There is no link, whatsoever, between the producers and users of manpower with the result that institutions of learning,essentially at the secondary, technical, and high levels, are not【M1】______exactly aware of the end result and use of its manpower output.【M2】______There has to be a complete synchronization and rapport betweenthe two sets: the producers and the users, happens in most of the【M3】______countries, including the developing ones. There is no focus on the quality of education in terms of the depth and dimensions ofteaching and in terms of syllabi, but technical education does have【M4】______some quality control. There are rarely any revisions and up gradation of courses either in the light of the changes occurring inthe given discipline, nor in terms of the country' s manpower【M5】______requirements. Higher education is basically financed by the Governmentand that too without any reference to quality and output. It lacks of【M6】______philanthropic support either from the Non Government Organizations or from the corporate world. In this era of reforms,the time is not far when higher education, funding entirely by the【M7】______Government, will be tossed into suddenly free and competitivemarket with sharply increased government funding. It will then be【M8】______termed as India's higher education open market, the initial impacton which will be largely negative. It is anticipated that many【M9】______institutions at that time will get disintegrated, strangled by the lossof resources, ovenvhelming demand for resources that they would【M10】______fail to provide, and the receivables they would not be able to recover.

“有一个人，终生在寻求生活的意义，直到最后，他才明白，人生的真谛实质是十分简单，就只是自食其力。” 星星在很高很远的天上一闪一闪，端丽忽然想哭，她好久没哭了，生活里尽是好事，高兴的事，用不着眼泪。 “用自己的力量，将生命的小船渡到彼岸……。” 眼泪沿着细巧的鼻梁流入嘴中，咸而且苦涩。 “这一路上风风雨雨，坎坎坷坷，他尝到的一切甜酸苦辣，便是人生的滋味……”

北京的冬季，地上还有积雪，灰黑色的秃树枝丫叉于晴朗的天空中，而远处有一二风筝浮动，在我是一种惊异和悲哀。 故乡的风筝时节，是春二月。 倘听到沙沙的风轮声，仰头便能看见一个淡墨色的蟹风筝或嫩蓝色的蜈蚣风筝。还有寂寞的瓦片风筝，没有风轮，又放得很低，伶仃地显出憔悴可怜模样。但此时地上的杨柳已经发芽，早的山桃也多吐蕾，和孩子们的天上的点缀相照应，打成一片春日的温和。我现在在哪里呢?四面都还是严冬的肃杀，而久经诀别的故乡的久经逝去的春天，却就在这天空中荡漾了。

The brains of children are affected by family violence in the same way as combat affects soldiers, according to a study. In bothcases the brain becomes increasing wary of potential threats.【M1】______Children who suffer abuse or witness domestic violence are knownto be at greater risk of anxiety and depression in late life.【M2】______ Scientists carried out magnetic resonance imaging brain scanson 20 London children with an average age of 12 who have been【M3】______exposed to documented violence at home. All had referred to local【M4】______social services. While in the scanner, the children were shownpictures of male or female faces with sad, calm or angry【M5】______expressions. Their patterns of brain activity were compared withthat of 23 matched children with no history of family violence.【M6】______The children exposed to violence responded in the distinct way to【M7】______angry faces, the study found. Their brains showed heightened activation in two regions associated with threat detection. Previous research has shown a similar pattern in the brains of soldiers exposed to violence combat situations. The scans suggest both combat veteran soldiers and children who witness violence tuning their brains to be hyper-aware of environmental danger.【M8】______ Lead author Dr Eamon McCrory, from UCL's Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, said: "We are only nowbeginning to understand how child abuse influences function of the【M9】______brain's emotional systems. This research is important because itprovides with our first clues as to how regions in the child's brain【M10】______may adapt to early experiences of abuse in the home."

Passage Three

(1)The U.N. General Assembly on Tuesday urged governments to ban all human cloning, including the cloning of human embryos for stem-cell research, in a divided vote mat handed a symbolic victory to the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush. (2)Capping four years of contentious debate, the 191-nation assembly voted 84 to 34, with 37 abstentions, to approve a nonbinding statement on cloning. The United States did not play a public role in promoting the statement But it had worked behind the scenes, hand-in-hand with U.S. anti-abortion groups, to obtain a call for a blanket ban on all cloning. "The United States and the international community have now spoken clearly that human cloning is an affront to human dignity," Bush said in a statement welcoming the "strong vote". (3)The measure was proposed by Honduras and generally supported by predominantly Roman Catholic countries, in line with Pope John Paul's condemnation of human cloning. It was generally opposed by nations where stem-cell research is being pursued. Many Islamic nations were among those abstaining; on grounds there was no U.N. consensus on the hot-button issue of whether stem-cell research was a valid medical pursuit or the destruction of human life. Opponents said the text was not legally binding and would have no impact on their scientists' pursuit of stem cell research. (4)At the heart of the debate was so-called therapeutic cloning, in which human embryos are cloned to obtain stem cells used in medical studies and later discarded. (5)Many scientists, backed by governments including Belgium, Britain, Singapore and China, say the technique offers hope for a cure to some 100 million people with such conditions as Alzheimer's, cancer, diabetes and spinal cord injuries. But the United States, Costa Rica, Italy and anti-abortion groups argued that this type of research, for whatever purpose, constitutes the taking of human lives. (6)The UN. debate began with a 2001 proposal by France and Germany for a binding global treaty banning the cloning of human beings, a plan that had broad international backing. But that effort failed last year after the Bush administration fought to broaden the ban to all cloning of human embryos, including therapeutic cloning. The assembly's treaty-writing legal committee, deeply divided, abandoned the idea of a treaty and decided instead to pursue a nonbinding declaration. Costa Rican Ambassador Bruno Stagno Ugarte praised the assembly vote as "a historic step" mat recognized "that therapeutic cloning involves the creation of human life for the purpose of destroying it." U.S. envoy Sichan Siv made only a brief comment welcoming the statement. (7)But British Ambassador Emyr Jones Parry, who voted "no", lamented "the intransigence of those who were not prepared to recognize that other sovereign states—after extensive dialogue and due democratic process—may decide to permit strictly controlled applications of therapeutic cloning." "Therapeutic cloning research conducted under strict regulations will contribute to the enhancement of human dignity by relieving millions of people from pain, suffering and misery," said South Korean envoy Ha Chan-ho, explaining his "no" vote. "The foes of therapeutic cloning are trying to portray this as a victory for their ideology. But this confusing declaration is an effort to mask their failure last November to impose a treaty on the world banning therapeutic cloning," said Bernard Siegel, a Florida attorney who led a lobbying drive by scientists and patient advocacy groups to defend cloning for therapeutic ends.

Global warming could actually chill down North America within just a few decades, according to a new study that says a sudden cooling event gripped the region about 8,300 years ago. Analysis of ancient moss from Newfoundland, Canada, links an injection of freshwater from a burst glacial lake to a rapid drop in air temperatures by a few degrees Celsius along North America's East Coast. This event created a colder year-round climate with a much shorter growing season for about 150 years, from northern Canada to what is now Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. The results suggest that North America's climate is highly sensitive to meltwater flowing into the ocean, said lead study author Tim Daley of Swansea University in the U. K. The work also means that history could repeat itself; Currently Greenland's ice sheet is melting at a rapid clip, releasing freshwater into the North Atlantic. In a worst-case scenario, the authors say, a sudden melt could trigger another regional cooling event—although other experts say today's extreme, human-driven warming might cancel out any strong cooling effect. Daley and colleagues studied mosses dating back more than 8, 700 years that were preserved in a Newfoundland peat bog. The ratios of two different types of oxygen in the mosses allowed the team to trace changes in atmospheric temperature over time. When air temperatures are lower, the mosses contain less oxygen-18, a heavier version of the more common type, oxygen-16. About 8,350 years ago, the amount of oxygen-18 relative to oxygen-16 suddenly dropped, the team reports in the September issue of the journal Geology. Previous research had found that, around the same time, a northern ice dam burst, releasing the contents of a vast glacial lake into the Labrador Sea, between Canada and Denmark. Normally a warm ocean current called the Gulf Stream runs up the east coast of North America, helping to keep the region balmier than it should be, considering how far north it is. But the entire glacial lake drained within less than a year, injecting a huge pulse of freshwater into the North Atlantic Ocean. Daley and colleagues think the lake water diluted the salty ocean current and slowed the Gulf Stream, which in turn led to rapid cooling in North America. "As a result, Canadian summer temperatures would have been similar to those currently experienced in autumn or spring," said team member Neil Loader, also of Swansea University. Climate records from Greenland and Europe also show a sudden cooling during the same time period, but this is the first clear evidence for a North American chill. The moss data show that current climate models "significantly underestimate the impact and duration of the climate perturbation resulting from the megaflood," said Swansea team member Alayne Perrott. This means these same models might not be accurately predicting what might happen in the future if Greenland's ice sheet continues to melt. However, some scientists say that the data showing a prehistoric North American cool down may only indicate a coastal phenomenon. "The study site is very close to the North Atlantic Ocean, and it is very likely that the climate change is primarily an oceanic signal," said Hans Renssen, a climate researcher at Vrije University in Amsterdam, who was not involved in the study. As for whether today's melt in Greenland could trigger another round of cooling, Renssen thinks it's possible, but he doesn't believe the change would be as dramatic as last time. In fact, he said, any future cooling is likely to be overwhelmed by human-caused warming, "resulting in no cooling in North America at all, only less warming than without the event."

(1)With the toll from anthrax mounting, the antibiotic most commonly used to tackle the deadly bug is now a celebrity. News anchor Tom Brokaw recently held a bottle up to the camera, saying: "In Cipro we trust." (2)Sadly, that trust could be short-lived. Cipro "may have the dubious distinction of being the antibiotic we destroy faster than any other", warns microbiologist Abigail A. Salyers at the University of Illinois. The problem is that bacteria are immensely adaptable critters. Expose them to antibiotics long enough, and they'll evolve ways to survive the drugs. (3)Infectious-disease experts stress that people exposed to anthrax, such as postal workers in affected mail centers, should take Cipro, at least until tests show either that they don't have the bug or that their bacterial strain is susceptible to other drugs. But those who gulp down Cipro merely out of fear are being dangerously irresponsible, putting both themselves and others at risk. (4)Why? The human body teems with bacteria. A broad-based antibiotic such as Cipro acts like a neutron bomb on this ecosystem, wiping out billions of microbes. Not only can that impair normal body functions in which bacteria play a role, such as digestion, but harmful germs can move in, like squatters taking over suddenly vacant houses. (5)CRYING WOLF. Worse, antibiotics breed resistance. When you take a drug, the hardest bacteria among constantly mutating strains survive, reproduce, and pass along defense mechanisms against drugs. Taking Cipro for weeks "is the perfect situation for the regular bacteria in the body to become resistant", says Dr. Carol J. Baker, a pediatrician at Baylor College of Medicine and president of the Infectious Disease Society of America. Except in the case of an actual anthrax infection—rather than more exposure—it's best to take the antibiotic for a few days only, to limit the development of resistance in the body's bacteria. (6)Even without resistance, these normally harmless bugs can turn nasty. Painful infections result when benign gut flora, such as E. coli, find their way to the urinary tract. Streptococcus bugs that live harmlessly in the throat cause pneumonia if they get into the lungs. Contract one of these diseases, and your doctor may prescribe Cipro. But if you've previously taken weeks of the antibiotic, your particular bug may already be primed to resist it. Not until you have to rush to the hospital will anyone know that something has gone horribly wrong. And the resistant microbes can spread to others. (7)Indeed, antibiotic resistance is one of the world's most pressing public-health problems. A single case of so-called multidrug-resistant tuberculosis costs more than $250,000 to cure—and the deadly germs are on the rise in many countries. Up to 30% of bacteria that cause ear infections and pneumonia in the U.S. can fight off standard antibiotics. The toll: thousands of hospitalizations and billions of dollars a year. (8)The quinolone drugs—of which Cipro is one example—were once part of the solution. They kill a wide spectrum of bugs, including strains resistant to other drugs. But resistance to quinolones has appeared in everything from meningitis-causing pneumococcus bugs to the E. coli in bladder infections.

As food is to the body, so is learning to the mind. Our bodiesgrow and muscles develop with the input of adequate nutritious【M1】______food. Otherwise, we should keep learning day by day to maintain【M2】______our keen mental power and expand our intelligent capacity.【M3】______Constant learning supplies us inexhaustible fuel for driving us to【M4】______sharpen our power of reasoning, analysis, and judgment. Learningincessantly is the surest way to keep pace with the time in the【M5】______information age, and an infallible warrant of success in times of uncertainty. Once learning stops, vegetation sets in. It is a common fallacy to regard school as the only workshop for the acquisition ofknowledge. On contrary, learning should be a never-ending【M6】______process, from the cradle to the grave. With the world ever changed【M7】______so fast, the cease from learning for just a few days will make a person lag behind. What's worse, the animalistic instinct deep inour subconsciousness will come to life, and weakening our will to【M8】______pursue our noble ideal, sapping our determination to sweep away obstacles to our success, even killing our desire for the refinementof our characteristic. Lack of learning will inevitably lead to the【M9】______stagnation of the mind, or even worse, its fossilization, Therefore,to stay mentally younger, we have to take learning as a lifelong【M10】______career.

In 1751, Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus came up with the novel idea of using flowers as clocks. Morning glories open their trumpet-like petals around 10 a. m. , water lilies at 11 and so on through evening primroses and moonflowers. A full array of these blossoms, planted in a circle, could indicate the time. It was a whimsical notion. But some 250 years later, scientists are seriously interested in the timekeeping mechanisms of nature. "They're so ubiquitous, they're almost a signature of life," says molecular neuroscientist Russell Foster of Imperil College, London. From cockroaches to humans, Foster explores these internal clocks in a fascinating new book, Rhythm of Life, co-authored with British science writer Leon Kreitzman. The author show how the daily patterns known as circadian rhythms influence far more than our sleep. Heart attacks are more common in the morning. Women tend to go to labor in the evening. Severe asthma prevail at night. Although we may jet across time zones, circadian rhythms rule. The book traces the century-long quest to unravel their mechanisms, with some starting outcomes—including the recent discovery that certain genes switch on and off in 24 hour cycles. Even our responses to medicines may depend on when we take them. Nature has devised internal clocks for a simple reason: they aid survival. "The early bird really does get the work,"—thanks to a silent wake-up call before dawn. A mimosa plant spreads its fernlike leaves during the day to create the maximum surface area for photosynthesis, then folds them up at night to reduce water-vapor loss. It's not a mere response to light. "They do this even when kept in the dark," says biologist Eugene Maurakis of the Science Museum of Virginia. In humans, the master clock is a tiny clump of cells in the brain called the suprachiasmatic nuclei. The clocks is reset daily by signals from a novel type of photoreceptor in the eye that Foster discovered. "The blind rely on it, too, provided their eyes haven't been removed," he says. The result is an orchestrated series of biological events that unfolds in sequence. In the hours before breakfast, the body releases digestive enzymes gradually to be ready for the first meal. Temperature and blood pressure rise in preparation for the day's demands. This helps explain the morning increase in the heart attacks. Cells reproduce at set times. Hormones rise and fall—many of them according to a predetermined schedule. The implications for medicine are profound. By timing treatments to complement daily changes in biochemistry, the authors argues, we can boost efficacy and reduce side effects. In one seminal trial, medical oncologist William Hrushesky of the Dorn V. A. Medical Center in Columbia, S. C., found that by simply reversing the times when he administered two chemotherapeutic drugs, he could extend survival in women with advanced ovarian cancer from 11 percent at five years to 44 Chronobiology International, more than a dozen ailments can currently benefit from carefully timed treatments. In one recent study, he notes, something as simple as low-dose aspirin at bedtime reduced the rate of preterm deliver in pregnant women at risk for hypertension from 14 percent to zero. Aspirin in the morning had little effect. Surprised? Not to Foster and Kreitzman. As they show, timing is everything.

What is a symbol and how can you identify one in literature? A symbol typically encompasses both a【T1】 1 and a figurative meaning. Unlike a【T2】 2, a symbol is not necessarily a statement: a single word can evoke meaning and become a symbol. Being aware of【T3】 3 in novels will increase your ability to read a work critically. Spring, for example, is often a symbol of【T4】 4: conversely, winter often symbolizes a figurative death. Fitzgerald's short story Winter Dreams is heartbreakingly rendered from the outset by the symbolism of its title. We know that the harsh, symbolically loaded word "winter" offsets the fragility and hope of the word "dreams". Other common symbols include【T5】 5, the Christian cross, the Star of David, and the Nazi swastika. The more symbols you are able to identify,【T6】 6your critical interpretation will be. What is a symbol and how can you identify one in literature? A symbol typically encompasses both a【T1】 7 and a figurative meaning. Unlike a【T2】 8, a symbol is not necessarily a statement: a single word can evoke meaning and become a symbol. Being aware of【T3】 9 in novels will increase your ability to read a work critically. Spring, for example, is often a symbol of【T4】 10: conversely, winter often symbolizes a figurative death. Fitzgerald's short story Winter Dreams is heartbreakingly rendered from the outset by the symbolism of its title. We know that the harsh, symbolically loaded word "winter" offsets the fragility and hope of the word "dreams". Other common symbols include【T5】 11, the Christian cross, the Star of David, and the Nazi swastika. The more symbols you are able to identify,【T6】 12your critical interpretation will be. 【T1】

(1)Ask an American schoolchild what he or she is learning in school these days and you might even get a reply, provided you ask it in Spanish. But don't bother, here's the answer: Americans nowadays are not learning any of the things that we learned in our day, like reading and writing. Apparently these are considered antique old subjects, invented by white males to oppress women and minorities. (2)What are they learning? In a Vermont college town I found the answer sitting in a toy store book rack, next to typical kids' books like "Heather Has Two Mommies and Daddy Is Dysfunctional". It's a teacher's guide called "Happy To Be Me", subtitled "Building Self Esteem". (3)Self-esteem, as it turns out, is a big subject in American classrooms. Many American schools see building it as important as teaching reading and writing. They call it "whole language" teaching, borrowing terminology from the granola people to compete in the education marketplace. (4)No one ever spent a moment building my self-esteem when I was in school. In fact, from the day I first stepped inside a classroom my self-esteem was one big demolition site. All that mattered was "the subject," be it geography, history, or mathematics. I was praised when I remembered that "near", "fit", "friendly", "pleasing", "like" and their opposites took the dative case in Latin I was scolded when I forgot what a cosine was good for. Generally I lived my school years beneath a torrent of criticism so consistent I eventually ceased to hear it, as people who live near the sea eventually stop hearing the waves. (5)Schools have changed. Scolding is out, for one thing. More important, subjects have changed. Whereas I learned English, modern kids learn something called "language skills." Whereas I learned writing, modern kids learn something called "communication". Communication, the book tells us, is seven per cent words, 23 per cent facial expression, 20 per cent tone of voice, and 50 per cent body language. So this column, with its carefully chosen words, would earn me at most a grade of seven per cent. That is, if the school even gave out something as oppressive and demanding as grades. (6)The result is that, in place of English classes, American children are getting a course in How to Win Friends and Influence People. Consider the new attitude toward journal writing: I remember one high school English class when we were required to keep a journal. The idea was to emulate those great writers who confided in diaries, searching their souls and perfecting their critical thinking on paper. (7)"Happy To Be Me" states that journals are a great way for students to get in touch with their feelings. Tell students they can write one sentence or a whole page. Reassure them that no one, not even you, will read what they write. After the unit, hopefully all students will be feeling good about themselves and will want to share some of their entries with the class. (8)There was a time when no self-respecting book for English teachers would use "great" or "hopefully" that way. Moreover, back then the purpose of English courses(an antique term for "Unit")was not to help students "feel good about themselves." Which is good, because all that scolding didn't make me feel particularly good about anything.

The Process of Analyzing a PoemI. Genre— Possible forms: sonnet, elegy, lyric,【T1】_____, etc.【T1】______— Different genres have different attributesII. Voice— "I": the voice speaks in the poem— Undramatized voice: no particular【T2】_____【T2】______— Dramatized voice: a dramatized character— Analyzing the voicea)Attitudeb)【T3】_____【T3】______c)Involvementd)【T4】_____【T4】______III. Argument, thesis or subject— Conflicts—【T5】_____【T5】______— Ambiguities— Relationships: conflicts, parallels, contrasts—【T6】_____ or problems【T6】______IV. Structure—【T7】_____ structure【T7】______a)Component parts(stanza, paragraph)integral to a poemb)Relation between the parts— Thematic structurea)Equivalent to【T8】_____ in fiction【T8】______b)Argument or presentation of the materialc)Having close relations with formal structureV. Setting—【T9】_____【T9】______— Physical world— Example of Treea)Concrete: specific treeb)Tonal: create mood or associationsc)Connotative: used as a(n)【T10】_____【T10】______d)【T11】_____: image of organic life【T11】______e)Allegorical: representation of the cross of ChristVI. Imagery— Images of the physical setting— Images as【T12】_____【T12】______a)Extend the imaginative range, complexity and comprehensibilityb)Very briefc)Extended analogiesVII. Language— Kinds of words—【T13】_____【T13】______— Associations—【T14】_____【T14】______— Double meanings— Ambiguities of meaningVIII. Qualities【T15】_____【T15】______— From the readers and form the readersa)Responseb)Tastec)Experienced)Value

No one in this century has been most widely recognized as a genius than Einstein.

Journey in Catastrophes: Three Forms of Violent Storms I. Winds and stormsA. Winds' moving in violent storms— bringing about a great deal of【T1】______【T1】______— being so strong that is terrifyingB. Storms' occurring: the【T2】______ of massive hot air and cold air【T2】______— gales: strong enough to uproot trees and blow down chimneys, etc.— thunderstorms: hot enough to expand the air to【T3】______【T3】______C. Gales and thunderstorms: happening all over the worldD. Tornadoes, waterspouts and hurricanes: happening only【T4】______【T4】______II. TornadoA. Basic knowledge— a very violent wind-storm in the【T5】______ over land【T5】______— cause: gathering of【T6】______ hot, moist air and cold, dry air【T6】______— season: generally March through August— time of occurrence:【T7】______【T7】______B. Damage of a tornado— making【T8】______ things into dangerous weapons【T8】______— sucking everything in【T9】______【T9】______— tearing,【T10】______ things【T10】______III. WaterspoutA. A tornado that happens【T11】______【T11】______B. Sucking up water IV. HurricaneA Basic information— other names: tropical cyclones,【T12】______, and willy-willies【T12】______— beginning over tropical oceans in late summer— speed: between 12 and 24 miles per hour— blowing in a large spiral around a relative calm center,known as the【T13】______: generally 20 to 30 miles wide【T13】______— the storm: likely to extend outward 400 miles B. Damages— bringing【T14】______, high winds, and storm surges【T14】______— flattening trees and buildings— flooding everything with the torrential rain— sometimes sweeping inland over sea walls and【T15】______【T15】______

(1)Vibrations in the ground are a poorly understood but probably widespread means of communication between animals. (2)In 1975, tens of thousands of people were evacuated from a city, a few hours before a large earthquake struck it. Scientists regard earthquakes as unpredictable, and pre-emptive evacuations such as this as therefore impossible. What gave the game away, according to the local authorities, was the strange behaviour of animals such as rats, snakes, birds, cows and horses. (3)It could have been a lucky coincidence. It seems unlikely that these animals could have detected seismic "pre-shocks" that were missed by the sensitive vibration-detecting equipment that clutters the world's earthquake laboratories. But it is possible. And the fact that many animal species behave strangely before other natural events such as storms, and that they have the ability to detect others of their species at distances which the familiar human senses could not manage, is well established. Such observations have led some to suggest that these animals have a kind of extra-sensory perception. What is more likely, though, is that they have an extra sense-a form of perception that people lack. The best guess is that they can feel and understand vibrations that are transmitted through the ground. (4)Almost all the research done into animal signaling has been on sight, hearing and smell, because these are senses that people possess. Humans have no sense organs designed specifically to detect terrestrial vibrations. But, according to researchers who have been meeting in Chicago at a symposium of the society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, this anthropocentric approach has meant that interactions via vibrations of the ground (a means of communication known as seismic signaling)have been almost entirely over-looked. These researchers believe that such signals are far more common than biologists had realized-and that they could explain a lot of otherwise inexplicable features of animal behavior. (5)Until recently, the only large mammal known to produce seismic signals was the elephant seal, a species whose notoriously aggressive bulls slug it out on beaches around the world for possession of harems of females. But Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell of Stanford University, who is one of the speakers at the symposium, suspects that a number of large terrestrial mammals, including rhinos, lions and elephants also use vibration as a means of communication. At any rate they produce loud noises that are transmitted through both the ground and the air-and that can travel farther in the first than in the second: Elephants, according to Dr O'Connell-Rodwell, can transmit signals through the ground this way for distances of as much as 50km when they trumpet, make mock charges or stomp their feet. (6)Seismic vibrations do not qualify as signals unless they are being received and understood. But it has already been shown that some smaller animals, such as frogs and crickets, pick up information from the seismic part of what everybody had assumed to be simple acoustic (ie, airborne)signals. One way this was found out was by vibrating whole frogs while recording the electrical impulses from particular cells in their inner ears that were suspected of responding to seismic stimulation. Frogs, of course, are easily manipulated. Doing something similar to an elephant requires a higher degree of co-operation from the subject. Dr O'Connell-Rodwell is, however, trying. She is attempting to train several tame elephants to respond to such signals by shutting them inside a gently vibrating truck. (7)Even without this evidence, it seems likely that elephants do make use of seismic communication. They have specialised cells that are vibrationally sensitive in their trunks. And vibrations transmitted through their skeletons may also be picked up by their exceptionally large middle-ear bones. (8)A seismic sense could help to explain certain types of elephant behavior. One is an apparent ability to detect thunderstorms well beyond the range that the sound of a storm can carry. Another is the foot-lifting that many elephants display prior to the arrival of another herd. Rather than scanning the horizon with their ears, elephants tend to freeze their posture and raise and lower a single foot. This probably helps them to work out from which direction the vibrations are traveling—rather as a person might stick a finger first in one ear and then in the other to work out the direction that a sound is coming from. (9)According to Peggy Hill, a biologist from the University of Tulsa who organised the symposium, work on seismic signalling is blossoming. Part of the reason is that the equipment needed to detect seismic vibrations (and thus short-circuit human sensory inadequacies)has become cheap. Geophones—which transform vibrations into electrical signals—were once military technology. They were developed by the American army to detect footsteps during the Vietnam war. Now, they can be picked up for as little as $40. (10)In the past decade many insects, spiders, scorpions, amphibians, reptiles and rodents, as well as large mammals, have been shown to use vibrations for purposes as diverse as territorial defense, mate location and prey detection. lions, for example, have vibration detectors in their paws and probably use them in the same way as scorpions use their vibration detectors-to locate meals. (11)Dr. Hill herself spent years trying to work out how prairie mole crickets, a highly territorial species of burrowing insect, manage to space themselves out underground. After many failed attempts to provoke a reaction by playing recordings of cricket song to them, she realized that they were actually more interested in her own footfalls than in the airborne music of their fellow crickets. This suggests that it is the seismic component of the song that the insects are picking up and using to distribute themselves. (12)Whether any of this really has implications for such things as earthquake prediction is, of course, highly speculative. But it is a salutary reminder that the limitations of human senses can cause even competent scientists to overlook obvious lines of enquiry. Absence of evidence, it should always be remembered, is not evidence of absence.

PASSAGE ONE

母亲是个“好劳动”。从我能记忆时起，总是天不亮就起床。全家二十口人，妇女们轮班煮饭，轮到就煮一年。母亲把饭煮了，还要种田，种菜，喂猪，养蚕，纺棉花。因为她身材高大结实，还能挑水挑粪。 母亲这样地整日劳碌着。我到四五岁时就很自然地在旁边帮她的忙，到八九岁时就不单能挑能背，还会种地了。记得那时我从私塾回家，常见母亲在灶上汗流满面地烧饭，我就悄悄把书一放，挑水或放牛去了。有的季节里，我上午读书，下午种地；一到农忙便整日地在地里跟母亲劳动。这个时期母亲教给我许多生产知识。 佃农家庭的生活自然是很苦的。可是由于母亲的聪明能干，也勉强过得下去。我们用桐子榨油来点灯，吃的是豌豆饭、菜花、红薯饭、杂粮饭，把菜籽榨出的油放在饭里做调料，这种地主富人家看也不看的饭食，母亲却能做得使一家吃起来有滋味。赶上丰年，才能缝上一些新衣服，衣服也是自己生产出来的。母亲亲手纺出线，请人织成布，染了颜色，我们叫做“家织布”，有铜钱那样厚。一套衣服老大穿过了，老二老三接下来穿还穿不烂。

Kissing, stroking and wild embraces are common enough,and now the quiet, romantic gesture of holding hands in public is a【M1】______final frontier for many young couples in the West—even though,traditionally it was a first step towards intimacy. Power couples on【M2】______the world stage have taken up handholding as a sign of equality【M3】______and commitment. The political figures and their wives are often snapped hand-in-hand. That very fact—which it's a simple but powerful statement of【M4】______commitment—is exact what deters many young people from【M5】______linking hands. There is no public display of affection intimate【M6】______between two people than handholding, writes New York bachelor Jozen, on his blog. "Holding hands is the ultimate sign that twopeople are not only together, also happily so. Couples kiss madly,【M7】______hug madly. But hold hands madly? Oh no, they don't do that." Public Display of Affection is so common and varied that it's earned its own acronym, the PDA. A lot of young people aren'tthinking about the long term when they date with someone:【M8】______"Kissing and touching are fueled by passion and don't necessarily mean people plan to be together forever. But a couple quietly holding hands shows something deeper." In the fast paced, constantlychanging world of youth where everything is permitted, but something【M9】______is certain, people have time for passion but are scary【M10】______of the commitment of love.