000 children during this time and it is on this relationship between teacher and student that he reflects in Teacher Man, the third in his series of 37 The New York high school is a restless, noisy and unpredictable place and Frank believes that it was his 38 to control and persuade these thousands of children into learning and achieving something for themselves that turned him into a writer. He, 39 sharing his own life with these kids, learnt the power of narrative storytelling, and out of the invaluable experience of holding 12,000 people"s attention came Angela"s Ashes. Frank McCourt was a 40 in such schools, long before he became the figure he is now. He would receive letters from former students telling him how much his teaching influenced and inspired them, and now in Teacher Man, he will share his reminiscences of those 30 years. A. idealistic B. beyond C. memoir D. degree E. acquired F. realistic G. attempts H. through I. certificate J. sit K. probably L. definitely M. underlined N. legend O. stay

填空题Reading Skills and Strategies 1. Speed reading Aim: to increase reading speed without 1 understanding Strategies Identifying 2 without focusing on each letter Not 3 all words Spending less time on some phrases than others 4 through small sections 2. Active reading Aim: to get an 5 understanding Key points 6 the most important parts Use one or two 7 for headings Prepare questions before you start reading Summarize finished portion in your own words Go through the text again and check 3. SQ3R strategy Aim: to help a deep understanding Steps Survey: to get a quick idea of the writing Question: to create questions and look for the answers Read: to read 8 if looking for specifics 9 : to try and answer the questions Review: to 10 the entire text in your mind

填空题A．accumulates B．veiled C．fascinating D．pasture E．procedure F．barren G．terminating H．endure I．moisture J．secondary K．stimulates L．lodged M．texture N．brief O．machine The forest from which man takes his timber is the tallest and most impressive plant community on earth. In terms of man"s 11 life it appears permanent and unchanging, save for the seasonal growth and fall of the leaves, but to foresters it represents the climax of a long succession of events. No wooded landscape we see today has been forest for all time. Plants have minimum requirements for temperature and 12 and, in ages past, virtually every part of earth"s surface has at some time been either too dry or too cold for plants to survive. However, as soon as climatic conditions change in favor of plant life, a(n) 13 sequence of changes occurs, called a primary succession. First to colonize the 14 lands are the lowly lichens, surviving on bare rock. Slowly, the acids produced by these organisms crack the rock surface, plant debris 15 , and mosses establish a shallow roothold. Ferns may follow and, with short grasses and shrubs, gradually form a covering of plant life. Roots probe even deeper into the developing soil and eventually large shrubs give way to the first trees. These grow rapidly, cutting off sunlight from the smaller plants, and soon establish complete domination closing their ranks and forming a climax community which may 16 for thousands of years. Yet even this community is not everlasting. Fire may destroy it outright and settlers may cut it down to gain land for 17 or cultivation. If the land is then abandoned, a(n) 18 succession will take over, developing much faster on the more hospitable soil. Shrubs and trees are among the early invaders, their seeds carried by the wind, by birds and 19 in the coats of mammals. For as long as it stands and thrives, the forest is a vast 20 , storing energy and many elements essential for life.

填空题A. access B. accidentally C. average D. bacterial E. dismissed F. ensuring G. guarantee H. host I. innovators J. miracle K. occasionally L. spread M. targets N. transmit O. triggers At age 17, as a senior in high school, Kavita Shukla filed for her second patent: a piece of paper that would transform how food is stored and kept fresh. Ten years later, her product is being used in 35 countries, has been called "the 1 paper" and was recently launched in Whole Foods. Fresh Paper is infused with organic spices that inhibit 2 and fungal growth; when stored with produce, it can keep food fresh two to four times longer than normal—like refrigeration without electricity. The spice mixture comes from an old family recipe passed along by Shukla"s grandmother, who once gave it to her after she 3 drank tap water on a visit to India. "Drink this and you won"t get sick," she was told. On Friday, Shukla was joined onstage at the Women in the World Summit in New York by Rula Jebreal, a 4 and foreign-policy expert at MSNBC (微软全国有线广播电视公司). Jebreal lamented the fact that while the world"s farmers actually produce enough food to feed the world"s hungry, 13 billion tons of food are lost annually to spoilage. What"s more, some 1.6 billion people currently living without 5 to refrigeration struggle to keep their diets healthy. Shukla"s company, Fenugreen, which she started in 2010, 6 these people, along with food banks and small-scale farmers. "For so many people, this was about so much more than a piece of paper," she said. "It was about empowerment." Jebreal praised a low-tech solution in an era when many 7 are relying on high-tech innovation. "What if I had 8 it as too simple?" Shukla asked. "Simple ideas are the ones that have the power to change things, and they have the power to 9 ." For Fresh Paper, simplicity meant accessibility, which was key to 10 the product reached anyone who could benefit from it. As the discussion drew to a close, Shukla reminded inventors everywhere that complicated isn"t always better: "Don"t ever discount your own simple idea."

填空题 object article substance category elaborate complex refined ambitious ambitiously original primitive initial elementary initially attendance assistance rescue defense assist put aside put across put forth put off

填空题Some of these sentences are correct, but most have a mistake. If the sentence is correct, put a tick (√). If it is incorrect, cross the sentence out and write it correctly. Example: Your friend looked rather ill. √ It was a steel long pipe. × It was a long steel pipe.

填空题A．perception B．forward C．wealthy D．strengthen E．bargaining F．cooperators G．counterparts H．particular I．efficient J．negotiators K．solidify L．forth M．exchanging N．that O．indirect The increase in international business and in foreign investment has created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication. Americans, however, have not been well trained in either area and, consequently, have not enjoyed the same level of success in negotiation in an international arena as have their foreign 1 . Negotiating is the process of communicating back and 2 for the purpose of reaching an agreement. It involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to participate in either one, the 3 must understand the ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise is reached within the culture of the negotiation. In many international business negotiations abroad, Americans are perceived as 4 and impersonal. It often appears to the foreign negotiator that the American represents a large multi-million-dollar corporation that can afford to pay the price without 5 further. The American negotiator"s role becomes 6 of an impersonal purveyor of information and cash. In studies of American negotiators abroad, several traits have been identified that may serve to confirm this stereotypical 7 , while undermining the negotiator"s position. Two traits in 8 that cause cross-cultural misunderstanding are directness and impatience on the part of the American negotiator. Furthermore, American negotiators often insist on realizing short-term goals. Foreign negotiators, on the other hand, may value the relationship established between negotiators and may be willing to invest time in it for long-term benefits. In order to 9 the relationship, they may opt for 10 interactions without regard for the time involved in getting to know the other negotiator.