The word conservation has a thrifty meaning. To conserve is to save andprotect, to leave what we ourselves enjoy in such good condition as others【S1】______ may also share the enjoyment. Our forefathers had no idea that human populationwould increase faster than the supplies of crude materials. Most of them, even【S2】______until very recently, have the foolish idea that the treasures were "limitless"and "inexhaustible". Most of the citizens of early generations knew little or 【S3】______nothing about the complicated and the delicate system that runs all through thenature, which means that, as in a life body, an unhealthy condition of one part 【S4】______will sooner or later be harmful to all others. 【S5】______ Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school work. Scientific 【S6】______forestry was a new idea; timber was still cheap at that time because it could be brought in any quantity from distant woodlands; soil destruction and river floodswere not national problems; nobody had already studied long-term climate cycles 【S7】______in relation with proper land use; even the word conservation had nothing of the 【S8】______meaning that it has for us today. For the sake of ourselves and those who come after us, we must now set about 【S9】______repairing the mistakes of our forefathers. Conservation should, however, be made 【S10】______a part of everyone's daily life. To know about the water table in the ground is just as important to us as a knowledge of the basic arithmetic formulas.

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Passage Four

回想起小学四年级以后的日子，便有如进入了一层一层安静的重雾，浓密的闷雾里，甚至没有港口传来的船笛声。 那是几束黄灯偶尔挣破大气而带来的一种朦胧，照着鬼影般一团团重叠的小孩，孩子们留着后颈被剃青的西瓜皮发型，一群几近半盲的瞎子，伸着手在幽暗中摸索，摸一些并不知名的东西。我们总是在五点半的黑暗中强忍着瞌睡起床，冬日清晨的雨地上，一个一个背着大书包、穿着黑色外套和裙子的身影微微地驼着背。随身两个便当、一只水壶放在另一个大袋子里，一把也是黑色的小伞千难万难地挡着风雨，那双球鞋不可能有时间给它晾干，起早便塞进微湿的步子里走了。

Humans are thought to be responsible for a large number of environmental problems, ranging from global warming to ozonedepletion. That is not in doubt, however, is the devastating effect【S1】______humans are having on the animals and plants of the planet. Currently, an estimated 50,000 species become extinct eachyear. If this takes on, the impact on all living creatures is likely to【S2】______be profound. All species depend in some way each other to survive.【S3】______If you remove one species from this very complex web of interrelationships, you have very little idea about the knock-oneffects on the ecosystem. However, if you lose a key species, you【S4】______might cause a whole flood of other extinctions. The most complicating matter is the fact in that there is no【S5】______obvious solution to the problem. Unlike global warming and ozonedepletion—which, if the political will is there, could be reduced by【S6】______cutting gas emissions—preserving bio-diversity remains an intractable problem. The late idea is " sustainable management" , which involves【S7】______using any species for human beings' benefit, provide enough【S8】______individuals of that species are left alive to ensure its continued existence. Sustainable management is seen as a practical andeconomic way of protecting species from extinction. Instead of【S9】______depending on largely ineffective laws against illegal hunting, it gives local people a good economic reason to preserve plants and animals. This sounds like a sensible strategy, but it remains to be seen whether it will work. With corruption popular in many developing countries, some observers are suspicious that the money willactually reach people it is intended for. Others wonder how effective【S10】______the locals will be at stopping illegal hunters.

Four Steps of Learning a Foreign LanguageThe efforts spent in high school learning a foreign language were almost futile. Fortunately, forfreshmen students, it is possible to learn a foreign language fast without traveling to the destination where that particular language is spoken.I. Problem of Formal Language Class— Insistent mix of conversation, grammar and【T1】_____【T1】______— Analogy: trying to lose weight and then put on muscleII. Requirement for the Method to Be Outlined— Time: at least【T2】_____ of studying per day【T2】______— Materials: a notebook,【T3】_____, and an mp3 player【T3】______III. Four Steps of Learning Language— The order of these four steps should【T4】_____【T4】______Step 1: Alphabet and Pronunciation— In terms of brain reaction, the pronunciation comesbefore the【T5】_____【T5】______— Use【T6】_____ for audio files of alphabet【T6】______— Listen with a headphone to spot the【T7】_____ of the speech【T7】______— Take one week to【T8】_____ yourself with the sounds【T8】______Step 2: Vocabulary— Learn the【T9】_____【T9】______— Get a word list from Google or pick the words from a dictionary— Memorize the words【T10】_____【T10】______— Work on 50-100 words a day for about【T11】_____【T11】______Step 3: Grammar— Search for grammar【T12】_____【T12】______— Study the basics: conjugations,【T13】_____ and【T13】______exceptions to the basic rule— Study for 1 or 2 hours a day for about one month Step 4: Reading and Listening— Search for short stories,【T14】_____ or novels【T14】______— Translate these stories into your own language— Download podcasts, movies, and TV shows and watch on-line videos—【T15】_____ what they are saying【T15】______— Practice pronouncing words like natives

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A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time.

Recently, a four-day/10-hour-per-day has been promoted by employers as a way to cut costs, conserve energy and build a more productive and creative workforce. Making every weekend longer certainly sounds like a good idea, but people also have certain concern. The following are opinions from different people. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions; 2. give your comment.Jill Fraser, author of "White Collar Sweatshop" Many have argued for the four-day workweek, or flexible hours in general, as a way to retain talented female workers who might otherwise quit altogether in order to have children. But a four-day workweek isn't beneficial to mothers alone—and it is beneficial. When Utah introduced four-day workweeks for many of its state employees a few years ago, it boosted productivity and worker satisfaction. Better work gets done in four days than in five. It makes sense: When there's less time to work, there's less time to waste. And when you have a compressed workweek, you tend to focus on what's important, like sleep, quality work happens best when uninterrupted.Cali Yost, founder of Flex+Strategy Group Giving staffers one weekday off would be especially appealing to the biggest chunk of the labor force—boomers. Many of them could use the free day to take their parents to doctor's appointments or handle other eldercare duties, spend time with their grandkids, learn new skills and transition into retirement. Four-day workweeks can also let them cut their commutes. Besides, a four-day workweek allows you to continue to contribute on the job while gaining the time to pursue a long-neglected avocation.Larry Page, boss of Google The idea that everyone needs to work frantically to meet people's needs is just not true. People need to feel busy and productive, but they don't need to work so much to get there. Most people like working, but they'd also like to have more time with their family or to pursue their own interests. So that would be one way to deal with the problem, is if you had a coordinated way to just reduce the workweekJason Fried, technician of Treehouse, an online education company A four-day workweek may increase the free time available from Friday to Sunday, but it also requires employees to work longer and harder the other four days. This is especially true for occupations that involve a fixed amount of work that must be accomplished on a weekly basis— inspectors, lab technicians, newsmagazine journalists, to name just a few. And regardless of workload, a 10-hour day is substantially longer than the current standard. This can be a significant burden, particularly for older workers.Carlos Slim, CEO of Telmex When thinking about creating a four-day workweek, people tend to think about how great it will be to have more time away from the office rather than how increasing their workday by two hours may affect them and their families. Less time in the day outside of work means less time for running errands on your workdays. Another drawback is the fact that just because you only work four days a week, it doesn't mean your customers don't need you on your "off" day. Some companies can't shut their doors for one day a week because of the nature of their business. If there are enough employees to stagger the 5th day off, this may work for you—some employees get Monday off and some Friday.

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Even many early leaders of the United States have provided names for towns, only George Washington is remembered in the name of a state.

{{B}}PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION{{/B}}

我父亲对我说玩火危险。

How to Approach a Dissertation I. What is a dissertationA. A piece of writing with argument:—analyze the evidence to support or contradict all kinds of【T1】______【T1】______B. An academic writing:—something fresh and【T2】______of your abilities to analyze and【T2】______ synthesize II. Some fundamental【T3】______of the dissertation【T3】______A. Plan the word limits and【T4】______【T4】______B. Contain a detailed exploration of evidence —from published texts to primary【T5】______【T5】______C. Be clear about the nature of the methodology for【T6】______【T6】______D. Present it in a finished manner—know about format, layout and【T7】______of the task【T7】______III. How to manage your supervisorA. Discuss the amount of contact and support you needB. Discuss the【T8】______【T8】______C. Set up【T9】______or pairings【T9】______D. Supervise progress with a(n)【T10】______【T10】______E. Evaluate and respond to the supervisor's【T11】______【T11】______IV. The importance of【T12】______【T12】______A. Draw a timetable—be with the thorough information of the【T13】______【T13】______B. Rearrange your time—find time for study,【T14】______or entertainment【T14】______C. Fill in personal dissertation periods—【T15】______being the key to meet deadline【T15】______

In addition, the paper instituted a content audit that evaluates the frequency and manner of representation of woman and people of color in photographs.

(1)What makes a great communicator? A willingness to share that driving sense of mission and a burning faith that others will embrace, too. (2)As an entrepreneur, you have an extraordinary story to tell. But whether you're pitching or promoting a service, product, company, or cause, how you craft and deliver your message could mean the difference between making the sale or being shown the door. Some people are simply better than others at articulating their message. (3)Raising the bar. My work takes me across the country and exposes me to spokespeople in a variety of industries. But the goals are always the same: To articulate a message that meets the demands of contemporary audiences, who want their speakers to be passionate, inspiring, brief, captivating, and clear. (4)As the majority of us are accustomed to PowerPoint shows, 24-hour cable news, and MTV-style videos, our perception of great corporate speakers has changed. The great spokespeople of our time have raised the bar on what it means to be a business communicator—and you're being compared to them. (5)When CNBC interviews Apple(AAPL)CEO Steve Jobs, you're being compared to him. When C-SPAN brings British Prime Minister Tony Blair into our living rooms every week, you're being compared to him. When Cisco(CSCO)CEO John Chambers delivers a dazzling PowerPoint show, you're being compared to him. They've mastered 10 techniques that set them apart—techniques that I uncovered while researching my new book, 10 Simple Secrets of the World's Greatest Business Communicators. (6)Pitching with oomph. But enough talk about "the secrets". Let's get started. Extraordinary entrepreneurs and business professionals credit their communication skills for much of their success, and each is fueled by a passionate commitment to their service, product, company, or cause. Passion separates the world's top pitchmen from the vast majority of mediocre presenters. Without passion, you will fail to motivate, inspire, and electrify your audiences. (7)Starbucks(SBUX)Chairman Howard Schultz didn't build one of the most admired brands in the world because he blends the right mix of espresso, steamed milk, and foam. While interviewing Schultz for 10 Simple Secrets, I quickly realized he doesn't leave his passion at the office. While many of us like coffee, even love it, Schultz is passionate about it. Really passionate. (8)During a now-famous trip to Italy, on a piazza in Milan, Schultz's life was forever changed. The Italians were passionate about their coffee, he excitedly told his wife. Schultz brought that passion back to America and transformed a small Seattle coffee-bean store into an American institution. His zeal convinced investors to buy into his concept of bringing Italian-style cafes to America—and without it, we never would have been introduced to mocha frappuccinos! (9)Emotional rapport. At this point, some of you might be saying, "My passion is to get rich." Fine. But I'm urging you to dig deeper. You see, I've personally met and interviewed several entrepreneurs who have joined the billionaires club. I've watched them address staff, customers, and investors. Not once did they ever discuss how much joy they get out of being wealthy. Instead, they build an emotional rapport with their listeners by sharing their connection to the topic—their passion—through personal stories, anecdotes, and examples. (10)Now ask yourself, "What's my connection to my message?" If you're a financial planner, is it to help your customers avoid the painful debt you saw your parents fall into? It is for Suze Orman, who tapped into that passion to fuel her success as an author and television host. If you sell networking hardware, is your passion fueled by the desire to change the way the world lives, works, plays, and learns? It is for Cisco Systems CEO John Chambers, whose passionate vision of the future has earned him a spot as one of the most admired chief executives in corporate America. (11)If you manage a coffee shop or restaurant, is your passion to create a welcoming "third place" between home and work for your customers to enjoy? It is for Howard Schultz, whose passion has literally changed the daily habits of millions of people around the world. So whether you're addressing an audience of 1 or 1,000, reveal your passion by identifying and sharing your personal connection to your company message. It will set you apart as a speaker.

(1)That is a lesson Scott Spector, 15, learned the hard way, when his phone started blasting his "American Idol Theme" ringtone as he was pretending to talk into it in the hall at school last month. (2)"I felt like such a dork," said Scott, of Buffalo Grove, III. (3)Dr. Katz of Rutgers said the practice first drew his attention when students in focus groups he had organized to study a wide range of cellphone use began mentioning it, unprompted. (4)The habit, Dr. Katz said, is the latest technological twist in a culture that has long embraced various forms of dissembling in the name of image, from designer knockoff handbags to plastic surgery. Some fakers admit to programming their phones to call them at a certain time to show off their ring tones; others wrap up make-believe Hollywood deals in front of people they want to impress. (5)And phantom callers are often simply trying to cope with social anxiety by showing that they have someone to call, even if they don't. One of Dr. Katz's students said she pretended to use her cellphone when she was out with a group of other college-age women who were all on theirs. Another did it to escape from a fancy boutique where the prices were beyond her means without speaking to a salesperson. (6)In that sense fake callers may not be so different from a lot of real callers, who are always partly performing for others even as they appear to withdraw into their own private space in public. (7)"The cellphone allows people to show strangers that they belong, that they are part of a community somewhere," said Christine Rosen, who studies the social impact of technology at the Ethics and Public Policy Center in Washington. "Whether or not it's a fictional call, on some level that's why we're doing it." (8)But the surfeit of counterfeit calls underscores the lengths to which people feel compelled to go to project an image for others. Sometimes the impulse is almost subconscious. (9)Mark Konchar, a network administrator in Canton, Ohio, had just hung up after sitting in his parked car behind a strip mall talking to a friend one afternoon, when he saw people emerging from the employee's entrance to one of the stores. Quickly, he put the phone back up to his ear and pretended to talk. (10)"I guess I thought people might wonder why you're sitting out there in your car; it might look strange," said Mr. Konchar, 33. "It's one of those things where after the situation happens you're wondering, 'Why did I do that?'" (11)Many women rely on fake cell phone calls when they fear for their physical safety. Yessenia Morales, 21, said she recently called a non-existent friend while being followed by a group of men on a train platform. (12)"I'11 see you in a few minutes," she promised the ether. (13)But fake calls are often made by people trying to preserve a more psychological remove. Mike Lupi-ani uses his impersonation of someone on the phone to ignore his chatty next-door neighbors. "They ask how your day is going and stuff," said Mr. Lupiani, of Rochester. "I don't really have time for it." (14)Christina Rohall, 29, said she pretends to use the phone to avoid getting hit on. "I feel awkward just rejecting people," said Ms. Rohall, of San Francisco. (15)How well the fake call works is one of its most appealing qualities, and a testament to how much respect people automatically grant to a cellphone force field. Bartosz Sitarski, 24, said he once pretended to be on a cellphone call for a full 15 minutes when someone he didn't want to speak to was waiting to talk to him at a Milwaukee coffee shop. The other person finally left rather than interrupt the "call." (16)Even security guards seem to respect the cellphone buffer, said Michael McEachern, 16, of San Diego, who has found the fake call a useful way to get to the club level at a Padres game when he doesn't have a pass. Some frequent fakers worry that the wireless charade will be harder to pull off once more people begin to suspect it. (17)But that will not deter Adam Hecht, a radiologist in Berkeley Heights, N.J., whose wife said she is often mortified by his cellphone humor. Mr. Hecht, 40, reserves his fake phoning for places with no reception, like the Tiffany's at the Short Hills, N.J., mall, where cellphones have apparently been rendered unusable to preserve the ambiance: "I usually go through a long medical scenario," he said, "that doesn't exist."

{{B}}PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION{{/B}}

Losing weight is easier when there is money on the line, U.S. researchers said on Tuesday. They said weight-loss programs thataward people with money—and remind them of the cash they【M1】______stand to lose if they fail—provided with a powerful incentive to【M2】______lose weight compared with more conventional approaches. Dr. Kevin Volpp of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicinewas looking for an effective way to treat obese, a growing problem【M3】______that carries serious health risks. He said many weight-lossprograms fail before people are being asked to make sacrifices【M4】______now. Volpp and colleagues studied two kinds of incentive programs for weight loss. One was a lottery-based design in which participants played a lottery and were allowed to collect their winnings if they met their weight-loss target. The other was adeposit contract, in which participants invested small amount of【M5】______their own money which they would lose at the end of the month ifthey succeeded to reach their goals. People in this group also got a【M6】______bonus if they met their goal. The researchers resigned 57 obese but otherwise healthy【M7】______people to one of these two groups or a control group, in which people were simply weighed at the end of each month. All wereaimed to lose 7.26 kg by the end of four months. People in the【M8】______incentive groups lost far more weight than that who got no pay for【M9】______their efforts, with about half of the participants in each group meet【M10】______their weight loss goals.