Letty the old lady lived in a "Single Room Occupancy" hotel approved by the New York City welfare department and occupied by old losers, junkies, cockroaches and rats. Whenever she left her room—a tiny cubicle with a cot, a chair, a seven-year-old calendar and a window so filthy it blended with the unspeakable walls—she would pack all her valuables in two large shopping bags and carry them with her. If she didn't, everything would disappear when she left the hotel. Her "things" were also a burden. Everything she managed to possess was portable and had multiple uses. A shawl is more versatile than a sweater, and hats are no good at all, although she used to have lots of nice hats, she told me. The first day I saw Letty I had left my apartment in search of a "bag lady". I had seen these women round the city frequently, had spoken to a few. Sitting around the parks had taught me more about these city vagabonds. As a group, few were eligible for social security. They had always been flotsam and jetsam, floating from place to place and from job to job—waitress, short order cook, sales clerk, stock boy, maid, mechanic, porter—all those jobs held by faceless people. The "bag ladies" were a special breed. They looked and acted and dressed strangely in some of the most determinedly conformist areas of the city. They frequented Fourteen Street downtown, and the fancy shopping districts. They seemed to like crowds but remained alone. They held long conversations with themselves, with telephone poles, with unexpected cracks in the sidewalk. They hung around lunch counters and cafeterias, and could remain impervious to the rudeness of a determined waitress and sit for hours clutching a coffee cup full of cold memories. Letty was my representative bag lady. I picked her up on the corner of Fourteenth and Third Avenue. She had the most suspicious face I had encountered; her entire body, in fact, was pulled forward in one large question mark. She was carrying a double plain brown shopping bag and a larger white bag ordering you to vote for some obscure man for some obscure office and we began talking about whether or not she was an unpaid advertisement. I asked her if she would have lunch with me, and let me treat, as a matter of fact. After some hesitation and a few sharp glances over the top of her glasses, Letty the Bag Lady let me come into her life. We had lunch that day, the next, and later the next week. Being a bag lady was a full-time job. Take the problem of the hotels. You can't stay to long in any one of those welfare hotels, Letty told me, because the junkies figure out your routine, and when you get your checks, and you'll be robbed, even killed. So you have to move a lot. And every time you move, you have to make three trips to the welfare office to get them to approve the new place, even if it's just another cockroach-filled, rat-infested hole in the wall. During the last five years, Letty tried to move every two or three months. Most of our conversations took place standing in line. New York State had just changed the regulations governing Medicaid cards and Letty had to get a new card. That took two hours in line, one hour sitting in a large dank-smelling room, and two minutes with a social worker who never once looked up. Another time, her case worker at the welfare office sent Letty to try and get food stamps, and after standing in line for three hours she found out she didn't qualify because she didn't have cooking facilities in her room. "This is my social life,"she said. "I run around the city and stand in line. You stand in line to see one of them fancy movies and calling it art; I stand in line for medicine, for food, for glasses, for the cards to get pills, for the pills; I stand in line to see people who never see who I am; at the hotel, sometimes I even have to stand in line to go to the John. When I die there'll probably be a line to get through the gate, and when I get up to the front of the line, somebody will push it closed and say,' Sorry. Come back after lunch. ' These agencies, I figure they have to make it as hard for you to get help as they can, so only really strong people or really stubborn people like me can survive. " Letty would talk and talk; sometimes, she didn't seem to know I was even there. She never remembered my name, and would give a little start of surprise whenever I said hers, as if it had been a long time since anyone had said "Letty. " I don't think she thought of herself as a person, anymore; I think she had accepted the view that she was a welfare case, a Mediaid card, a nuisance in the bus depot in the winter time, a victim to any petty criminal, existing on about the same level as cockroaches.

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Social mobility in the U. K. could be reversed unless the government and universities make changes to encourage and pay for more students from disadvantaged backgrounds to take degrees, according to the government's independent adviser on the issue. Alan Milburn said in a report that social mobility was now "flatlining at best" after gains in the early part of the last decade. "Given the headwinds that universities and higher education institutions are facing—tuition fees, student caps, public funding constraints—there's a real danger things will go backwards, rather than forwards," Milburn told the Guardian. "As the economy changes, who gets into university does become a very important driver of social mobility." The report recommends changes across government policy and the way universities select, fund and encourage students from more disadvantaged areas, who he argues have been shown to do better at university than pupils from private schools with the same grades. Suggestions include offering all students from poorer backgrounds an interview and considering offering places to those with lower grades. Acknowledging pressure on public spending during the recession, Milburn calls on all parties to commit to government funding for higher education rising from 1. 2% currently to 1.5%, the average for the OECD group of advanced economies. The former Labour MP and cabinet member, who was the first person in his family to go to university, said social mobility created "falters as well as risers", echoing candid comments by the Liberal Democrat business secretary, Vince Cable, who told an audience on Wednesday that social mobility was often a "two-way street" and "a zero-sum game". "We want everyone to move up and no one to move down," said Cable. "But in the real world not everyone can be a star. Social mobility is often embodied in the comprehensive school pupil who reaches Oxbridge, but what about the school dropout who finished up in a lowly menial job? That is also social mobility. But this is surely what meritocracy is all about—success through hard work, not through birth." Milburn's report says universities spend more than ￡400rn to soften the impact of higher tuition fees on students from poorer backgrounds, but says there is little evidence that it is well spent, and calls for deep changes. It advocates that money is spent not just on reducing fees but helping to fund poorer students, and calls for a new version of the scrapped Educational Maintenance Allowance, intended to help poorer pupils remain in school to do A-levels Universities are asked to agree to use "contextual data" when assessing applications to give pupils from worse schools a better chance, even if they have lower grades. Because some universities—especially from the Russell Group of higher ranked institutions—have objected to such a move in the past, Milburn offers them alternatives, including running new programmes to assess and prepare school-leavers, such as summer schools, and guaranteeing interviews to pupils from schools in disadvantaged areas. Ministers are urged to scrap a cap on student numbers, which Milburn calls an artificial limit on aspiration, and to better explain the tuition fees policy, under which students start repaying their loans when their earnings rise above a certain threshold. One option would be to rename the policy a graduate tax, which it is "in all but name", says Milburn, though he says it might be too late for that. He also calls for more funding for post-graduates, probably through upfront loans, saying the issue is "in danger of becoming a social mobility timebomb". The proposal to re-introduce the EMA was widely welcomed by social and education organizations, including the children's charity Barnados, which said it had evidence that children were having to choose between the cost of breakfast and their bus fare to school. The left-of-centre IPPR thinktank welcomed the report's suggestion that "we should look at applying the lessons of the pupil premium in schools to the university sector, with more funding being provided to institutions if they recruit from disadvantaged backgrounds".

There is no dispute that it is necessary to devise ways to cut down carbon emissions, but we do dispute how to do it. The divide generally falls between those that advocate for market-based solutions in general, and those that believe that the government can play a more constructive role than businesses in certain instances. The following are opinions from both sides. Read them carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly opinions from both sides; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR. Thomas A. Weber from Stanford University Market mechanisms are open ended and provide an ongoing profit motive for companies, state agencies, and individuals to reduce emissions, as doing so either creates additional profits or yields up additional tax reductions (carbon tax). Either is better than a regulatory approach, which only requires cuts to a certain level and provides no longer-term incentive for companies to drive down emissions by investing in new technology—meaning companies will take the minimum action necessary to meet the regulatory standard. Juliet Eilperin from the US Environment Department Regulation already exists and has proved effective, so it is unnecessary to try to construct market-based solutions. Pollution and climate change is essentially a result of market failure, and governments need to intervene to resolve this. Regulations are flexible as they can be strengthened and extended over time, building on initially moderate measures. Regulations can also be introduced in such a way that companies are given an incentive to reduce their carbon emissions as much as possible, for example through progressive fines for CAFE vehicle emissions standards in the USA. Steven Mufson from Climate Change Authority Using market mechanisms is likely to have a greater impact on people's behaviour than regulation alone. Both a carbon tax and a trading system that prices emissions would raise the cost of fuel and electricity for ordinary people, providing an incentive to reduce their personal carbon footprint. This would have an immediate impact, and would affect all kinds of consumers, whereas regulations mandating efficiency standards for vehicles or homes would apply only to new purchases and not to the huge number of existing automobiles and houses, making any overall progress in reducing emissions extremely slow. Brad Plumer from The Environmental Protection Agency Market-based proposals can sound great in theory but economists fail to recognize the way in which people actually live their lives. Because people value the personal freedom their motor vehicle gives them, and feel that they have no choice but to use it to get to work, take the kids to school, etc., they will swallow very high increases in fuel taxes without changing their behaviour. Similarly, making your home energy efficient can involve a lot of initial expense, and even if this investment would pay for itself in lower bills or taxes over a number of years, many people will not feel the investment is worthwhile. Only by regulation requiring people to change their behaviour can this inertia be addressed. Cindy Long from Peking University Regulations to reduce carbon emissions will suffer all the problems of government bureaucracy. While market mechanisms will appeal to companies' and consumers' self-interest in a transparent way, regulations are always complex and burdensome. A massive and expensive administrative system will be needed to frame and introduce meaningful regulations, and this will impose unnecessary costs upon our economy (and probably raise taxes). Worse, because government is always so bad at regulation, companies will calculate that they need not obey the rules anyway—because poor monitoring means they are unlikely to get caught, and weak penalties mean that even if they are caught the fines will still be less than the cost of complying with the regulations.

Developing an Advertising Campaign Generally speaking, four major steps are involved in the development of an advertising campaign.I.【T1】______ and analyzing the advertising target【T1】______A. Have【T2】______ of your advertising target【T2】______— critical: it is the【T3】______ of other steps【T3】______B.【T4】______ to develop an information【T4】______base for the campaignII.【T5】______ the advertising platform【T5】______Advertising platform refers to the selling pointswhich an advertiser thinks are important to【T6】______.【T6】______One of the best ways to determine what the selling points areis through【T7】______.【T7】______III. Developing the media planA. Formulation of a media plan involves— the【T8】______ of exact media【T8】______— time arrangement with each mediumB. Factors to be considered in this step include— characteristics of【T9】______【T9】______— the【T10】______ of media【T10】______— the【T11】______【T11】______IV.【T12】______【T12】______A Execution of an advertising campaign requires muchplanning and【T13】______【T13】______B. Detailed【T14】______ are required to ensure everything【T14】______is done on timeC.【T15】______ of the quality of work is also necessary【T15】______to make improvements

The well-known phrase ''honoring the teacher and respecting his teaching" has long been a part of Chinese tradition and culture. According to recent Global Teacher Status Index, teachers have the highest social status in China across the world. The following is a new report on people's view on teaching profession. Read it carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the public's view on teaching profession nowadays: 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR. As Teacher's Day is approaching, the China Youth Daily received 1,089 reader responses from a nationwide survey. Results indicated that the teaching profession is still a respectable occupation: 91.6 percent voted that they wanted the most outstanding people to be teachers. "The profession of teacher should be the most respectable occupation in our society. The group should consist of the most outstanding people, or our nation's development will be affected," a respondent stated in the poll. Asked about which kind of teachers are the most outstanding ones, some readers answered: "Not all talented teachers are outstanding in their fields. An excellent teacher ought to be first of all a person of high morals, since teachers educate young people." Even more interesting, 76.3 percent of the respondents said that a teacher is someone who influenced them most. But people's views toward what kind of teachers are good teachers have changed. Another survey this June showed that 81.6 percent of the people admired knowledgeable teachers, 67.6 percent liked teachers who made their classes easy and interesting, and 51.9 percent preferred teachers with a good sense of humor. In short, being knowledgeable is the first and most important aspect of being a teacher, and on this basis, students clearly prefer lively and witty teachers. The bad news: recent years have seen the rapid reduction of normal universities and colleges. Many have been upgraded to comprehensive universities by name changes and mergers. Education experts worry lhat this kind of development will harm teacher training because these courses were conducted in those types of universities or colleges. The good news: The latest government work report states that the country would provide free education for students attending teacher training universities. The policy has become a reality as a total of 11,000 students enrolled in six teacher-training universities have now begun enjoying free education as of last week. These students began registration respectively at the six universities based in Beijing, Shanghai, Changchun, Wuhan, Xi'an and Chongqing on September 4. 73 percent of the readers who responded to the survey believed that the free education policy signals that the country is paying greater attention to education and teachers. 60.1 percent of the respondents said that the policy should be popularized and extended to more normal universities and colleges. Of those polled, the majority (55.6 percent)said that they wanted to be university or college teachers, because of the "high salary and low pressure, good working environment and non-fixed office hours." "Some teachers even have their own research program." 29.5 percent wanted to be middle school teachers, 13.4 percent wanted to be kindergarten teachers, and 8.2 percent say they didn't want to teach at all. Some respondents said that the salary of rural teachers in central and western areas should be increased. If not, even those students who enjoy free education in normal universities and love their teaching jobs will still face the ultimate question: choose their dream job or find something better to make ends meet?

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把亲情放在适当的位置上，双方都不致失落。人到中年，亲情的互动，是阶段性的幸福，不要赋予它太严肃的意义，也不要把它看得无足轻重。上帝不允许孩子永远记住父母入骨的爱，那将使他们无法成长；也不允许父母永远记住自己对儿女所作的牺牲，那将使老人陷于期待回报的自怜。而且，事实上，孩子早已经用儿语、用拥抱、用一声“妈妈，我好爱你啊!”一声“爸爸，我要嫁一个像爸爸这样的好丈夫!”完全回报了!是的，完全回报了。

后来屋子被火烧掉了，他还想再做些生意，把屋子重造起来。我安慰他说，三年以后我自己就可积起钱造屋了，还是等一等吧。他答应了，他给我留下了许多造屋的材料，告诉我这样可以做什么那样可以做什么。他死的以前不久，还对我说： “早一点造起来吧，我可以给你监工。” 但是他终于没有看见房子重造起来就死了。他弥留的时候对我说，一切都满足了。但是我知道他倘若能再活几年，我把屋子造起来，是他所最心愿的。我听到他弥留时的呻吟和叹息，我相信那不是病的痛苦的呻吟和叹息。我知道他还想再活几年，帮我造起屋子来。 现在我自己已是几个孩子的父亲了。我爱孩子，但我没有前一辈父亲的想法，帮孩子一直帮到老，帮到死还不足。 我赞美前一辈父亲的美德，而自己缺不能跟着他们的步伐走去。

Shop-lifters can be divided into three main categories; the professionals, the deliberate amateurs, and the people who justcan't help them. The professionals do not pose much of a problem【S1】______for the store detectives, which, assisted by closed circuit television,【S2】______two-way mirrors and various other technological device, can usually【S3】______cope with them. The professionals tend to go high value goods in【S4】______parts of the shops where security measures are tightest. And, in anyother case, they account for only a small percentage of the total【S5】______losses due to shop-lifting. The same applies for the deliberate amateur who is, so to【S6】______speak, a professional in training. Most of them get caught sooner orlater, and they are dealing with severely by the courts.【S7】______ The real problem is that the person who gives way to a suddentemptation are in all other respects an honest and law-abiding【S8】______citizen. Contrary to that one would expect, this kind of shop-lifter is【S9】______rarely poor. He does not steal because he needs the goods but cannot afford to pay for them. He steals because he simply cannot stop himself. And there are countless others who, because of age,have sick or plain absent-mindedness, simply forget to pay for what【S10】______they take from the shops. When caught, all are liable to prosecution, and the decision about whether to send for the police or not is in the hands of the store manager.

请抛弃不切实际的幻想。

At no time smoking permitted in the meeting room, because it will do harm to both smokers and non-smokers.

Most economies in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market. Consequently, nothing seems good ornormal which does not accord with the requirements of the free【S1】______market. A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter,establishing by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers【S2】______seemly harmful. Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to think【S3】______of price-fixing(the determination of prices by the seller)as bothnormal or having a valuable economic function. In fact, price-fixing【S4】______is normal at all industrialized societies if the industrial system itself【S5】______provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, theprice-fixing that they requires. Modern industrial planning requires【S6】______and rewards great size. Hence, a comparatively small number of large firms will be competing for the same group of consumers. Each large firm will act with full consideration of the needs that it has inthe common with other large firms competing for the same【S7】______customers. Each large firm will nevertheless avoid significant price-【S8】______cutting, because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be broughtabout by number of explicit agreements among large firms; it is not.【S9】______ Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method ofestablishing prices has not considered the economies of non-socialist【S10】______countries other than the United States. These economies employ intentional price-fixing, usually in an overt fashion.

PASSAGE THREE

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中国是文明古国，礼仪之邦，很重礼节。凡来了客人，沏茶、敬茶的礼仪是必不可少的。当有客来访，可征求意见，选用最合来客口味的茶叶和最佳茶具待客。主人在陪伴客人饮茶时，要注意客人杯、壶中的茶水残留量，一般用茶杯泡茶，如已喝去一半，就要添加开水，随喝随添，使茶水浓度基本保持前后一致，水温适宜。在饮茶时也可适当佐以茶食、糖果、菜肴等，达到调节口味和充饥之功效。

房地产业作为国民经济的基础产业和主导产业，其发展历程不是一帆风顺的。在20世纪50年代中期到20世纪80年代初，我国房地产市场是不存在的。在这期间土地资源和房屋资源的配置不通过市场，而直接由政府的计划指令配置，公开的房地产市场基本被取消。因此，从20世纪80年代算起，我国的房地产业仅仅经历了20余年，正从不成熟期向成熟期过渡。但是，在此期间我国房地产业也经历了复苏、繁荣、衰退、萧条的周期波动。

比尔-盖茨平均每天工作15个小时，他简直就是一个工作狂。

暮色中，河湾里落满云霞，与天际的颜色混合在一起，分不清哪是流云哪是水湾。 也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边，在河湾之畔，一群羊正在低头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间，在即将回家的最后一刻再次咀嚼。这是黄河滩上的一幕。牧羊人不见了，他不知在何处歇息。只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。这儿水草肥美，让它们长得肥滚滚的。如果走近了，你会发现它们洁白的牙齿，以及那丰富而单纯的表情。

(1)The fox really exasperated them both. As soon as they had let the fowls out, in the early summer mornings, they had to take their guns and keep guard; and then again as soon as evening began to mellow, they must go once more. And he was so sly. He slid along in the deep grass; he was difficult as a serpent to see. And he seemed to circumvent the girls deliberately. Once or twice March had caught sight of the white tip of his brush, or the ruddy shadow of him in me deep grass, and she had let fire at him. But he made no account of mis. (2)The trees on the wood-edge were a darkish, brownish green in me full light—for it was the end of August. Beyond, the naked, copper-like shafts and limbs of the pine trees shone in me air. Nearer the rough grass, with its long, brownish stalks all agleam, was full of light. The fowls were round about—the ducks were still swimming on the pond under the pine trees. March looked at it all, saw it all, and did not see it. She heard Banford speaking to the fowls in the distance—and she did not hear. What was she thinking about? Heaven knows. Her consciousness was, as it were, held back. (3)She lowered her eyes, and suddenly saw the fox. He was looking up at her. His chin was pressed down, and his eyes were looking up. They met her eyes. And he knew her. She was spellbound—she knew he knew her. So he looked into her eyes, and her soul failed her. He knew her, he was not daunted. (4)She struggled, confusedly she came to herself, and saw him making off, with slow leaps over some fallen boughs, slow, impudent jumps. Then he glanced over his shoulder, and ran smoothly away. She saw his brush held smooth like a feather, she saw his white buttocks twinkle. And he was gone, softly, soft as the wind. (5)She put her gun to her shoulder, but even then pursed her mouth, knowing it was nonsense to pretend to fire. So she began to walk slowly after him, in the direction he had gone, slowly, pertinaciously. She expected to find him. In her heart she was determined to find him. What she would do when she saw him again she did not consider. But she was determined to find him. So she walked abstractedly about on the edge of the wood, with wide, vivid dark eyes, and a faint flush in her cheeks. She did not think. In strange mindlessness she walked hither and thither... (6)As soon as supper was over, she rose again to go out, without saying why. (7)She took her gun again and went to look for the fox. For he had lifted his eyes upon her, and his knowing look seemed to have entered her brain. She did not so much think of him: she was possessed by him. She saw his dark, shrewd, unabashed eye looking into her, knowing her. She felt him invisibly master her spirit. She knew the way he lowered his chin as he looked up, she knew his muzzle, the golden brown, and the greyish white. And again she saw him glance over his shoulder at her, half inviting, half contemptuous and cunning. So she went, with her great startled eyes glowing, her gun under her arm, along the wood edge. Meanwhile the night fell, and a great moon rose above the pine trees.