Passage Four

How to Write a College Term Paper?I. Tip 1: Figure out exactly what the professor wants. Read【T1】_____ very carefully.【T1】______ Talk to your professor to ensure you【T2】_____.【T2】______II. Tip 2: Brainstorm a great topic appropriate for the assignment. Write about something unique and【T3】_____.【T3】______ Visit your professor for help.III. Tip 3: Write an outline. Not necessarily a(n)【T4】_____ outline.【T4】______ Show your outline to your professor.IV. Tip 4: Back up claims with【T5】_____.【T5】______ Cite studies,【T6】_____ and quotes.【T6】______ Don't rely too heavily on examples.V. Tip 5: Write a cool introduction. You may begin with: an interesting【T7】_____【T7】______ a startling statistic 【T8】_____【T8】______VI. Tip 6: Write a clear【T9】_____.【T9】______ Keep it as simple as possible. Don't【T10】_____ from it【T10】______VII. Tip 7: Use good sources. Choose credible sources. Avoid【T11】_____ sources.【T11】______ Use sources rich with facts and ideas. Don't rely too heavily on one source. Never list sources you didn't really use in your【T12】_____.【T12】______VIII. Tip 8: Lose the B.S. Keep your introductions【T13】_____.【T13】______IX. Tip 9: Never【T14】_____.【T14】______X. Tip 10: Get help if you need it. Look for resources in the school for writing help.XI. Proofread at least for【T15】_____times.【T15】______

There's a brief scene in the back half of Pixar's Up in which 8-year-old Russell recalls how, years before, his estranged father used to take him out for ice cream. Butter Brickie was Dad's favorite flavor, Russell's was chocolate, and the pair would sit together, slurping their melting treats and counting passing red and blue cars. "That might sound boring," says Russell, pink-cheeked with embarrassment. "But I think the boring stuff is the stuff I remember most." If anything sums Pixar's modus operandi, it's loving the boring stuff. Finding salvation rather than the Devil in the details is one of the main reasons for the studio's artistic (53 combined Oscar nominations and wins) and commercial (nearly $ 5 billion in worldwide box-office gross) successes. Up, the studio's 10th full-length film, clocks in at a zippy 86 minutes and, like the nine before it, will rise or fall on the strength of its smallest moments. Still, for a film of small, finely observed scenes, the hype surrounding Up is supersized. It was the first animated film ever to open the Cannes Film Festival, and dangles from its own balloon fleet of big ambitions, a big budget and big expectations. Up also marks Pixar's first foray in the currently hot market of 3-D films, and has the added pressure of following Oscar-winning Wall-E, which pulled in more than half a billion dollars worldwide. Is the answer Carl Frederickson, Up's old-timer hero and the Disney-family antithesis of the studio's current megaplex stable, the blow-dried Jonas Brothers and teen queen Miley Cyrus? Yes, in part because of the inspiration the film draws from The Wizard of Oz (obvious flying-house parallels) and, according to Pixar, 1941 "s Dumbo. Up's Technicolor purity and deliberately unrealistic animation is a throwback to those early Dumbo days, the studio says, when you could populate a simple adventure movie with caricatured heroes and have it be as powerful (and lucrative) as a realistic film. Joe Grant, the legendary Disney character designer who drew the classic elephant and to whom Up is dedicated, was a posthumous influence on Carl's character and environs: "We went to (Grant's) house, and there were even trails where someone had walked the path for 40 years," remembers Jonas Rivera, an Up producer who started at the studio as an intern in its Toy Story phase. "It was really inspiring to us, the patina and weight of age on that house." Remarkably, the expectations haven't changed Pixar's wonky, director-driven focus on the teeny-tiny. "(I'd) walk into the story room and hear a half-hour argument about how Carl might sit down in a chair, or where his phone would go," Rivera says. "What we're trying to do is not just argue about the details, but find ways to create a believable, implied history. " Up's details have an incredible tactile quality, from the jiggle of golden retriever Dug's glossy coat to the sweet earnesty of Russell's sewn-on scout badges. An early sequence shows Carl aging not through conventional tropes like seasons changing, but through a montage of his neckties as his wife lovingly draws up their knots. The texture and style of his ties change to reflect the decades, and the tie fibers are so closely rendered that you can almost feel their nubby weave. "We sent our shading art director...to the Fashion Institute to research fabric samples of different eras for the ties, even for Carl's suits, like the houndstooth," says Rivera. The guiding principle is the same across all Pixar films: "Wonder and interest doesn't have to come out of pizzazz and spectacle and huge idea. ...I always knew that the power came from the small, and not from the big," Wall-E director Andrew Stanton said earlier this year. "(Making Wall-E) got me thinking about, and this may sound commercial, but how good Spielberg was at making moments of the littlest things." That minor details drive major plot points doesn't happen without meticulous curation, especially in the opening, silent montages of both Wall-E and Up." It's not letting any stone be unturned," Stanton said about Wall-E. "It wasn't a random choice to just pick this. It's a conversation, like, ' Why are we picking this, why are we using this object, why are we in this set?' And frankly, I know these are questions I know you're supposed to ask yourself as a filmmaker with any film, but there's something interesting about doing a film where—and I never see it as silent—dialogue is no longer one of the ingredients that's giving you information. All I could do is give you intention and emotion. " As Up continues to remind us, sometimes that's all you need.

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A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten the lives.

[此试题无题干]

Luminescence refers to the emission of light by means another than heat.

Nowadays, with advancements in technology, especially the Internet, it really doesn't take much to start your own company. The percentage of college students choosing to start their own businesses right after graduation has risen globally for three consecutive years, a survey shows. The following two excerpts are about this trend. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize the main opinions of both excerpts, and then 2. express your opinion towards the trend, especially whether it is wise for graduates to start a business right out of college.Excerpt 1 With a gloomy job market for recent graduates, it's becoming more common for students to start their own businesses when they leave school. For example, Ohio is not known for its entrepreneurship, ranking 33 in the U.S., but more students are attempting to be their own bosses."We're seeing is a lot of kids are coming out and starting businesses. They're young and creative and have great ideas," said Aaron Delidou, managing partner at Provest Properties in Dayton, which helps entrepreneurs interested in starting a business. Many of these recent graduates are taking advantage of unexplored niches in the tech market. Murphy created a book business called Murfbooks, but it's not a traditional indie bookstore. Murphy buys books by the truckload, sorts them at his warehouse, and sells them online to Amazon and wholesalers. If the book is too beat up to be sold, he sells them to recycling companies. But it's not just tech companies being created for the young entrepreneurs. Emily Meyer, who graduated from the University of Dayton in May, started College Base Camp in December with her partner Justin D'Arcy, hoping to give high school kids a better idea of what they want to do with their lives before they go into college. Delidou said it's better for young people to start early, rather than waiting. "If you're 40 years old with a family, you have responsibilities," Delidou said. "When you're young and single you have more resources at your disposal and fewer responsibilities."Excerpt 2 Recent graduates also have some fears related to the risks involved in business startup. Only 21 percent believe that starting their own businesses offers more security than getting a job. "The Mark Zuckerbergs of the world make startups look easy, but the cold hard facts are that 9 out of 10 new businesses fail in the first five years," notes Carol Roth, a Chicago-based business strategist who has helped her startup clients raise over $1 billion in capital. Before you make up your mind about which way to go, Roth says, take a hard, honest look at your motivation for starting a company. Too many entrepreneurial wannabes of all ages (not just new grads) are "looking to get rich, escape the corporate grind, and work shorter hours with more free time," she observes. With that in mind, are you sure you want to leap in head first? If not, Carol Roth has a suggestion: Get a job in the industry where you eventually want to establish your business as a way to learn "how to manage vendor relationships, market your product, deal with customers, and keep detailed books." Clearly, having a great idea for starting a business isn't enough. There's a skills gap and a confidence gap that could keep the next generation of entrepreneurs from bringing their dreams of business ownership to life.

UK Newspapers I . Brief introduction—many【T1】______newspapers【T1】______—no national【T2】______titles【T2】______—being divided into three groups: mass market newspaper, middle-market newspaper, quality broadsheets II. Several particular aspects about UK NewspapersA. Size—The Independent, The Times producing【T3】______edition【T3】______—The Guardian, The Observer switching to " Berliner"—The Daily Telegraph, The Sunday Telegraph, and most parts of TheSunday Times being in【T4】______size【T4】______B.【T5】______【T5】______—The Sun being Conservative, The Daily Mirror being【T6】______【T6】______C. The middle-market newspaper—particular readership—【T7】______women【T7】______—a cheap【T8】______for magazine【T8】______—【T9】______aiming at the husband【T9】______—being most popular for being ironyD. The quality papers being most famous to readers【T10】______【T10】______E. The free【T11】______appearing recently【T11】______F. One of the ways forward:【T12】______【T12】______III. The development of Newspaper Company in different ways—new sizes and【T13】______held to arrest the decline in sales【T13】______—declined sales but increased【T14】______of news【T14】______—companies owning their own content1)the best way to consume the content being on small sheets2)most companies having their own【T15】______【T15】______

(1)An American survey has shown that each year every employed person loses three to four working days from colds and allied complaints, and every school child loses five to six days of schooling. Colds waste more time than strikes. The conquest of the common cold is therefore a thoroughly worthwhile ambition. (2)In 1961, Sir Christopher Andrewes found that the great killing infections like syphilis or poliomyelitis are each caused by one specific micro-organism, or, at worst, a small group of closely related parasites. By contrast it has slowly become apparent that the common cold is not a disease but a large group of similar diseases, caused possibly, by anything between fifty and one hundred different organisms. (3)Much of Sir Christopher's book is taken up by an account of the struggle to identify, the germs which do cause colds. At first it was thought that bacteria were responsible because certain bacteria are commonly found in the noses and throats of cold victims. But Dr. W. Kruse of the Hygienic Institute of the University of Leipzig in 1914 provided the first evidence that a virus might be concerned by launching experimental infections. (4)Since that time thousands of volunteers have subjected themselves to similar experimental infections, and for early twenty years most of such work has been done at Salisbury where the guinea pigs are rewarded by a ten-day holiday, all found that this "clumsy, expensive and unreliable" use of human volunteers was necessary because for a long time chimpanzees were the only other animals known to be susceptible to infection by common cold germs, and chimpanzees were far too expensive and unruly for routine use. (5)Growing cold viruses in the laboratory also proved difficult until one of the men involved demonstrated his possession of that most precious scientific faculty-serendipity. (6)Cold viruses were being grown with only moderate success in laboratory cultures of lung tissue from human embryos. The lung tissue cultures were kept alive by a salt solution containing added vitamins and a number of other ingredients. One day at Salisbury Dr. David Tyrrell found that this salt solution was faulty, and in order to keep his tissue cultures going he hastily borrowed a supply from another laboratory. When the imported solution was added to tissue cultures infected with cold viruses the lung tissue cells began to degenerate in a manner typical of tissues parasitized by active viral particles. (7)Dr. Tyrrell soon discovered that the borrowed fluid provided a more acid medium in his culture tubes than that produced by the native Salisbury brew. The nose provides a slightly acid environment, and Dr. Tyrrell realized that a degree of acidity was just what nose-inhabiting viruses needed in order to thrive outside the body. Thus a happy accident enabled a perspicacious scientist to modify the cold virus culture technique and thenceforward the whole exercise proved far easier and more profitable. (8)Much of common cold folklore is demolished. Draughts, chilling and wet feet do not bring colds on, says Sir Christopher, and clean, healthy living with lots of fresh air, plenty of exercise, good, plain food and a cold bath every morning may be good for the soul and the waistline, but does nothing to keep cold viruses at bay. (9)Colds are not very infectious — which will surprise most of us — so there is really no excuse for staying away from work when you have one. All the remedies so far invented have one thing in common — they are useless. In temperate countries, colds are commoner during the winter, but what the "winter factor" is which brings them on remains unknown. Most of us harbour cold viruses in our noses throughout the year, and many colds are probably not "caught" at all, but start because somehow the resident viruses become activated from time to time. (10)To write a book about colds at this stage, says Sir Christopher, is rather like writing a review of a play in the middle of the first act. Since he wrote those words, workers at Salisbury have announced the production of the first cold vaccine which will protect against infection by one particular cold virus. Unfortunately there are very many cold viruses and complete immunity from colds by vaccination would require the administration of a separate vaccine for every virus in the book.

PASSAGE THREEWhat is the author's attitude to loose divorce laws?

Nowadays, tens of thousands of recent graduates have found themselves on the unemployment line or stuck in jobs that don't require a bachelor's degree. Higher education has come under attack for its failure to make students job-ready. The following article is discussing the purpose of college education. Read it carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize the article briefly; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. College is now seen as a place where adolescents went to explore courses and majors before settling on a job and career, often well after graduating. College students have increasingly seen a bachelor's degree as a means to an end: a job. Freshmen now list getting a better job as the most important reason to go to college. Previously, the top reason was learning about things that interest them. The number of bachelor's degrees awarded in traditional arts and sciences fields (English, math, and biology, for example) has tumbled from almost half of the undergraduate credentials awarded in 1968 to about a quarter now. Students and their families, faced with big tuition bills, want to be sure to pick a major that leads to a job after graduation. Colleges worried about filling seats have accommodated them by rolling out a bevy of practical majors, some in fields that didn't even exist five years ago (think of a bachelor's degree in Social Media, or perhaps even a master's). Such trends worry those who advocate liberal arts studies and the idea that college should be a place to develop a foundational knowledge that provides lifetime benefits. Michael Roth—president of Wesleyan University, a prominent liberal-arts college in Connecticut—keeps a close eye on public opinion about this subject. He sometimes wonders how much of this disconnect between employers and higher education is a "manufactured moment." In his view, employers always have been unhappy with newly minted college graduates. The difference now is that we just survey them more frequently. "The erosion of the middle class," he said, "has put a lot more pressure on parents and students to make it big in the world or the consequences are terrible." When Roth graduated from college, his father, who didn't go to college, wasn't concerned if his son ended up driving a cab for a while to figure things out. Now coffee shop baristas with a philosophy degree are subjects of mockery. "The confidence that the economy offers enough opportunities has eroded," Roth said.Even so, Roth believes universities like his, and higher education in general, can do better at preparing students for the job market without abandoning their traditional role to provide a broad education. Like other liberal arts colleges, Wesleyan is investing more in its career services.But Roth is interested in making more fundamental changes to what happens in the classroom so that students better retain what they learn on the spot, and most important, are able to translate that learning for potential employers. He wants more courses to be project-based, for example, so that students better learn to work in teams and apply their knowledge to real-world problems as they're learning. "It doesn't matter what you take in college, it matters what you do," Roth said. "You should be able to show your teachers, and then anyone else, how what you've made in a class, what you created, demonstrates your capacity to do other things and what you're going to do next." While he's rethinking his own university, Roth said others are not without blame for the perceived disconnect between college and the workforce. Employers are less willing to take chances on graduates without narrowly tailored majors.

How to Write Children's Literature?The author of Danny the Dragon Meets Jimmy is sharing some of her thoughts about the important elements of a good children literature.I.【T1】______protagonist【T1】______— Children often【T2】_____ their beloved protagonists【T2】______— Popular characters have both superhuman power and【T3】_____【T3】______e.g. Jack and the Beanstalk;【T4】_____【T4】______II. Plot— Children love【T5】_____, encounters or discoveries【T5】______— We know a good story【T6】_____【T6】______III. Language— Bold language combined with the use of【T7】_____【T7】______— Words that impact— Funny words— Easy-to-follow words—【T8】_____ words【T8】______IV.【T9】______【T9】______— Do not compromise the【T10】_____you are looking for【T10】______— Use bold colours and【T11】_____【T11】______V. Lessons learned and discovery made— Stories should challenge children to look or think【T12】_____【T12】______— An【T13】_____ theme in their lives, at school or at home【T13】______— Build language skills and【T14】_____【T14】______— Teach children【T15】_____【T15】______

Passage Four

中国民族自古以来从不把人看做高于一切，在哲学文艺方面的表现都反映出人在自然界中与万物占着一个比例较为恰当的地位，而非绝对统治万物的主宰。

Should cosmetic surgery, a new fashion among both young and old people whose safety has received much doubt, be banned? The following are supporters' and opponents' opinions. From those opinions, you can find that people view this issue from different perspective. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the arguments from both sides, and then 2. express your opinion towards whether cosmetic surgery should be banned.Saying NO 1. Some people are so consumed with their appearance that they let it affect their mental well-being. There are even some mental illnesses which are based solely on the body's appearance, things like anorexia and body dysmorphia. These are illnesses whereby people harm themselves through worry about their appearance. If we have people who have the ability to change what these people do not like about their bodies then why should we not use it to help these people with their mental well-being? 2. A legal argument can be made for cosmetic surgery. Under the Human Rights Act which enshrines the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), we have the freedom to express ourselves, Article 10 ECHR. If we feel that our body does not reflect who we are as people, then we have the right to change it. If we can dye our hair, change our clothes and have piercings, why should we not be able to express ourselves via cosmetic surgery. Now, this right would not extend to National Health Service (NHS) payment for the cosmetic surgery, but if someone can afford to spend money on their own appearance, there is no reason why they should not be able to, and there is a legal reason why they should be able to. 3. Many people might be lacking self-esteem and confidence in front of their peers and it's only right for us to allow them to do as they wish with their lives. If you don't want to do it, don't do it, but let others feel better with themselves.Saying Yes 1. Seeking cosmetic surgery is not solving the problem at route. The problem with those who take cosmetic surgery is the perception that the mind has on what is important. All cosmetic surgery is doing is changing the appearance but not the mental state. Someone who has such a mental disposition will have their offending limb changed, but they will ultimately always find something they are not happy with. Instead of cosmetic surgery, these people should be offered psychological help. Cosmetic surgery only masks the inner problem. 2. It is laughable to think that having larger breasts or lips can be classified as the use of "freedom of expression". How low has our society gone if we think the most valuable use of our right to freedom of expression is the right to have cosmetic surgery and dye our hair? The availability of cosmetic surgery and making it more acceptable only lets the idea infiltrate society that it is ok to want physical perfection, and that appearance is important. Surely we would want our young to grow up with higher hopes and aspirations. 3. There can be severe side effects for those who seek cosmetic surgery. Experts warn that the physical pain is quite severe. This includes back pain, bruises, and so on. A few people even died because of cosmetic surgery.

Negative stress is what most of us think of when we think of stress. And negative stress occurs logically enough in situations towards which one feels negatively. And those examples could be 【T1】______, a friend's death and so on. But here a thing to remember is that stress in itself is not hazardous, rather the danger is in【T2】______ to the stress. So psychologists have found that if we develop appropriate ways to cope with stressful situations, individuals can reduce the physiological harm which is caused by stress, or which can be caused by stress. And that's what I want to talk a bit about today: what are these appropriate ways to deal with stress: how to minimize any negative reactions. The first thing that most psychologists suggest is to learn to recognize【T3】______. We all have different types of stress signals, but individuals should monitor themselves for stress signals so that they can focus on minimizing or acknowledging the stress before【T4】______. And common early signs for many people include irritability,【T5】______, weight loss or even weight gain, smoking, drinking, increases in small errors. All kinds of things that people get which could be an early signal of stress. You can consider ways to protect yourself when you start seeing these signs coming on, so you might decide to withdraw from the stressful situation or 【T6】______ with equal amount of low stress activity time. That is really the first important way to deal with stress appropriately...

Ubiquitous, addictive and transformative, smartphones become a necessity of our daily life. Along with the convenience smartphones bring us, worries about the negative effects of them have never stopped. In the following excerpt, the author gives his view on smartphones. Read the excerpt carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 WORDS, in which you should; 1. summarize briefly the author's opinion; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET FOUR. Excerpt Planet of the Phones The dawn of the planet of the smartphones came in January 2007, when Steve Jobs, Apple's chief executive, in front of a rapt audience of Apple acolytes, brandished a slab of plastic, metal and silicon not much bigger than a Kit Kat. "This will change everything," he promised. For once there was no hyperbole. Just eight years later Apple's iPhone exemplifies the early 21st century's defining technology. Smartphones matter partly because of their ubiquity. They have become the fastest-selling gadgets in history, outstripping the growth of the simple mobile phones that preceded them. They outsell personal computers four to one. Today about half the adult population owns smartphones; by 2020, 80% will. Smartphones have also penetrated every aspect of daily life. The average American is buried in one for over two hours every day. Asked which media they would miss most, British teenagers pick mobile devices over TV sets, PCs and games consoles. Nearly 80% of smartphone-owners check messages, news or other services within 15 minutes of getting up. The bedroom is just the beginning. Smartphones are more than a convenient route online, rather as cars are more than engines on wheels and clocks are not merely a means to count the hours. Much as the car and the clock did in their time, so today the smartphone is poised to enrich lives, reshape entire industries and transform societies—and in ways that Snap-chatting teenagers cannot begin to imagine. As with all technologies blessed by smartphones, this future conjures up a host of worries. Some, such as "text neck" (hunching over a smartphone stresses the spine) are surely transient. Others, such as dependency—smartphone users exhibit " nomophobia" when they happen to find themselves empty-handed—are a measure of utility as much as addiction. After all, people also hate to be without their wheels or their watch. The greater fear is over privacy. The smartphone turns the person next to you into a potential publisher of your most private or embarrassing moments. Many app vendors, who know a great deal about you, sell data without proper disclosure; mobile-privacy policies routinely rival "Hamlet" for length. And if leaked documents are correct, GCHQ, Britain's signals-intelligence agency, has managed to hack a big vendor of SIM cards in order to be able to listen in to people's calls. If spooks in democracies are doing this sort of thing, you can be sure that those in authoritarian regimes will, too. Smartphones will give dictators unprecedented scope to spy on and corral their unwilling subjects. By their nature, seminal technologies ask hard questions of society, especially as people adapt to them. Smartphones are no different. If citizens aren't protected from prying eyes, some will suffer and others turn their backs. Societies will have to develop new norms and companies learn how to balance privacy and profit. Governments will have to define what is acceptable. But in eight short years smartphones have changed the world—and they have hardly begun.

Congested cities are fast becoming test tubes for scientists studying the impact of traffic fumes on the brain. As roadwayschoke on traffic, researchers suspect that the tailpipe exhausted【M1】______from cars and trucks—especially tiny carbon particles alreadyimplicated heart disease, cancer and respiratory ailments—may【M2】______also injure brain cells the key to learning and memory. New【M3】______public-health studies and laboratory experiments suggest that, atevery stage of life, traffic fumes exact a measuring toll on mental【M4】______capacity, intelligence and emotional stability. Children in areas affected by high levels of emissions, onaverage, scored more poor on intelligence tests and were more【M5】______prone to depression, anxiety and attention problems than childrengrowing in cleaner air, separate research teams in New York,【M6】______Boston, Beijing, and Krakow, Poland, found. And older men andwomen long exposing to higher levels of traffic-related particles【M7】______and ozone had memory and reasoning problems effectively added【M8】______five years to her mental age, other university researchers in Boston【M9】______reported this year. The emissions may also height the risk of【M10】______Alzheimer's disease and speed the effects of Parkinson's disease. "The evidence is growing that air pollution can affect the brain," says medical epidemiologist Heather Volk at USC's Keck School of Medicine. "We may be starting to realize the effects are broader than we realized."