填空题In this section you will hear a talk. You will hear the talk ONCE ONLY. While listening, you may look at ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. Now listen to the talk. When it is over, you will be given TWO minutes to complete your work. Preparing for Tests Ⅰ. Preparing for tests —To understand the 1 of tests —The common sense required for both a physical and mental approach to them —How to read instructions and questions correctly —How to answer the questions Ⅱ. People"s different attitudes towards tests A. A(n) 2 or a contest: —Why did you take off points on this question? —What should I have included that I did not? B. Fear: —Fear results in 3 and disturbed thinking. —The characteristics: 1. Their grade is considerably lower than normal. 2. They complain about the teacher-insufficient explanation, lack of review, etc. 3. They find 4 with the test materials. 4. They study for the test with another student. C. 5 : —Challenge, self-confidence and content-reliability. —This attitude requires the relationship between student and teacher, and question and answer always to be one of 6 production rather than competitive destruction. Ⅲ. Understanding the real 7 of tests A. The 8 B. They provide students with a chance to show how much they have learned. C. Students gain 9 D. Students will make progress through their 10

填空题A. disregarding B. considering C. for which D. which E. choices F. ideal G. Moreover H. perfect I. therefore J. competent K. drift L. flexible M. float N. requirements O. risks Most worthwhile careers require some kind of specialized training. Ideally, the choice of an occupation should be made even before the choice of a curriculum in high school. Actually, most people make several job choices during their working lives, partly because of economic and industrial changes and partly to improve their position. The "one 31 job" does not exist. Young people should 32 enter a broad 33 training program that will fit them for a field of work rather than for a single job. Unfortunately many young people have to make career plans without the benefit of help from a 34 vocational counselor or psychologist. Knowing little about the occupational world, or themselves for that matter, they choose their lifework on a hit-or-miss basis. Some 35 from job to job. Others stick to work in which they are unhappy and 36 they are not fitted. One common mistake is choosing an occupation for its real or imagined prestige. Too many high-school students—or their parents for them—choose the professional field, 37 both the relatively small proportion of workers in the professions and the extremely high educational and personal 38 . The imagined or real prestige of a profession or a "white-collar" job is no good reason for choosing it as life"s work. 39 , these occupations are not always well paid. Since a large proportion of jobs are in mechanical and manual work, the majority of young people should give serious consideration to these fields. Before making an occupational choice, a person should have a general idea of what he wants out of life and how hard he is willing to work to get it. Some people desire social prestige, others intellectual satisfaction. Some want security; others are willing to take 40 for financial gain. Each occupational choice has its demands as well as its

填空题 blank confine contradict counter desert deserted empty eradication extension limit restraint restraining restriction reform vacancy

填空题Six Ways to Protect Yourself from Hackers Online 1. Make your password harder ■ length of password: 1 ■ not using your family member"s name or 2 . 2. 3 . ■ no password is unbreakable ■ 4 can help keep track of hard passwords 3. Clear browser history ■ Internet browsers keep records of Internet information ■ information can reveal the detailed record of 5 4. Do not use 6 ■ no password required ■ easy for hackers to access everything on the device 5. Watch 7 ■ phishing: open 8 that looks real ■ do not open the website you did not ask for 6. Not to use 9 ■ high likelihood of getting 10

填空题A．discovered B． confronted C．interactive D．techniques E．correlation F．emerge G．effectively H．committed I．managers J．traditionally K．aggressively L．cooperativeness M．virtue N．employees O．developed When women do become managers, do they bring a different style and different skills to the job? Are they better, or worse, managers than men? Are women more highly motivated and 1 than male managers? Some researches support the idea that women bring different attitudes and skills to management jobs, such as greater 2 , an emphasis on affiliation and attachment, and a 3 to bring emotional factors to bear in making workplace decisions. These differences are seen to carry advantages for companies, because they expand the range of 4 that can be used to help the company manage its workforce 5 . A study commissioned by the International Women"s Forum 6 a management style used by some women managers ( and also by some men) that differs from the command- and-control style 7 used by male managers. Using this " 8 leadership" approach, "women encourage participation, share power and information, enhance other people"s self-worth, and get others excited about their work. All these things reflect their belief that allowing 9 to contribute and to feel powerful and important is a win-win situation good for the employees and the organization." The study"s director predicted that "interactive leadership may 10 as the management style of choice for many organizations."

填空题Whales, several species of which face extinction, have become subjects of considerable sympathy. These are the recorded voices of whales. These monstrous creatures have been trumpeting their songs, one to another, in the world"s oceans since the 11 of time, while overhead, great 12 and civilizations have come and gone. Now, their time of decline has come. It began a long time ago. Four-thousand-year-old rock carvings show that the people who lived in what is now Norway were probably the first to seek out and kill whales in the sea. By around 890 AD, 3,000 years later, the 13 had spread to the Basque people of France and Spain, who 14 whales from boats in the Bay of Biscay. In the centuries that followed, Whaling became an important industry in Denmark, England, Germany, the Netherlands, and, finally, in what would become America. Whaling went into dramatic 15 , beginning around 1900. Today, whales are hunted commercially only by Norway, Iceland and Japan. The world"s 16 with them, however, is at an all-time high, because so few of them are left. Given their 17 history. Richard Ellis writes about whales, takes pictures of whales in the open sea, and 18 whales stranded on the beach. He says it"s a 20-year 19 that began in the mid-1960s, when he designed a model of a great blue for the Museum of Natural History in New York. "As I began to do the research. I realized that nobody knew anything about whales. And I couldn"t really find any pictures of what they looked like: all I could find was pictures of dead whales. And I became very excited at the prospect of doing what seemed to be original research on something that was so 20 , which was the largest animal that has ever lived on earth." A．beginning B．decline C．rise D．empires E．fascination F．different G．hunted H．dawn I．practice J．behavior K．peculiar L．sketches M．obsession N．tragic O．trapped

填空题A．when B．reach C．until D．so E．recovering F．phone G．appropriate H．confusing I．tell J．tune K．tone L．type M．inquiries N．recording O．place More and more residences, businesses, and even government agencies are using telephone answering machines to take messages or give information or instructions. Sometimes these machines give 11 instructions, or play messages that are difficult to understand. If you make telephone calls, you need to be ready to respond when you get a 12 The most common machine is the 13 used in residence. If you call a home where there is a telephone answering machine in operation you will hear several rings and then a recorded message that usually says something like this: "Hello, we can"t come to the 14 right now. If you want us to call you back, please leave your name and number after the beep." Then you will hear a "beep," which is a brief, high-pitched 15 . After the beep, you can say who you are, whom you want to speak to, and what number the person should call to 16 you, or you can leave a message. Some telephone answering machines record for only 20 or 30 seconds after the beep, 17 you must respond quickly. Some large businesses and government agencies are using telephone answering machines to provide information on topics about which they receive a large volume of 18 . Generally speaking, using these systems requires you to have a touchtone phone. The voice on the machine will tell you to push a certain button on your telephone if you want information on Topic A, another button for Topic B, and so on. You listen 19 you hear the topic you want to learn about, and then you push the 20 button. Immediately after making your selection, you will hear a recorded message on the topic.

填空题Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. A true cashless society, 21 , is probably not around the corner. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment "would soon revolutionize the very concept of money itself," only to 22 itself several years later. Why has the movement to a(n) 23 society been so slow in coming? Although e-money might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payment system based on paper, several factors work 24 the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very expensive to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 25 form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they 26 receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to give up. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float" —it takes several days before a check is cashed and funds are 27 from the issuer"s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. They eliminate the float for the consumer 28 electronic payments are immediate. Fourth, electronic means of payment raise security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database. Although a whole new field of computer science has developed to 29 with security issues, a further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic 30 that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits. There are worries that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby eating into our privacy. A．because B．trail C．however D．cope E．original F．reverse G．resume H．1ane I．cashless J．withdrawn K．provide L．collect M．dominant N．against O．path

填空题A. accustomed B. carefully C. cautiously D. concrete E. credibility F. decayed G. desire H. dimensions I. eligible J. exposed K. indication L. occasions M. permanent N. sensitivity O. translated Fear can be an effective way to change behavior. One study compared the effects of high-fear and low-fear appeals on changes in attitudes and behaviors related to dental hygiene. One group of subjects was shown awful pictures of 21 teeth and diseased gums; another group was shown less frightening materials such as plastic teeth, charts, and graphs. Subjects who saw the frightening materials reported more anxiety and a greater 22 to change the way they took care of their teeth than the low-fear group did. But were these reactions actually 23 into better dental hygiene practices? To answer this important question, subjects were called back to the laboratory on two 24 (five days and six weeks after the experiment). They chewed disclosing wafers (牙疾诊断片) that give a red stain to any uncleaned areas of the teeth and thus provided a direct 25 of how well they were really taking care of their teeth. The result showed that the high-fear appeal did actually result in greater and more 26 changes in dental hygiene. That is, the subjects 27 to high-fear warnings brushed their teeth more 28 than did those who saw low-fear warnings. However, to be an effective persuasive device it is very important that the message not be too frightening and that people be given 29 guidelines to help them to reduce the cause of the fear. If this isn"t done, they may reduce their anxiety by denying the message or the 30 of the communicator. If that happens, it is unlikely that either attitude or behavior change will occur.

填空题In the following sentences, indicate the voice of each of the italicized verbs as shown in these examples. Examples: They have gone home. active He has climbed that mountain many times. active That mountain has been climbed before. passive

填空题A．theoretical B．distinction C．focusing D．maintains E．concentrate F．central G．justifying H．emerged I．Forethoughtful J．prominent K．preoccupation L．promiscuous M．Foremost N．analysts O．critics Aesthetic thought of a distinctively modem bent 1 during the 18th century. The western philosophers and critics of this time devoted much attention to such matters as natural beauty, the sublime, and representation—a trend reflecting the central position they had given to the philosophy of nature. Since that time, however, the philosophy of art has become ever more 2 and has begun to supplant the philosophy of nature. Various issues 3 to the philosophy of art have had a marked impact on the orientation of 20th-century aesthetics. 4 among these are problems relating to the theory of art as form and to the 5 between representation and expression. Still another far-reaching question has to do with the value of art. Two opposing 6 positions have been taken on this issue: one holds that art and its appreciation are a means to some recognized moral good, whereas the other 7 that art is intrinsically valuable and is an end in itself. Underlying this whole issue is the concept of taste, one of the basic concerns of aesthetics. In recent years there has also been an increasing 8 with art as the prime object of critical judgment. Corresponding to the trend in contemporary aesthetic thought, 9 have followed either of two approaches. In one, criticism is restricted to the analysis and interpretation of the work of art. In the other, it is devoted to articulating the response to the aesthetic object and to 10 a particular way of perceiving it.

填空题Vibrations in the ground are a poorly understood but probably widespread means of communication between animals. It seems 11 that these animals could have detected seismic "pre-shocks" that were missed by the sensitive vibration-detecting equipment that clutters the world"s earthquake laboratories. But it is possible. And the fact that many animal species behave 12 before other natural events such as storms, and that they have the ability to detect others of their species at distances which the familiar human senses could not manage, is well established. Such observations have led some to suggest that these animals have an extra sense. The best guess is that they can feel and understand 13 that are transmitted through the ground. Almost all the research done into animal signaling has been on sight, hearing and smell, because these are senses that people possess. Humans have no sense organs designed specifically to detect 14 vibrations. But, according to researchers who have been meeting in Chicago at a 15 of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, 16 via vibrations of the ground (a means of communication known as seismic signaling) have been almost entirely 17 . These researchers believe that such signals are far more common than biologists had realized—and that they could explain a lot of otherwise 18 features of animal behavior. A seismic sense could help to explain certain types of elephant behavior. One is an apparent ability to detect thunderstorms well beyond the range that the sound of a storm can carry. Another is the foot-lifting that many elephants display prior to the arrival of another herd. Rather than 19 the horizon with their ears, elephants tend to freeze their posture and raise and lower a single foot. This probably helps them to work out from which direction the vibrations are 20 . A．vibration B．inexplicable C．symposium D．unlikely E．terrestrial F．studied G．strangely H．overlooked I．travelling J．interactions K．shakings L．scanning M．shockingly N．studying O．conference

填空题In the past twenty years, there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another. While some newly independent countries have understandably 1 most jobs to local people, others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers. This is particularly the case in Middle East, where increased oil incomes have enabled many countries to call 2 outsiders to improve local facilities. Thus the Middle East has attracted oil-workers from the U.S.A., Asia and Europe. It has brought in construction workers and technicians from many countries, including South Korea and Japan. While 3 view of the difficult living and working conditions in Middle East, it is not surprising that the pay is high to attract suitable workers. Many engineers and technicians can earn at least twice as much money in the Middle East as they can in their own country, and this is a 4 attraction. A(n) 5 benefit is the low taxation or complete lack of it. This increases the 6 amount of pay received by visiting workers and is very popular with them. Sometimes a disadvantage has a(n) 7 advantage. For example, the difficult living conditions often lead to increased friendship when workers have to depend on each other 8 safety and comfort. On the other hand, many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly because of the lack of entertainment facilities. The work is often 9 and full of problems but this merely 10 greater challenge to engineers who prefer to find solutions to problems rather than do routine work in their home country. A. restricted B. associated C. in D. offers E. presents F. with G. major H. allied I. net J. compensatory K. for L. complex M. curbed N. main O. on

填空题A．available B．means C．that D．intersections E．comprise F．interrelationships G．exchanged H．freely I．involved J．replaced K．valid L．payment M．those N．randomly O．consist Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the 1 by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as 2 of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, transportation, and public-utility services. The 3 of all these prices make up the "system" of prices. If one were to ask a group of 4 selected individuals to define "price", many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words 5 price is the money values of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction. This definition is, of course, 6 as far as it goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money 7 must be known. Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be 8 , the time and place at which the exchange will take place and 9 will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, retum privileges, and other factors. In another word, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that 10 the total "package" being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.

填空题It is not surprising, 21 the lack of fit between gifted students and their schools, that such students often have little good to say about their school experience. In one study of 400 adults who had achieved 22 in all areas of life, researchers found that three-fifths of these individuals either did badly in school or were unhappy in school. Few MacArthur Prize fellows, winners of the MacArthur 23 for creative accomplishment, had good things to say about their precollegiate schooling if they had not been placed in advanced programs. Anecdotal reports support this. Pablo Picasso, Charles Darwin, Mark Twain, Oliver Gold Smith, and William Butler Yeats all 24 poorly in school. So did Winston Churchill, who almost failed out of Harrow, an elite British school. Some of these gifted people may have done poorly in school because their gifts were not 25 . Maybe we can account 26 Picasso in this way. But most disliked school not because they lacked ability but because they found school 27 and consequently lost interest. Yeats described the lack of fit between his mind and school: "Because I had found it difficult to attend 28 anything less interesting than my own thoughts, I was difficult to teach." When highly gifted students in any 29 talk about what was important to the development of their abilities, they are far more likely to mention their families than their schools or teachers. High-IQ children, in Australia studied by Miraca Gross, had much more positive feelings about their families than their schools. About half of the mathematicians studied by Benjamin Bloom had little good to say about school. They all did well in school and took honors classes when available, and some 30 grades. A. distinctiveness B. given C. on D. distinction E. Award F. unchallenging G. for H. Reward I. scholastic J. to K. domain L. skipped M. disliked N. fared O. provided

填空题A．quarrelling B．painful C．everyday D．stretch E．energetic F．active G．estimated H．routine I．Fight J．discovered K．sharper L．troublesome M．Counteract N．necessary O．sleepy Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it is 11 ? This might be called laziness, but Dr. Kleitman has a new explanation. He has proved that everyone has daily energy cycle. During the hours when you labor through your work, you may say that you are "hot". That is true. The time of day when you feel most 12 is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has 13 why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues as: "Get up, John! You"ll be late for work again!" The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family 14 ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has. You can"t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help, Jr. Kleitman believes. Maybe you"re 15 in the evening but feel you must stay up later anyway. 16 your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to. If your energy is low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise before your usual hour. This won"t change your cycle, but you"ll get up steam and work better at your low point. Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn and 17 . Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the 18 search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible, do 19 work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your 20 hours.

填空题A．effortlessly B．alterations C．appraisal D．presented E．easy F．assume G．relation H．various I．presume J．attempt to K．that L．variations M．what N．property O．aim to Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one another and to determine where we "fit" in society. In our everyday lives, we mentally 31 place people in terms of their statuses. For example, we must judge whether the person in the library is a reader or a librarian, whether the telephone caller is a friend or a salesman, whether the unfamiliar person on our 32 is a thief or a meter reader, and so on. The statuses we 33 often vary with the people we encounter, and change throughout life. Most of us can, at very high speed, assume the statuses that 34 situations require. Much of social interaction consists of identifying and selecting among appropriate statuses and allowing other people to assume their statuses in 35 to us. This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of 36 and interpretation. Although some of us find the task more difficult than others, most of us perform it rather 37 . A status has been compared to ready-made clothes. Within certain limits, the buyer can choose style and fabric. But an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince. We must choose from among the clothing 38 by our society. Furthermore, our choice is limited to a size that will fit, as well as by our pocketbook. Having made a choice within these limits, we can have certain 39 made, but apart from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to 40 the stores have on their racks. Statuses too come ready made, and the range of choice among them is limited.

填空题{{I}}In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE after the mini-lecture. Use the blank sheet for note taking.Now listen to the mini-lecture.{{/I}} Clocks through Time It took human being a long time to invent diverse ways for telling time. About 3000 years ago people first made a circle with a stick in the center of it to {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}the passage of time by noticing various marks on the circle the shadow of the stick fell across. Since these kinds of circles that are called {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}did not work without the sun, men had to find other ways to keep track of time, including a {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}candle on which each stripe took about one hour to melt, a water clock which had a line with a number beside it for every hour and an {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}which followed the invention of glass blowing. The first clock with a face and an hour hand was invented about 600 years ago for few people. With the gradually {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}use of clocks, they were beautifully {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}, though they could not keep correct time. Scarcely had clocks been made small enough to be carried when watches came into use. As the beginning of the style of "grandfather clocks, " which were enclosed in tall wooden boxes, the {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}clock was made in 1657. In 1700, there were clocks with minute and second hands. About 200 years later, a clock is commonly used in every house and a watch is almost used by every {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}gentleman. A newly created clock that shows the time exactly is so - called {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}clock. Nowadays such a clock has more and more complicated functions. {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}as clocks and watches are, time means different things to different nations.

填空题For many years it was common in the United States to associate Chinese Americans with restaurants and laundries. People did not realize that the Chinese had been 31 into these occupations. The first Chinese to reach the United States came during the California Gold Rush of 1849. Like most of the other people there, they had come to search for gold. In that 32 unoccupied land, the men 33 a claim for themselves by placing makers in the ground. However, either because the Chinese were so different from the others or because they worked so patiently that they sometimes succeeded in turning a 34 worthless mining claim into a profitable one, they became the scapegoats of their envious competitor. They were 35 in many ways. Often they were prevented from working their claims; some localities even passed regulations forbidding them to own 36 . The Chinese therefore started to seek out other ways of earning a living. Some of them began to do the 37 for the white miners; others set up small restaurants. (There were almost no women in California in those days, and the Chinese filled a real need by doing this "woman"s work".) Some went to work as farmhands or as fishermen. Chinese Americans retain many aspects of their ancient culture, even after having lived here for several generations. For example, their family ties continue to be 38 strong (encompassing grandparents, uncles, aunts, cousins, and others). Members of the family lend each other 39 support and also practical help when necessary. From a very young age children are imbued with the old values and attitudes, including respect for their elders and a feeling of responsibility to the family. This helps to explain why there is so 40 juvenile delinquency among them. A．1ittle B．severe C．moral D．driven E．staked F．forced G．surprisingly H．farming I．1argely J．1aundry K．harassed L．claims M．remarkably N．seemingly O．financial

填空题Three hundred years ago news travelled by word of mouth or letter, and circulated in taverns and coffee houses in the form of pamphlets and newsletters. Everything changed in 1833 when the first mass-audience newspaper, The New York Sun, pioneered the use of advertising to reduce the cost of news, thus giving advertisers 31 to a wider audience. The penny press, followed by radio and television, turned news from a two-way conversation into a one-way broadcast, with a 32 small number of firms controlling the media. Now, the news industry is 33 to something closer to the coffee house. The Internet is making news more participatory, social and diverse, reviving the 34 characteristics of the era before the mass media are 35 Newspaper circulations lose globally by 6% between 2005 and 2009. Over the past decade, throughout the Western world, people have been giving up newspapers and TV news and keeping up with events in 36 different ways. Most strikingly, ordinary people are increasingly involved in compiling, sharing, filtering, discussing and 37 news. Twitter lets people anywhere report what they are seeing. Classified documents are published in their thousands online. Social-networking sites help people find, discuss and share news with their friends. And it is not just readers who are 38 the media elite. Technology firms including Google, Facebook and Twitter have become important conduits of news. Celebrities and world leaders publish updates directly via social networks; many countries now make raw data available through "open government" initiatives. The Internet lets people read newspapers or watch television channels from around the world. The web has allowed new providers of news, from individual bloggers to sites, to rise to 39 in a very short space of time. And it has made possible entirely new approaches to journalism, such as that practiced by WikiLeaks, which provides a(n) 40 way for whistleblowers to publish documents. The news agenda is no longer controlled by a few press barons and state outlets. A．considerably B．access C．anonymous D．height E．returning F．advantage G．relatively H．challenging I．chatty J．flourishing K．discursive L．prominence M．distributing N．profoundly O．fighting