How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild com has ever been discovered.

但是比较起冬天来呢，我却又偏爱了秋。 是的，就是现在，我觉得现在正合了我的歌子的节奏。我几乎说不出秋比冬为什么更好，也许因为那枝头的几片黄叶，或是那篱畔的几朵残花，在那些上边，是比较冬天更显示了生命，不然，是在那些上面，更使我忆起了生命吧，一只黄叶，一片残英，那在联系着过去与将来吧。它们将更使人凝视，更使人沉思，更使人怀想及希冀一些关于生活的事吧。这样，人曾感到了真实的存在。 过去，现在，将来，世界是真实的，人生是真实的，一切都是真实的，所有的梦境，所有的幻想，都是无用的了，无用的事物都一幕幕地掣了过去，我们要向着人生静默，祈祷，来打算一些真实的事物了。 给了人更远的希望，向前的鞭策，意识到了生之实在的，而且给人以“沉着”的力量的，是这正在凋亡着的秋。我爱秋天，我对于这荒凉的秋天有如一位多年的朋友。

The American medical school is now well along in the secondcentury of its history. It began, but for many years continued to【S1】______exist, as a supplement for the apprenticeship system still in vogue【S2】______during the 17th and 18th centuries. The likely youth of this period,【S3】______destined to a medical career, was at an early age indentured to somereputable practitioner, whom his service was successively menial,【S4】______pharmaceutical, and professional; he ran his master's errands, washed the bottles, mixed the drugs, spread the plasters, andfinally, while the stipulated term drew toward its close, actually【S5】______took a part in the daily practice of his preceptor—bleeding his【S6】______patients, pulling their teeth, and obeying hurried summons in the night. The quality of the training varied within large limits with the capacity and conscientiousness of the master. Ambitious spiritssought, therefore, a more assured and inspired discipline.【S7】______Beginning early in the 18th century, having served their time athome, they resorted in rapidly increasing numbers in the hospitals【S8】______and lecture halls of Leyden, Paris, London, and Edinburgh. The difficulty of the undertaking proved admirably selective; for the students who crossed the Atlantic gave a good account ofthemselves. Return to their native land, they sought opportunities to【S9】______share with their less fortunate or less adventurous fellows the rich experience gained as they "walked the hospitals" of the old world. The voices of the great masters of that day thus reechoed in the recent western wilderness. High scientific and professional idealsimpelled the youthful enthusiasts, who bore their lighting torches【S10】______safely back across the waters.

Body Language in BusinessI. Importance of Body Language— Give others a(n)【T1】_____【T1】______— Show our【T2】_____【T2】______— Find out what others really meanII. Five Types of Body Languages ExplainedA. Posture— Natural alignment of head and body— Showing how one will【T3】_____ a situation【T3】______a. Posture of shoulders, arms, head and fists when standing showswhether you're ready for or【T4】_____ a task.【T4】______b. Feet show whether your are extrovert or notB. Space— Taking up more space looks more【T5】_____【T5】______a. Standing > sittingb. Moving around: others might feel【T6】_____【T6】______c. Sitting:【T7】_____; arms at the side of the chair【T7】______d. Stand up over the phoneC.【T8】_____【T8】______— Holding one's chin or scratching one's face shows one has【T9】_____【T9】______— Cue to offer solutions D. Facial expression— Smile: feel【T10】_____【T10】______— Frown:【T11】_____ or unsure of something【T11】______— Get messages across with right facial expression E. Eye contact— Maintaining eye contact an impression of confidence and【T12】_____【T12】______— Little eye contact dislike, nervous, shy, or feel【T13】_____ to you【T13】______— Non-stop eye contact: stressful— Wearing sunglasses: uncomfortable; attempts to hide one's【T14】_____【T14】______—【T15】_____: easier to be understood; confident【T15】______

Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman medical doctor in the United States, founded the New York Infirmary, an institution that have always had a completely female medical staff.

经过了几千年缓慢的各代人都几乎觉察不到的发展之后，城市正在突然迅速地向四面八方扩展开来。中国现在的城市人口每年以7％的速度在增长，而在大城市里则达到每年增长10％。仅举一个可以看得见的城市加速扩展的例子，上海目前每小时要增加十栋楼房和一百平方米的马路，且这个速度近几年并不会减慢。随着农村面积的逐步缩小，绝大多数人口正在向市区迁移，我们正在向城市化的社会发展。

In an effort to explain how most of language, which is not so directly relatable to meaning, derived from an onomatopoeic beginning, the discipline of etymology began. Through studyingthe derivational history of words(etymology)the naturalists tended to【M1】______demonstrate that the origin of all of language was ultimately relatable to words which directly reflected the meanings of their referents. The first philosophical forum on language eventually was【M2】______developed into a discussion on the regularity of language patterns.Two basic theoretical positions merged as explanatory frameworks【M3】______for language, that which opted for irregularity and that which insisted that language was essentially regular. From thepre-eminence of latter position it became popular to explain the【M4】______irregularities of language on the basis language somehow became【M5】______corrupted with proper usage through time; this theoretical position【M6】______regarded the older forms of language to be the pure forms.【M7】______ By the Nineteenth Century there was a severe reaction to the highly speculative nature of the philosophizing about the original language of man which had characterized much of the study oflanguage up until then. The interest was still historical, and the【M8】______goal was not so idealistic. It was a romantic era of a rediscovery of the national past; the mother tongues of nations and families of nations rather than the mother tongue of the whole human race became the focus of attention. The romantic nationalism was adefinite influence, but perhaps a more basic cause of the more real【M9】______goal was the reaction to previously unscientific speculations.【M10】______

她英语教得很好。

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名声、财产、知识等等是身外之物，人人都可求而得之。但没有人能够代替你感受人生。你死之后，没有人能够代替你再活一次。如果你真正意识到了这一点，你就会明白，活在世上，最重要的事就是活出你自己的特色和滋味来。你的人生是否有意义，衡量的标准不是外在的成功，而是你对人生意义的独特领悟和坚守，从而使你的自我闪放出个性的光华。

{{B}}SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.{{/B}}

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北京既是一座有着厚重历史的城市，又是一座包容性很强的城市。千百年来，丰富的文化在这里交融整合、相映生辉，凝聚成别具韵味的京味文化。据考古发现：距今七十万年前，北京猿人曾生活在周口店地区的天然洞穴中，点燃了北京文明的第一缕生辉。当人类历史发展到距今1万年前时，北京地区开始出现原始居民点，后来，又伴随着社会生产力和文明的不断进步与发展，到了距今5000年前，人口密集的部落出现在这块土地上。 商周时期，北京地区演化出早期的城市——燕和蓟，春秋战国时期又建立了封建国家——燕国，虽然其最终被秦国吞并，但是这一地区经过长期发展，城市和人口均达到了一定规模。

Five Golden Rules for Giving Academic PresentationsAcademic presentations are different from the classroom presentations that students usually give. There are five golden rules for students who are about to prepare themselves for an academic presentation.I. RULE No. 1: don't begin with a(n)【T1】_____.【T1】______Reason: A. It won't improve the reception of the paperor the mood of the audience.B. It won't capture【T2】_____ of the audience.【T2】______II. RULE No. 2: don't ever underestimate【T3】_____.【T3】______Reason: It's an insult and injury to audience.Suggestion:a patronizing and superficial lecture is worse than a(n)【T4】_____ lecture.【T4】______III. RULE No. 3: respect【T5】_____.【T5】______Reason: The audience's mood won't improve if you【T6】_____.【T6】______Suggestion: Plan your time.【T7】_____ at the agreed time.【T7】______IV. RULE No. 4: don't【T8】_____ the whole field.【T8】______Reason: You don't need to begin by【T9】_____the whole prior content【T9】______of the discipline.Suggestion: Assume a reasonable amount of background; present whatcan be delivered in a reasonable amount of time.A rule of thumb:【T10】_____ minutes for each transparency【T10】______V. RULE No. 5: remember that you're an【T11】_____, not the defendant.【T11】______Reason: It's your【T12】_____ that are going to get scrutiny.【T12】______Suggestion: Be a vehicle, an advocate, a public defender.VI. Rule for Questions: Look forward to【T13】______.【T13】______Reason: When there is no question or questions are not hard, chances are:A. The audience is not thinking about what you said seriously;B. You are giving talks at events【T14】_____.【T14】______Suggestion: Listen to the question closely, and think.【T15】_____ if you don't know the answer.【T15】______

起初，我不理解。现在我才明白无论何时何地我们都不应该浪费时间。

A trade group for liquor retailers put out a press release with an alarming headline; " Millions of Kids Buy Internet Alcohol, Landmark Survey Reveals. " The announcement, from the Wine and Spirits Wholesalers ofAmerica, received widely media attention. On NBC's Today Show,【S1】______Lea Thompson said, "According to a new online survey, one in 10teenagers has an underage friend who has ordered beer, wine or【S2】______liquor over the Internet. More than a third think they can easily doit but nearly half think they won't get caught. " Several newspapers【S3】______mentioned the study, including USA Today and the Record of New Jersey. The news even made Australia's Gold Coast Bulletin. Are millions of kids really buying booze online? To arrive that【S4】______shocking headline, the group used some questioning logic to pump【S5】______up the results from a survey that was already tilted in favor of finding【S6】______a large number of online buyer. For starters, consider the source. The trade group that commissioned the survey has long fought efforts to expand onlinesales of alcohol; its members are local distributors which compete【S7】______with online liquor sellers. Some of the news coverage pointed outthat conflict of interest, though reports didn't delve more deeply【S8】______on how the numbers were computed.【S9】______ The Wine and Spirits Wholesalers of America hired Teenage Research Unlimited, a research company, to design the study.Teenage Research, in return, hired San Diego polling firm Luth【S10】______Research to put the questions to 1,001 people between the ages of 14 and 20 in an online survey. Luth gets people to participate in its surveys in part by advertising them online and offering small cash awards—typically less than $5 for short surveys.

Our next task is to consider the policies and principles a ruler ought to follow in dealing with his subjects or with his friends. Since I know many people have written on this subject, I am concerned it may be thought presumptuous for me to write on it as well, especially since what I have to say, as regards this question in particular, will differ greatly from the recommendations of others. But my hope is to write a book that will be useful, at least to those who read it intelligently, and so I thought it sensible to go straight to a discussion of how things are in real life and not waste time with a discussion of an imaginary world. For many authors have constructed imaginary republics and principalities that have never existed in practice and never could; for the gap between how people actually behave and how they ought to behave is so great that anyone who ignores everyday reality in order to live up to an ideal will soon discover he has been taught how to destroy himself, not how to preserve himself. For anyone who wants to act the part of a good man in all circumstances will bring about his own ruin, for those he has to deal with will not all be good. So it is necessary for a ruler, if he wants to hold on to power, to learn how not to be good, and to know when it is and when it is not necessary to use this knowledge. Let us leave to one side, then, all discussion of imaginary rulers and talk about practical realities. I maintain that all men, when people talk about them, and especially rulers, because they hold positions of authority, are described in terms of qualities that are inextricably linked to censure or to praise. So one man is described as generous, another as a miser; one is called open-handed, another tight-fisted; one man is cruel, another gentle; one untrustworthy, another reliable; one effeminate and cowardly, another bold and violent; one sympathetic, another self-important; one promiscuous, another monogamous; one straightforward, another duplicitous; one tough, another easy-going-, one serious, another cheerful; one religious, another atheistical; and so on. Now I know everyone will agree that if a ruler could have all the good qualities I have listed and none of the bad ones, then this would be an excellent state of affairs. But one cannot have all the good qualities, nor always act in a praiseworthy fashion, for we do not live in an ideal world. You have to be canny enough to avoid being thought to have those evil qualities that would make it impossible for you to retain power; as for those that are compatible with holding on to power, you should avoid them if you can; but if you cannot, then you should not worry too much if people say you have them. Above all, do not be upset if you are supposed to have those vices a ruler needs if he is going to stay securely in power, for, if you think about it, you will realize there are some ways of behaving that are supposed to be virtuous, but would lead to your downfall, and others that are supposed to be wicked, but will lead to your welfare and peace of mind.

At the time when the United States split off from Britain,there were proposals independence should be linguistically【S1】______acknowledged by the use of a different language from that of Britain. There was even one proposal that Americans should adoptHebrew. In the end, like everyone knows, the two countries【S2】______adopted the eminently practical and satisfactory solution of carrying on with the same language as before. For nearly twohundred years now, they have shown to the world that【S3】______independence and national identity can be complete with【S4】______sacrificing the enormous mutual advantages of a common language. Like religion, language is clearly a powerful unifying anddividing force. As we have seen, moreover, there is nothing about【S5】______language as such that makes linguistic identity conterminous with national identity. "If he speaks French, he is by no meansnecessary a Frenchman." French is not the private property of【S6】______Frenchmen, and still less is English the private property ofEnglishmen. Yet many of us still half-consciously feel that anyone【S7】______other than an Englishman uses English, we have a special right tocriticise his use because he has been privileged to deal something【S8】______which is in the Englishman's gift. We feel that he must necessarilylook to us for a "standard", because it is "his" language.【S9】______ It is high time that such naive notions about English are【S10】______firmly stopped. They do not even remotely correspond to linguistic realities and they can do nothing but harm to the cause of human relationships and international harmony.

{{B}}PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION{{/B}}