“人们的生活越来越富裕，但却远不如以前那样快乐了”，这个现象似乎早已成为现代生活永恒的矛盾之一。一个可能的答案就潜藏在我们的心理因素中，即如何才能够满足。我们对于地位、财富的需求从来都不是孤立定位的，而是在与参照组——通常是那些我们自认为与其地位相当的人——比较之后得出的。我们无法孤立地对现今所拥有的一切心存感激，我们也无法铭记自己在历史讲程中所取得的成功。只有当我们所拥有的和我们其同成长的朋友、一起工作的同事一样多甚至比他们更多的时候，我们才会感觉到幸福。

Foetal sleepers tend to be shy and sensitive, but people who assume the soldier position, flat on their back with arms at their sides, are quiet and reserved.

作为中国最早的教育中心和科学研究中心，北京大学聚集了中国优秀的专家学者，不断开拓创新，改造发展，以培养出的高质量人才所做出的高水平科学成果深刻影响和推动着中国高等教育的航程。一百年来，以北京大学为代表的中国现代大学群，在中国走向现代化的历史中起了重要的先锋作用，形成了光荣的革命传统和优良的学术传统。

For a developing country like India whose ecological and socio-economic systems are already under pressure from rapid urbanization, industrialization and economic growth, responding to the additional stress from impacts of climate change present both【M1】______challenges and opportunities. By weaving climate change concerns into the fabric of its existing developmental policies, the countrywould not only be able to ineffectively address the challenges of【M2】______climate change mitigation and adaptation, but will also be able to attain sustainable development. The impacts of climate change areconventionally assessed in terms of their impact on the human and【M3】______natural system. These impacts would in turn, relate sustainable development【M4】______largely through their implication on the opportunities for economic development and development planning, on access to resources and on the distributional effects, especially on the most poor acrossregions and income groups. Research conducting on the impact of【M5】______climate change shows that developing countries are probable to【M6】______bear the brunt as they have fewer resources for coping with theadverse change. In India, climate change could add the additional【M7】______stress on ecological and socio-economic systems are already【M8】______facing tremendous pressures due to rapid urbanization,industrialization and economic development. Though the economy【M9】______is closely tied to its natural resource base, India with its huge andgrowing population is considerately vulnerable to the impact of【M10】______climate change.

PASSAGE ONE

In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concernsabout monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads counted【S1】______for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Nextyear, after a series of mergers are completed, just four railroads will【S2】______control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers. Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergerswill allow substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service.【S3】______Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fiercecompetition from trucks. But many shippers complain that as heavy【S4】______bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicalsand grain, trucking is too cost and the railroads therefore have them【S5】______by the throat. The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that the【S6】______most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.Shippers whom feel they are being overcharged have the right to【S7】______appeal for the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for【S8】______rate relief, and the process is expensive, time-consuming, and will【S9】______work only in truly extreme cases. Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers in【S10】______the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.

这只表的价格很贵。

你去弄些水来。

Intercultural Communication Problems and SolutionsI. Intercultural Communication ProblemsA. Stereotyping— Definition: a selection process to【T1】_____ perceptions of others【T1】______— Examples:a)"Women are emotional."b)"【T2】_____" etc.【T2】______B. Prejudices— Definition:【T3】_____ toward others based on wrong stereotypes【T3】______— Examples:We feel disapproving of certain peopleC. Discrimination— Definition: related to【T4】_____ aspect【T4】______— Example: Discrimination against women in women attorneysII. Intercultural Communication SolutionsA.【T5】_____【T5】______— This will help us find【T6】_____ solutions to problems【T6】______— Example of a student in a German universitya)She complained that the German students【T7】_____【T7】______b)I asked her to play the scenec)It turned out that German students had not seen herd)Her perception was only her【T8】_____【T8】______B. Looking for Evidence— Evidences derived from the wounds or fears in【T9】_____【T9】______— Example of the studenta)She felt【T10】______because her sister was prettier【T10】______b)She usually【T11】_____ the shoes of a 5-year-old girl【T11】______C. Observing the Reaction— Tendency to【T12】_____ others【T12】______— Vicious circle of feeling rejected and rejecting othersD. Perception of Others— Put ourselves into others' shoesE.【T13】_____【T13】______— Control our perceptiona)Be aware of our【T14】_____【T14】______b)Gathering or using【T15】_____ information【T15】______

Social networking is gaining great popularity these days. Many people believe it has made our life more convenient, but others think it causes many problems. So is social networking generally beneficial or detrimental? The following are opinions from two sides. Read the excerpts carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions from both sides; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Students Evan: Social networking sites have a beneficial effect on our way of life, which increase our social interaction and give us more ways to make social connections. As long as the individual remembers and accepts that a decrease in privacy comes with increased social interaction, then it is a benefit. It is not a benefit when people forget about the decrease in privacy and do things through social networking sites that they may not want others to see. Mint: Social networking sites just allow us to communicate with others and express ourselves easily. These sites help you find people you have not seen in a while, chat without actually going to certain places and learn things that are happening today. We actually express our feelings when we respond on these types of networking sites and interact in every way. Benjamin: Social networking sites are helpful to us in many ways. Although we waste our time in chatting, we are totally updated with the present news which was happening around us. So, don't see social networking as a threat but just as the opportunity where we can interact with the people globally. But we should be cautious when we are going to share our personal information. That would affect our career if something goes public.Experts James: Social networking sites are nothing more than tools for narcissists. Social networking sites are increasing in popularity but are really destroying natural and healthy interpersonal relationships and fostering ignorance of the human condition. Take this example, recently two girls fell into a sewer and though they had their cell phones with them, they didn't have the common sense to call for help, instead they just updated their Facebook pages until someone figured out they were in trouble and called help for them. Lily: Once security is not protected on a certain website and can be hacked into, pictures can be downloaded and put up on sites without the owner's allowance. Many murders have been committed online. It is dangerous for kids of age 12 to pretend they are 20 on a social network or to accept friend requests from strangers. Steve: Social networking sites serve as a lazy way to see and talk to friends and family. Why do we need a mediator for relationships we currently have and why do we always use the excuse for these sites— they help me stay more connected to people? How? And I'm not talking about people that are far away. I'm talking about the friends and family you have right here in town. As a young man of the "younger generation", I am looking around and seeing that people are becoming so "zombified" when out and about. People, as a general rule, now find it rather hard to communicate with one another—far too many people seem to prefer having their heads stuck into their phones "tweeting". Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.

在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点。这一点颇像是在餐馆里用餐的经验。开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。愈吃愈趋于冷静，吃完了这顿宴席，缺点就都找出来了。于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。这是因为，第一，开始吃的时候你正处于饥饿状态，而饿了吃糠甜如蜜，饱了吃蜜也不甜。 第二，你初到一个餐馆，开始举筷时有新鲜感，新盖的茅房三天香，这也可以叫做“陌生化效应”吧。

When does a neutron from one atom collides with the nucleus of another atom, a chain reaction can occur.

在古罗马，柱子是按照人的比例划分的；到了文艺复兴时期，人就是世界上最美好的尺度。今天的中国城市里，裁弯取直的河渠，向四面八方扩张的交通，膨胀硕大的以便于接纳更多商业行为的城市广场与建筑立面，都在告诉人们建设背后的权力与资本才是审美标准。直到有一天。回过头来看到自己的孩子站在为车辆交通铺开的、满是尘土的路上，我们才发现，城市的大，却容不下一个让孩子们展开笑颜的机会。

Many students choose to pursue a postgraduate degree after graduation, believing that the degree will result in a better job. But others believe that getting a job is more urgent for undergraduates. What is your opinion? The following are opinions from different sides. Read the excerpts carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions from different sides; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Employer Stephen Scheeler, Director of Strategy and Innovation for Inchcape Australia: Doing a postgraduate degree wasn't just a means to getting a high-paying job—it was about learning and self-improvement. It was very intellectually stimulating and opened my mind to disciplines which I hadn't formally pursued before—like organizational behavior, marketing and statistical analysis. I just found that interesting from a purely learning perspective. I believe that postgraduate qualifications definitely boost a person's employment and earnings potential. Increasingly, postgrad qualifications are becoming mandatory for most C-level (corporate title) and Director-level positions in major companies. If you don't have the qualification, it's harder to get the job, and therefore harder to earn that higher salary. I am mindful of candidates' postgrad credentials when recruiting for my own company. "We place a lot of emphasis on postgrad qualifications, especially for more senior leadership roles. However, we are also interested in the quality of the degree, not just that somebody has a piece of paper. "Employees Bill Birtles, a news presenter at Triple J: I have a media and communications degree from UNSW and I studied a Graduate Diploma in Journalism at UTS. I chose to do postgraduate studies primarily because I knew UTS has strong links to the industry, in particular the ABC. During my postgrad studies I put my head down and worked really hard, and made it very clear to the people at UTS who had a bit of sway that I was very keen to be in broadcasting and get to the ABC. Parcells: Continuing education is clearly important, but the value of a master's degree depends on what you do with it. A master's degree in digital marketing examines analytics, social media, and search marketing. While you can clearly learn about these subjects out of the classroom, practical knowledge and studying these principals are the foundation for success. But the focus must also be on what you do during your program, such as taking on valuable internships, connecting with executives, and sharpening your skills.Job adviser Julie Labrie, vice-president of BlueSky Personnel Solutions in Toronto: For many employers, having a postsecondary education puts you in a separate category from those who don't have a degree or diploma. It shows employers that you've been trained to think critically. Beyond this, higher grades or more education simply become a bonus to an employer's main consideration—work experience. Experience trumps education because employers don't want to pay for time to train new hires on the job, especially if they can hire someone who can hit the ground running. So having a college or university education plus work experience for example, will put you ahead of competing students who have excellent grades with less work experience—even for entry-level positions. When employers vet resumes, they look at work experience first, and education second. As a student, your ideal option is to study to get the best grades you can while working, so you can get some experience under your belt too. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.

Chinese Americans Introduction: Americans used to associate Chinese Americans with【T1】______【T1】______I . Early immigrationA. The first group of Chinese immigrants—Being bullied because other people were jealous of their【T2】______in【T2】______the Gold Rush—Being prevented from working on their own【T3】______【T3】______—Being made a living by doing laundry, running【T4】______, farming or【T4】______fishingB. The second group of Chinese immigrants—imported as workers for the construction of the first【T5】______【T5】______—called " heathen Chinese" because of differences in appearance,language and【T6】______【T6】______—Chinese being deprived of【T7】______【T7】______—【T8】______banned Chinese immigration in 1882【T8】______—【T9】______population of Chinese Americans in early 20th century【T9】______II.【T10】______since WW II【T10】______—China and the US became【T11】______and Chinese immigration being【T11】______permitted—Chinese Americans' life and occupations being【T12】______Chinatowns【T12】______III. Introduction of current Chinese Americans—most descend from【T13】______immigrants【T13】______—tradition being well-preserved—emphasis on education and【T14】______making Chinese Americans【T14】______distinguish themselves —appreciated by their【T15】______to the US【T15】______

The destruction of our natural resources and contamination of our food supply continue to occur, largely because of the extremedifficulty in affixing legal responsibility on these who continue to【S1】______treat our environment with reckless abandon. Attempts to prevent pollution by legislation, economic incentives and friendly persuasionhas been met by lawsuits, personal and industrial denial and long【S2】______delays—not only in accepting responsibility, but more importantly, in doing something about it. It seems which only when government decides that it can afford【S3】______tax incentives or production sacrifices there any initiative for【S4】______change. Where is industry and our recognition that protecting【S5】______mankind's great treasure is the single most important responsibility?As there will be time for environmental health professionals to come【S6】______to the frontlines and provide leadership to solve environmental problems, that time is now. We are being asked, and, the public is demanding we took【S7】______positive action. It is our responsibility as professionals in environmental health to make the difference. Yes, the ecologists, the environmental activists and the conservationists serve tocommunicate, stimulate thinking and promote to behavioral change.【S8】______However, it is those of us who are paid to make the decisions to develop, improve and enforce environmental standards, I submit, whom must lead the change.【S9】______ We must recognize that environmental health issues do not stop at city limits, county lines, state or even federal boundaries. We can no longer afford to be tunnel-visioned in our approach. We mustvisualize issues in every perspective to make the objective decisions.【S10】______We must express our views clearly to prevent media distortion and public confusion.

Some people suggest that universities should consider offering more vocational courses to prepare graduates for work. However, some disagree, arguing that the purpose of university is to open up students' mind, not to train them. Should there be more vocational courses in colleges? The following are opinions from two sides. Read the excerpts carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 WORDS, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions from both sides; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET FOUR. Excerpt 1 Parents Barry: My son started a degree course at the local university, but because of his dyslexia eventually graduated with an HND, effectively the practical part of the degree. He currently works in the construction industry and earns much more than several of his co-students who obtained degrees in less necessary disciplines. My comments are not to undermine the value of a good degree. I worked with many degree holders who were very good at their work. It is simply to point out to us that the world needs relevant skills. Lord Digby Jones points out the danger of unfocused degrees, and the simple fact that there are more skills in the world than those obtained from a university. Philips: Yes, they should. I see many college graduates could not find a job. Though they have some fancy college degrees, they don't have the vocational skills that are required to do a certain job. After all, many courses have a vocational element, eg: medicine, teaching, vets etc. So why not others? To an extent though, we will have to change snobbish attitudes. Some degrees such as History, English Literature, PPE are considered good but degrees such as Golf Management, Computer Games Design are considered bad. This would encourage schools to advise on vocational courses as an option for their students rather than suggest they opt for a course that looks good on the university entry statistics. Jacob; There should be many more vocational courses, but they shouldn't be at universities. The conventional university approach is not suitable for vocational training. You end up with an institution which combines the weaknesses of both universities and vocational training colleges, and has the strengths of neither. Excerpt 2 University Faculty Mr. Anderson: Universities should be offering academic courses, training people to think logically and coherently, and teaching research skills. Vocational courses are the domain of technical colleges. Rachel: Vocational training is better done by employers or specialised colleges, because by its nature it is often very specialised. The universities can contribute most effectively by teaching knowledge of general applicability such as mathematics, languages and science. This was the traditional approach of universities, with exceptions in the cases of law and medicine, which tend to operate as separate schools anyway, with a lot of on-the-job training. Back in the early 1980's, Keith Joseph, as Mrs. Thatcher's education secretary of the state, forced the universities to move in the direction that Digby Jones is advocating. That is to offer more vocational courses. This distracted universities from their special role in scholarship and research. It may not be a coincidence that the decline of the UK from the leading position it previously had in the traditional fields accelerated from that time on. I suggest that we should let the universities revert to their traditional role, and then set up training colleges, or whatever, for the specialised skills required by industry.

Self-discipline: the Foundation of Productive LivingI. Issues to be noticed at the thought of self-disciplineA. Troubles for some people to become more productiveB. The reason: lacking of【T1】______ to start with【T1】______C. Multiple meanings of self-discipline in different fields:—the ability and【T2】______ in terms of productivity【T2】______—the ability to【T3】______ in personal development【T3】______—the ability to get up and practice by【T4】______【T4】______—the power to【T5】______ by speaker【T5】______II. The steps to become productiveA. Start small, work【T6】______【T6】______—the importance of【T7】______【T7】______—the comparison between it and the use of musclea) more failure, less motivation, difficult to solve problemsb) start developing it by【T8】______ small problems【T8】______c) the strength of it increases graduallyd) similar process to【T9】______ a habit rather than overcoming【T9】______B. Meanwhile, the importance of accountability and【T10】______【T10】______—rebuilding the【T11】______ of muscle without assistance【T11】______—differently, people need【T12】______ to gain it again【T12】______—others keep you【T13】______ for each action and give you help【T13】______a) they are to be present in your daily life and workb) for instance: partner, family, 【T14】______, etc【T14】______III. ConclusionA. A lot of talks about the【T15】______ to get things done【T15】______and implement systems they have memorizedB. But self-discipline remains to be the foundation of living productively.

In many countries, like China and the UK, physical Education (PE) is compulsory in state schools until the age of 16. Every year, however more and more parents believe that their children shouldn't have to participate in physical activity if they don't want to and that it is not a conducive educational activity or environment. The followings are opinions from both educators and parents on this issue. Read them carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions from both sides; 2. give your commentEducatorGwen Randall, Principal of Millennium Primary School, UK Participation in sport promotes health. The effect on self-esteem and well-being as a product of sport can only be experienced by certain children if forced by their schools to first participate. Government is, or should be, concerned with the health of its citizens. Besides, encouraging physical activity in the young through compulsory PE fights child obesity and contributes to forming lifelong habits of exercise. In addition, physical education helps to forge character and the mutual respect required to succeed in an adult environment. Playing team sports builds character and encourages students to work with others, as they would be expected to do in most business or sporting environments. Sport teaches children how to win and lose with good grace and builds a strong school spirit through competition with other institutions. Compulsory physical education is the only means by which all children can be forced to appreciate such advantages.Parents David Batty Students should be allowed a choice with relation to their school subjects, including physical education. Children know, often from early ages, what they want to do with their life from what subjects they enjoy and those they don't. Lots of children don't want to do physical education; it is different from any other lesson—it is about what one does with one's body. For those not confident about their bodies, why should they be forced to go through the embarrassment and stress of a PE class when they could be spending the time most constructively and happily in a classroom? Fiona Haslam Sport is a waste of school time and resources. One or two PE lessons a week make very little difference to an individual's health—but a huge difference to a school's budget. It creates a whole extra department in schools, wasting a great deal of money and time that could be better spent on academic lessons. It also requires schools buildings to be surrounded by a large amount of land for playing fields, making it prohibitively expensive to build new schools in urban areas. The quality of teaching is low, as students are taught in huge classes. On the other hand, the quality of teaching and of equipment goes up if there are fewer (but keener) students taking the subject.Kevin Brennan Successful sporting nations realise that sports, like any other specialised subjects, are best taught to selected groups that display both talent and interest in the field—forcing all to compete holds back the able and punishes the less able. The right way to go is to liberate those that don't want to participate, and allow those that are extremely keen to go to academies that focus their talents more efficiently than a regular school ever could. Furthermore, our children are burdened enough in schools already, especially at the older end of the system, with multiple examinations. PE simply adds, needlessly, to this hectic schedule.

我对于海，就好像着了魔似的一天比一天迷恋起来，我爱它，甚至一天也不能离开它。有时清早起来便奔向海滨，迎接血红的太阳由海边升起；有时特地在阳光将要落山的时候，去领略海滩的黄昏滋味。我更爱看矗立在海中央的灯塔，我佩服那守灯塔的人，他每天机械地守住自己的岗位，给予往来的航行者一种光明的指示；假若没有他，这海面将被黑暗所包围，来往的船只，随时都有触着暗礁的危险。