(1)They poison the mind and corrupt the morals of the young, who waste their time sitting on sofas immersed in dangerous fantasy worlds. That, at least, was the charge levelled against novels during the 18th century by critics worried about the impact of a new medium on young people. Today the idea that novels can harm people sounds daft And that is surely how history will judge modern criticism of video games, which are accused of turning young people into violent criminals. This week European justice ministers met to discuss how best to restrict the sale of violent games to children. Some countries, such as Germany, believe the answer is to ban some games altogether. That is going too far. (2)Criticism of games is merely the latest example of a tendency to demonize new and unfamiliar forms of entertainment In 1816 waltzing was condemned as a "fatal contagion" that encouraged promiscuity: in 1910 films were denounced as "an evil pure and simple, destructive of social interchange": in the 1950s rock 'n' roll music was said to turn young people into "devil worshippers" and comic books were accused of turning children into drug addicts and criminals. In each case the pattern is the same: young people adopt a new form of entertainment, older people are spooked by its unfamiliarity and condemn it, but eventually the young grow up and the new medium becomes accepted — at which point another example appears and the cycle begins again. (3)The opposition to video games is founded on the mistaken belief that most gamers are children.In fact, two thirds of gamers are over 18 and the average gamer is around 30. But the assumption that gamers are mostly children leads to a double standard. Violent films are permitted and the notion that some films are unsuitable for children is generally understood. Yet different rules are applied to games. (4)Aren't games different because they are interactive? It is true that video games can make people feel excited or aggressive, but so do many sports. There is no evidence that video gaming causes long term aggression. (5)Games ought to be age-rated, just as films are, and retailers should not sell adult-rated games to children any more than they should sell them adult-rated films. Ratings schemes are already in place, and in some countries restrictions on the sale of adult-rated games to minors have the force of law. (6)Oddly enough, Hillary Clinton, one of the politicians who has led the criticism of the gaming industry in America, has recently come round to this view. Last month she emphasized the need for parents to pay more attention to game ratings and called on the industry, retailers and parents to work together. But this week some European politicians seemed to be moving in the other direction: the Netherlands may follow Germany, for example, in banning some games outright. Not all adults wish to play violent games, just as not all of them enjoy violent movies. But they should be free to do so if they wish.

Membership in labor unions in the United States reached its peak of 17 millions members in 1960.

How to Solve Research Problems?I. 【T1】______【T1】______— Problem: hard to devise a thesis or topic— Solutiona)Digest your notesb)【T2】_____ aspects of the subject that interest you【T2】______c)Read researches in the same aread)Change the chosen topic if necessarye)Start with something【T3】_____【T3】______II. False start— Problem: a well-begun project turns out to be【T4】_____【T4】______— Solution 1a)If time allows:【T5】_____【T5】______b)If not: make different use of the same material— Solution 2a)Choose a different【T6】_____ of the initial idea and material【T6】______b)Chop out parts and replace them with new materialIII. Getting bogged down— Problem: lost【T7】_____ in the subject【T7】______— Solutiona)Take a(n)【T8】_____【T8】______b)Use a different writing strategyc)Do it from a different angleIV. Changing your title or subject— Problem: repeated【T9】_____ end up in a completely different topic【T9】______— Solutiona)Know what you intend to dob)Think about the【T10】_____ of new evidence【T10】______c)Resist the temptation to make【T11】_____ changes【T11】______V.【T12】_____【T12】______— Causesa)An interesting discoveryb)【T13】_____【T13】______— Solutiona)Create a realistic timetable or a schedule of workb)【T14】_____【T14】______c)【T15】_____ a new cut-off date【T15】______

(1)As some who has lived without a car for the past three years, I am no fan of freeways or expressways. But forgive me a moment of qualified nostalgia for two overhead urban highways that have met their demise on opposite sides of America. (2)San Francisco and now Boston have brought down elevated inner-city expressways, part and parcel of urban revitalization programs that have transformed these and many other downtowns over the past two decades. To my mind, these are good steps. (3)But that doesn't mean there isn't anything nice to say about the departed roadways. (4)They were a logical extension of the highway systems that attempted, in part, to keep the country's post-World War II suburban sprawl and its older cities somehow connected. (5)Those highways provided room to roam after they were beyond the city limits. But up against the denser urban landscapes, the designers often had to resort to tunneling or taking to the air with roadways on stilts. (6)The erasure of an overhead highway in San Francisco and now in Boston amounts to stunning reclamations of now-prized real estate in each city. (7)In San Francisco, an elevated freeway that wrapped along the city's eastern edge separated the downtown business district from its waterfront. For a city fed by ocean commerce, it struck many as a travesty. (8)Today, an enormous public space of benches, sculptures, charming old-world trolley cars, and stalls of produce and crafts has replaced the freeway. (9)In Boston, as the Big Dig winds down and the Rose Kennedy Greenway begins to take shape, few vestiges are now left of the old expressway that once separated the city's financial district from one of the oldest ethnic neighborhoods in the nation: the Italian North End. (10)As an inhabitant of each city for many years, I wouldn't want to turn back the clock. But I would like to pause for a moment and admit a certain nostalgia for these past chapters in each city's admirable history. (11)The North End is one of Boston's most interesting neighborhoods. It was built on European scale. The brick buildings line narrow streets, many of which have trouble accommodating more than one car at a time. In the early morning, the cafes are populated by older men speaking exclusively in Italian—with both hands and mouth. (12)To get to the North End, you used to have to take a twisted and littered path beneath the expressway. Part of the journey was to feel lost. (13)But for those who persisted in venturing beneath that dark behemoth, the eventual emergence into the quaint Italian neighborhood had the quality of a revelation: It was an adventure—from dark, dirty, and lost to warm and charming. (14)I will miss that journey and have a slightly queasy feeling about what might become of the North End now that it's stripped of its ugly, but formidable, protection from the spit-and-polished downtown. (15)In San Francisco, I also recall the freeway days with some fondness. The waterfront, having lost much of its ocean commerce to less-costly Oakland, across the San Francisco Bay, had already crept into a state of charming disrepair when the freeway was built in the 1970s. (16)01d wooden piers reached out into the bay, and die waterfront was populated by authentically bedraggled taverns and seafood joints that served the dwindling number of seafarers and longshoremen who still worked the wharf. (17)But enough nostalgia. (18)Each city is writing a new chapter. Space has returned to the people. That is good, even if me shadows from those ugly overhead roadways created a certain sense of urban grit mat had its own shades of appeal.

学校里，那些长得人高马大的家伙常来找我的麻烦。

于是，暮色中匆匆的人群里，总有我赶路的身影……

How to Be an Expert I. Background information about the speakerA. Being an expert in anthropology himselfB. Starting considering the question when attending a(n)【T1】 1【T1】 2thinking about how to become the person to be neededand how to become experts in one's fieldII. What's an expert: five【T2】 3 of being real experts【T2】 4A. Immense working knowledge of a specific field—【T3】 5【T3】 6— knowing where to【T4】 7 not memorized【T4】 8B. Significant experience working with that knowledge— applying it in【T5】 9【T5】 10— solving problems with【T6】 11 solutions to refer【T6】 12— identifying problems not noticedC.【T7】 13【T7】 14— making one【T8】 15 to the problem without such ability【T8】 16— having no time to develop your expertise without such abilityD. 【T9】 17【T9】 18— embedded in a web of other experts— embedded in a wider social webE. Curiosity— curious about their fields— able to recognize their【T10】 19, etc.【T10】 20III. How to become an expertA. Through schooling,【T11】 21, etc.【T11】 22B. No "quick and easy" wayC. Things for you to focus on— perpetual learninga)being aware of one's【T12】 23 of current knowledge【T12】 24b)lifelong learning process—【T13】 25【T13】 26a)strong connections with people in the same fieldb)earning to promote oneself— practice:【T14】 27 one's expertise through daily practice【T14】 28— presentation skillsa)web design and power pointb)writing, drawing, public speaking, the way you dress—【T15】 29 widely, so that【T15】 30a)people understand why they need an expertb)you won't be the only person to solve a problem How to Be an Expert I. Background information about the speakerA. Being an expert in anthropology himselfB. Starting considering the question when attending a(n)【T1】 31【T1】 32thinking about how to become the person to be neededand how to become experts in one's fieldII. What's an expert: five【T2】 33 of being real experts【T2】 34A. Immense working knowledge of a specific field—【T3】 35【T3】 36— knowing where to【T4】 37 not memorized【T4】 38B. Significant experience working with that knowledge— applying it in【T5】 39【T5】 40— solving problems with【T6】 41 solutions to refer【T6】 42— identifying problems not noticedC.【T7】 43【T7】 44— making one【T8】 45 to the problem without such ability【T8】 46— having no time to develop your expertise without such abilityD. 【T9】 47【T9】 48— embedded in a web of other experts— embedded in a wider social webE. Curiosity— curious about their fields— able to recognize their【T10】 49, etc.【T10】 50III. How to become an expertA. Through schooling,【T11】 51, etc.【T11】 52B. No "quick and easy" wayC. Things for you to focus on— perpetual learninga)being aware of one's【T12】 53 of current knowledge【T12】 54b)lifelong learning process—【T13】 55【T13】 56a)strong connections with people in the same fieldb)earning to promote oneself— practice:【T14】 57 one's expertise through daily practice【T14】 58— presentation skillsa)web design and power pointb)writing, drawing, public speaking, the way you dress—【T15】 59 widely, so that【T15】 60a)people understand why they need an expertb)you won't be the only person to solve a problem

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(1)Of all the misfortunes a child can suffer, few provoke as much dread as autism. The condition—a neurological disorder that impedes language and derails social and emotional development—has become ever more common in recent decades, thanks partly to better diagnosis. Experts now suspect that one person in 160 lives with some degree of autism; that's three to four times the rate in the 1970s. But while the outward manifestations are well known, science is just beginning to illuminate the underlying biology. What goes wrong in the autistic brain? What defect or injury leaves it largely incapable of empathy? A growing body of evidence, capped by new findings from the University of California, San Diego, raises a tantalizing possibility. The new study, published in The Journal of the American Medical Association, links the condition to abnormally rapid brain growth during infancy—and it raises new hopes for diagnosis and treatment. (2)The key to last weeks finding was not a milhon-dollar imaging device but a tape measure. Past studies have shown that autistic toddlers have abnormally large brains for their age. But because autism is rarely detected in kids younger than 2 or 3 years old, researchers have never known quite how that situation arises. Two years ago the San Diego team realized that children's old medical records might hold important clues. Led by neuroscientist Eric Courchesne, the researchers tracked down early-childhood head measurements for 48 autistic preschoolers, and compared them with national norms. As it turned out, the kids' heads had been smaller than average at birth but had grown explosively during infancy, shooting from the 25th percentile to the 84th in roughly a year's time. And faster growth predicted greater impairment. Mildly autistic subjects reached only the 59th percentile, but the severely afflicted kids reached the 95th percentile. (3)The implications are hard to miss. Autism, the new findings suggest, is not a sudden calamity that strikes children at the age of 2 or 3 but a developmental problem that can be traced back to infancy. That alone should help allay the suspicion that autism is caused by vaccines or pollutants that kids encounter later in childhood But the new findings say less about the causes of autism than about its dynamics. The current study focuses on the first year of life, but the trouble isn't confined to that period. Other recent studies suggest that the early growth spurt is followed by several years of slower expansion, giving the autistic child an adult-size brain by me age of 4 or 5. During adolescence and adulthood, autistic brains are generally no larger than normal ones. Unfortunately, they exhibit a range of other anomalies, including dense clusters of underdeveloped cells in the hippocampus and amygdala-structures that are critical for integrating emotional and sensory information. (4)Does rapid growth actually cause all this damage? It's still an open question. "The abnormal growth patterns give you a clue that something is amiss," says Dr. Margaret Bauman, a neurologist at Harvard Medical School and the LADDERS Autism Research Foundation, "but we can only guess at the underlying process." Courchesne believes it can be summed up in three words: "growth without guidance". Normal brain development is not a monologue but a dialogue, in which the brain generates neural circuits and the child's experiences determine which ones survive. The first year of life is a critical period for this "experience-guided growth" and it's not hard to see how a sudden shift into high gear might derail it. The brains circuitry would expand haphazardly as cell growth outpaced experience, creating a chronic sensory overload. Courchesne hopes researchers will now confirm the dangers of unregulated brain growth by inducing it experimentally in animals. "Once we know what causes this growth defect," he says, "it may be possible to use biological treatments to counter it." (5)The more immediate goal is simply to recognize autism at earlier stages, and to give affected kids the support they need to grow and learn and cope. Will the new findings advance that cause? Dr. Janet Lainhart, an autism expert at the University of Utah, is skeptical. The findings... are most useful to researchers attempting to define the underlying developmental neuropathology of autism, she writes in a commentary on the San Diego study, rather than to physicians trying to identify young children with autism. That's because rapid head growth can signal other childhood maladies, including tumors and hydrocephalus, and often means nothing at all. Lainhart calculates that if doctors used head circumference as a screening test for autism, they would pick up 60 healthy children for every autistic one. Courchesne concedes the point, but he still believes it's prudent for pediatricians to monitor head growth. The world's oldest measurement tool still has the power to amaze, he says. It may not provide a definitive diagnosis, but it is inexpensive, non-invasive and objective and most of the concerns it raises can quickly be resolved. Where autism is concerned, that's still as good a goal as any.

It is not rare to find some employers do not pay the intern graduates or students. What is your opinion? Should they get paid? Read the following excerpts from different sides carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the different opinions about this issue; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Micky Franklin Ads for unpaid internships can be found on billboards and listservs across the country. Every posting uses a different euphemism to justify offering full-time work for no pay, but there's something they all forget to write: "Poor people need not apply." Every single time you see a posting for an unpaid internship, you're seeing a posting that's only open to people who can afford to work for free. In countless industries, from film-making to public policy, entry-level jobs have disappeared, replaced by unpaid internships. These unpaid and unregulated positions drive down wages across the whole economy, and prevent anyone without economic privilege from getting ahead. This strikes at the heart of a fundamental promise that we make to each other: that economic opportunity is for everyone; that no matter who you are, or where you come from, if you work hard, you deserve the chance to pursue your dreams. But unpaid internships guarantee that people lucky enough not to pay their own bills to get their foot in the door, while everybody else gets it slammed in their face.Ross Eisenbrey The federal minimum wage is not zero. Yet that is what thousands of employers around the country are paying hundreds of thousands of employees each year. The minimum wage is $7. 25 an hour, and the law requires employers to pay at least that much to any adult who works for them. The youngest workers may be paid a $4. 25 per hour subminimum wage for 90 days, an amount so small as to be almost a joke. But a for-profit employer who has a young person, or any person, work for nothing violates federal law and often state law as well. This is as it should be. Labor should be rewarded and employers must not be allowed to drive wages down to a level that is too low for workers to live on them. It's simple: If you benefit financially from someone's work you have to pay them, you have to share with them some of the benefits from their work.Walter Olson Internships were never for everyone. They're especially common in prestige workplaces where many job aspirants are keen to network and seek mentors. Given a suitable match, however, as many counselors and senior business people will tell you, the right internship can make a powerful boost for a budding career in entertainment, fashion or communications. The point doesn't have to be direct acquisition of hands-on skills so much as a chance to observe the style and psychology of an industry: How do successful people in it present themselves? Interact? Manage work rhythms? Yes, your family needs to be able to afford it, but it might work out a lot more cheaply than if you asked them to foot one more semester's tuition bill.Daniel Rothschild Most interns are actually quite costly to their sponsoring organizations. No matter how bright and well educated an intern may be, supervising him or her takes time and effort, and by nature of their lack of experience and their short-term stints, interns typically cannot produce much value. Mentorship, instruction and education are all expensive investments relative to the value most interns provide. It's also hard to tell whether an internship primarily benefits the intern or the employing organization. This is a decision best made by interns and their sponsoring organizations. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.

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Negative stress is what most of us think of when we think of stress. And negative stress occurs logically enough in situations towards which one feels negatively. And those examples could be 【T1】 1, a friend's death and so on. But here a thing to remember is that stress in itself is not hazardous, rather the danger is in【T2】 2 to the stress. So psychologists have found that if we develop appropriate ways to cope with stressful situations, individuals can reduce the physiological harm which is caused by stress, or which can be caused by stress. And that's what I want to talk a bit about today: what are these appropriate ways to deal with stress: how to minimize any negative reactions. The first thing that most psychologists suggest is to learn to recognize【T3】 3. We all have different types of stress signals, but individuals should monitor themselves for stress signals so that they can focus on minimizing or acknowledging the stress before【T4】 4. And common early signs for many people include irritability,【T5】 5, weight loss or even weight gain, smoking, drinking, increases in small errors. All kinds of things that people get which could be an early signal of stress. You can consider ways to protect yourself when you start seeing these signs coming on, so you might decide to withdraw from the stressful situation or 【T6】 6 with equal amount of low stress activity time. That is really the first important way to deal with stress appropriately... Negative stress is what most of us think of when we think of stress. And negative stress occurs logically enough in situations towards which one feels negatively. And those examples could be 【T1】 7, a friend's death and so on. But here a thing to remember is that stress in itself is not hazardous, rather the danger is in【T2】 8 to the stress. So psychologists have found that if we develop appropriate ways to cope with stressful situations, individuals can reduce the physiological harm which is caused by stress, or which can be caused by stress. And that's what I want to talk a bit about today: what are these appropriate ways to deal with stress: how to minimize any negative reactions. The first thing that most psychologists suggest is to learn to recognize【T3】 9. We all have different types of stress signals, but individuals should monitor themselves for stress signals so that they can focus on minimizing or acknowledging the stress before【T4】 10. And common early signs for many people include irritability,【T5】 11, weight loss or even weight gain, smoking, drinking, increases in small errors. All kinds of things that people get which could be an early signal of stress. You can consider ways to protect yourself when you start seeing these signs coming on, so you might decide to withdraw from the stressful situation or 【T6】 12 with equal amount of low stress activity time. That is really the first important way to deal with stress appropriately... 【T1】

It is a known fact that physical activity improves overall health. Not only does it improve circulation, increase blood flow to thebrain, and raise endorphin levels, which both help to reduce stress,【S1】______improve mood and attitude, and calm children, physically active students may also achieve more academically. Physically fit studentsare more likely to miss school, partake in risky behaviors, get【S2】______pregnant, or attempt suicide, which all associated with better【S3】______outcomes in school. Many studies have demonstrated the positive effects of physical education and physical activity on school performance. Severalstudies have stated that providing increased time to physical activity【S4】______can lead to better concentration, reduced disruptive behaviors and higher test scores in reading, math and writing. One specific study that addressed this issue was done by Salliset al. when they implemented a program called Project SPARK in【S5】______which provides physical activity during class by containing health-【S6】______fitness activities like jump rope and aerobic dance so well as sport-【S7】______fitness activities like soccer and Frisbee games and focuses on training teachers to implement the curriculum. The program alsopromotes physical activity outside of school and rewards children in【S8】______engaging in physical activity with their families. Results of the study show that when teachers were trained to use Project SPARK there were significant differences between the experimental and control groups in language, reading, and basic battery. This study showsthat organizing physical education programs can impact student【S9】______performance even though in short term experiments.【S10】______

What Is Literary Writing? I . Distinguishing features of literary writingA. Primarily distinguishable【T1】______:【T1】______—creative or artistic contentB. Two differences from a specialized treatises:—attracting not only a specific class of readers, but all【T2】______【T2】______—【T3】______used more profoundly than when only to convey information【T3】______II. Literature is a vital record of the【T4】______【T4】______A.【T5】______: used for the rhetorical effect【T5】______B. Devices: tone, rhyme, rhythm,【T6】______, dialogue and its variations【T6】______such as dialects and slang, etc.III. Literary writing is, in essence, a【T7】______【T7】______A【T8】______personal view trying to evoke a response in his reader【T8】______IV. Literature is a process of【T9】______【T9】______A. Personal motivation: a(n)【T10】______characteristic of literary writing【T10】______B. Things the artist needs to do:—【T11】______within himself【T11】______—reaching toward the truthV. The common nature of many different genres of the novel, like the【T12】______【T12】______A. Books, consisting of words that have been used to express somethingB. Subjective value judged by【T13】______【T13】______C. Writers' "literature" should encompass: numerous different kinds of writers whose works endureD. The aim of every artist: to【T14】______changing life, which makes him【T14】______immortalVI. ConclusionLiterature is【T15】______, a response to life.【T15】______

The Press ConferenceI. Advantages of the Press Conference— the event itself having 【T1】______【T1】______— the previously-made statements functioning as a 【T2】______【T2】______— an【T3】______way to break the news to groups of reporters【T3】______II. Disadvantages of the Press Conference— hard to get worthwhile information due to the 【T4】______【T4】______— the news source setting【T5】______, eg: 【T5】______a) who to ask the questions and the 【T6】______of the answers are decided【T6】______b) any【T7】______can be avoided【T7】______c) tough questions can be 【T8】______【T8】______d) the time, place and 【T9】______of the interview are set 【T9】______III. Factors in successful news coverage— preparation: a need to keep up to date on journalistic subject matter— 【T10】______of the news source: needing to be regarded with caution【T10】______— the nature of the questions asked: 【T11】______the nature of the answers 【T11】______- five ways to improve the questions:a) using words with 【T12】______【T12】______b) avoiding 【T13】______【T13】______c) 【T14】______he time, place and context【T14】______d) asking 【T15】______questions【T15】______e) making clear alternatives, or no alternatives in answers

So far, only 14 countries in the world have laws on the books specifically giving homosexual couples the right to adopt children. A few other countries, like Finland and Iceland, allow one partner in a same-sex union to adopt the other's biological child. The majority of countries in the world, though, have laws specifically prohibiting adoption by same-sex couples. The following are viewpoints on whether homosexual couples should have adoption rights. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions; 2. give your comment.James Madison from the UK There are still many ways for homosexuals to become parents. Some of them are able to pay for a surrogate; some may have a natural child from a previous (heterosexual) relationship and then raise the child with a homosexual partner. These kids deserve the security of two legally recognized parents. If being raised by same-sex parents is really that harmful, why would the law allow two gay people to raise a child together as parents but refuse to legally recognize them as such?He Yong from China The focus of this debate should not be on gay rights, but on what is in the best interest of the adopted child. The adoption process' goal is to find the most suitable parents for that child, not to resolve other social inequalities and injustices. Being raised in a traditional family, by a mother and father, is the best environment for a child. Studies have shown that children who are raised by homosexual couples can have problems with substance abuse, violence and "at risk" behaviour. Therefore the government has the obligation to try to provide the child with that environment.Lisa Belkin from Finland Children raised by gay or lesbian couples will find it more difficult to learn appropriate gender roles in the absence of male or female role-models. Although not an exact match single parents provide a similar case where there has not been someone of the other gender as a role model. Although the evidence is not nearly as conclusive as is often claimed, there have been many studies that have shown that two parents from different genders is beneficial to the child in its development Similarly it is often claimed that boys develop negative attitudes to study because there are very few male teachers in primary schools.John Schwartz from Germany Getting married and raising a family is considered in most societies one of the most important and fulfilling experiences one can aspire to. It is so important that it is considered a human right (Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights states "Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence.") It is considered so important for people to be able to become parents that some governments (the UK, for example) fund fertility treatments for couples who are reproductively challenged, and a majority of the population supports that policy. But members of the homosexual community are stopped from pursuing this human right by repressive and discriminatory laws.Benedict Carey from Canada Discrimination is the practice of treating people differently based not on individual merit but on their membership to a certain group. The adoption bans are a clear example. Rather than assessing same-sex couples individually, it is simply assumed that they would all make bad parents because they are gay or lesbian, while straight couples are assessed based on their individual merit. This breaches the fundamental right of all people to be treated equally under the law and it should be stopped.

How to Write a College Term Paper?I. Tip 1: Figure out exactly what the professor wants. Read【T1】_____ very carefully.【T1】______ Talk to your professor to ensure you【T2】_____.【T2】______II. Tip 2: Brainstorm a great topic appropriate for the assignment. Write about something unique and【T3】_____.【T3】______ Visit your professor for help.III. Tip 3: Write an outline. Not necessarily a(n)【T4】_____ outline.【T4】______ Show your outline to your professor.IV. Tip 4: Back up claims with【T5】_____.【T5】______ Cite studies,【T6】_____ and quotes.【T6】______ Don't rely too heavily on examples.V. Tip 5: Write a cool introduction. You may begin with: an interesting【T7】_____【T7】______ a startling statistic 【T8】_____【T8】______VI. Tip 6: Write a clear【T9】_____.【T9】______ Keep it as simple as possible. Don't【T10】_____ from it【T10】______VII. Tip 7: Use good sources. Choose credible sources. Avoid【T11】_____ sources.【T11】______ Use sources rich with facts and ideas. Don't rely too heavily on one source. Never list sources you didn't really use in your【T12】_____.【T12】______VIII. Tip 8: Lose the B.S. Keep your introductions【T13】_____.【T13】______IX. Tip 9: Never【T14】_____.【T14】______X. Tip 10: Get help if you need it. Look for resources in the school for writing help.XI. Proofread at least for【T15】_____times.【T15】______

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(1)St. Petersburg, the very name brings to mind some of Russia's greatest poets, writers and composers: Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tchaikovsky. The 19th century was a golden age for St. Petersburg's wealthy classes. It was a world of ballets and balls, of art and literature, of tea and caviar. (2)The golden age ended with the advent of World War I. Working people were growing more and more discontented. In 1917, Communism came, promising peace and prosperity. (3)St. Petersburg had become Petrograd in 1914. People wanted a Russian name for their city. Ten years later, the city's name changed again, this time to Leningrad. Then in 1991, Leningraders voted to restore the city's original name. Some people opposed the name change altogether. Others thought it was just too soon. Old, run-down Soviet Leningrad, they said, was not the St. Petersburg of 19th-century literature. (4)What, then, is St Petersburg? In the confusing post-Communist world, no one really knows. The quiet, if Soviet-style, dignity is gone. The Communist sayings are down and gaudy advertising up. Candy bars and cigarettes are sold from boxy, tasteless kiosks. And clothing? Well, anything goes. Everyone wants to be a little different. But many people do not know the true meaning of freedom. Personal crime has gone up, up, up in the past few years. (5)Yet in spite of this, you can still find some of the city's grand past. Stand at the western tip of Vasilievsky Island. To the right is the elegant Winter Palace, former home of the czars. Its light blue sides and white classical columns make it perhaps St. Petersburg's most graceful building. It houses one of the world's most famous art museums: the Hermitage. Inside, 20km of galleries house thousands of works of art. Look over your right shoulder. The massive golden dome of St. Isaac's Cathedral rises above the skyline. You'll see, too, why St. Petersburg is called a"floating city." Standing there, nearly surrounded by water, you can see four of the city's 42 islands. (6)Cross the bridge and turn behind the Winter Palace. In the middle of the huge Palace Square stands the Alexander Column. It commemorates Russia's victory over Napoleon. The 650-ton granite column is not attached to the base in any way. Its own weight keeps it upright. Hoisted into place in 1832, it has stood there ever since. (7)Continue to Nevsky Prospekt, the heart of the old city. Let the crowds hurry by while you take your time. Admire the fine carving on bridges and columns, above doorways and windows. Cross over canals and pass by smaller palaces and other classical structures. Let your eyes drink in the light blues, greens, yellows and pinks. (8)Take time to wander among Kazan Cathedral's semi circle of enormous brown columns. Or, if you prefer Russian-style architecture, cross the street and follow the canal a short distance. The Church of the Resurrection occupies the site where Czar Alexander II was assassinated in 1881. (9)Travel outside the city to Petrodvorets Palace for a taste of old imperial grandeur. After a visit to France in the late 17th century, Peter the Great decided to build a palace for himself better than Versailles. His dream never came true in his lifetime. It took almost two centuries to complete the palace and park complex. (10)Seldom does any city have the chance to reinvent itself. That chance has now come to St. Petersburg. A few people might hope to return to the glory of the past, but most know that is impossible. They want to preserve the best of past eras and push ahead. You can bet the city won't be old St. Petersburg, but something altogether different.