Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow has developed a famous theory of human needs,which can be arranged in order of【T1】 1.【T1】 2 Physiological needs: the most【T2】 3 ones for survival. They【T2】 4include such needs as food, water, etc. And there is usually one wayto【T3】 5these needs.【T3】 6 【T4】 7 needs: needs for a)physical security:【T4】 8 b)【T5】 9 security.【T5】 10The former means no【T6】 11, while the latter is concerned with【T6】 12freedom from【T7】 13, misfortunes, etc. These needs can be met【T7】 14through a variety of means, e.g. job security,【T8】 15 plans, and【T8】 16safe working conditions. Social needs: human requirements for a)【T9】 17:【T9】 18 b)a sense of belonging. There are two ways to satisfy these needs: a)formation of relationships at workplace: b)formation of relationships outside workplace. Esteem needs: a)self-esteem i.e. one's sense of achievement b)esteem of others, i.e. others' respect as a result of one's【T10】 19.【T10】 20These needs can be fulfilled by【T11】 21, etc.【T11】 22 Self-realization needs: needs to realize one's potential. Ways torealize these needs are individually【T12】 23.【T12】 24 Features of the hierarchy of needs:a)Social, esteem and self-realization needs are exclusively 【T13】 25needs.【T13】 26b)Needs are satisfied in a fixed order from the bottom up.c)【T14】 27 for needs comes from the lowest un-met level.【T14】 28d)Different levels of needs may【T15】 29 when they come【T15】 30into play. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow has developed a famous theory of human needs,which can be arranged in order of【T1】 31.【T1】 32 Physiological needs: the most【T2】 33 ones for survival. They【T2】 34include such needs as food, water, etc. And there is usually one wayto【T3】 35these needs.【T3】 36 【T4】 37 needs: needs for a)physical security:【T4】 38 b)【T5】 39 security.【T5】 40The former means no【T6】 41, while the latter is concerned with【T6】 42freedom from【T7】 43, misfortunes, etc. These needs can be met【T7】 44through a variety of means, e.g. job security,【T8】 45 plans, and【T8】 46safe working conditions. Social needs: human requirements for a)【T9】 47:【T9】 48 b)a sense of belonging. There are two ways to satisfy these needs: a)formation of relationships at workplace: b)formation of relationships outside workplace. Esteem needs: a)self-esteem i.e. one's sense of achievement b)esteem of others, i.e. others' respect as a result of one's【T10】 49.【T10】 50These needs can be fulfilled by【T11】 51, etc.【T11】 52 Self-realization needs: needs to realize one's potential. Ways torealize these needs are individually【T12】 53.【T12】 54 Features of the hierarchy of needs:a)Social, esteem and self-realization needs are exclusively 【T13】 55needs.【T13】 56b)Needs are satisfied in a fixed order from the bottom up.c)【T14】 57 for needs comes from the lowest un-met level.【T14】 58d)Different levels of needs may【T15】 59 when they come【T15】 60into play.

Schools throughout the world are experiencing a period ofrapid change and, in many cases, are finding that extremely【M1】______difficult to achieve a balance among a number of critical concerns. Some of the issues that educators and schools are facing includecertainty about what academic and cultural knowledge and skills【M2】______will be needed by students in the future, wholesale revisions of curricula, experimentation in teaching strategies, the need forteachers and students to become aware and competent in using【M3】______new technologies, dramatic changes in bureaucratic and legislating【M4】______policies and regulations, and increased demands on teachers. With the exception of the education system in the UnitedStates, perhaps no education system has been studied more【M5】______intensively than of Japan. In 2001, in a well-balanced presentation【M6】______of the Japanese model of schooling, including its similarities toand fro differences with that in the United States, Tsuneyoshi【M7】______characterized the American approach to education as one that places an emphasis on competitiveness, individual attention from teachers along with individual accomplishment on the part of students, development of cognitive abilities, and separation ofteachers in terms of their disciplines. In contrary, the Japanese【M8】______approach(particularly at the elementary school level)focuses on the "whole child"; close interactions between teachers and pupils for long periods of time in cooperative settings with attention tocollected goals, tasks, and rewards; and efforts to provide the same【M9】______or very similar treatment for all students. One advantage of theAmerican approach that is seriously missed in the Japanese【M10】______approach is the former's attention to diversity and a sensitivity and concern for minority rights.

Why Learning Spanish?The importance of Spanish is growing in Europe. Spanish, with 400 million speakers, is the fourth most commonly spoken language in the world. In addition to this, there are many other reasons for us to learn Spanish.I. Better understanding of English— Many English words have【T1】_____ origins【T1】______— English and Spanish share similar【T2】_____【T2】______II.【T3】______【T3】______— Many Spanish-speaking people are no long confinedin【T4】_____ states, Florida and New York City【T4】______III. Travel— People who speak Spanish will havemore【T5】_____ experiences when travelling【T5】______IV. Cultural understanding— Help us understand how other people【T6】_____【T6】______— Offer us a wealth of modern and traditional【T7】_____【T7】______V. Help people learn other languages— Prepare us for learning other languages, such as【T8】_____【T8】______— Share some characteristics with Russian and German:【T9】_____ and extensive conjugation【T9】______— Japanese:【T10】_____【T10】______VI. It's easy to learn— Its vocabulary is【T11】_____ English's【T11】______— Written Spanish is almost【T12】_____【T12】______— Basic grammar is straightforwardVII.【T13】_____【T13】______— Expanded professional opportunities in medicine, education,【T14】_____, and communications or tourism【T14】______VIII. It's fun— Successfully speaking in another tongue is【T15】_____【T15】______

I think even teachers of language, while recognizing the importance of a good accent, tend to neglect, in their practical teaching, the branch of study concerning with speaking the language.

隔壁的西洋茶食店每晚机器轧轧，灯火辉煌，制造糕饼糖果。鸡蛋与香草精的气味，氤氲至天明不散。在这“闭门家里坐，账单天上来”的大都市里，平白地让我们享受了这馨香而不来收账，似乎有些不近情理。我们芳邻的蛋糕，香胜于味，吃过便知。天下事大抵如此——做成的蛋糕远不及制造中的蛋糕，蛋糕的精华全在烘焙时期的焦香。喜欢被教训的人，又可以在这里找到教训。

Educational institutions around the world have been using standardized tests to evaluate the performance of students. However, there has been an ongoing debate among scholars, parents, and teachers on the effectiveness of these tests. What are your views on standardized tests? Read the following excerpt carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 WORDS, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the different opinions; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET FOUR. Excerpt Peter: The multiple-choice format that is used on standardized tests is an inadequate assessment tool. It encourages a simplistic way of thinking in which there are only right and wrong answers, which doesn't apply in real-world situations. The format is also biased toward male students, who, studies have shown, adapt themselves more easily to the game-like point scoring of multiple-choice questions. Richard: Teacher-graded assessments are inadequate alternatives to standardized tests because they are subjectively scored and unreliable. Most teachers are not trained in testing and measurement, and research has shown many teachers only consider non-cognitive outcomes, including class participation, perceived effort, and progress over the period of the course, which are irrelevant to subject-matter mastery. Ruth: The multiple-choice format used on standardized tests produces accurate information necessary to assess and improve American schools. According to the Center for Teaching Excellence at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, multiple-choice questions can provide highly reliable test scores and an objective measurement of student achievement. Today's multiple-choice tests are more sophisticated than their predecessors. The Center for Public Education, a national public school advocacy group, says many multiple-choice tests now require considerable thought, even notes and calculations, before choosing a bubble. Charles: While our understanding of the brain and how people learn and think has progressed enormously, standardized tests have remained the same. Test makers still assume that knowledge can be broken into separate bits and that people learn by absorbing these individual parts. Today, cognitive and developmental psychologists understand that knowledge is not separable bits and that people (including children) learn by connecting what they already know with what they are trying to learn. If they cannot actively make meaning out of what they are doing, they do not learn or remember. Valerie; Standardized tests measure only a small portion of what makes education meaningful. According to late education researcher Gerald W. Bracey, qualities that standardized tests cannot measure include creativity, critical thinking, resilience, motivation, persistence, curiosity, endurance, reliability, enthusiasm, empathy, self-awareness, self-discipline, leadership, civic-mindedness, courage, compassion, resourcefulness, sense of beauty, sense of wonder, honesty, integrity. Sam: China has a long tradition of standardized testing and leads the world in educational achievement. China displaced Finland as number one in reading, math, and science when Shanghai debuted on the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) rankings in 2009. Despite calls for a reduction in standardized testing, China's testing regimen remains firm in place. Chester E. Finn, Jr. , Chairman of the Hoover Institution's Koret Task Force on K-12 Education, predicts that Chinese cities will top the PISA charts for the next several decades.

It is quite a feat to be invisible while occupying substantial buildings in central London flanking the Royal Academy of Arts. But that's just what the Linnean Society, the Royal Society of Chemistry, the Geological Society of London, the Society of Antiquaries of London and the Royal Astronomical Society managed to do for nearly a century. Then, in 2004, Her Majesty's Government not only noticed but also questioned their right to remain at Burlington House, as the complex is called. To the Learned Societies this may have seemed a bitter irony. In 1857,the government of a previous queen had built Burlington House expressly to house them all. Reverence for such institutions, along with the value of real estate, was not what it had been in Victoria's day. But their terms of occupancy remained unchanged. When they moved into Burlington House, only the Royal Academy, run by supposedly impractical artists, asked for a lease. It was given 999 years at a peppercorn rent. The Societies and their allegedly hard-headed scientist members, were leaseless and rent-free. As decades passed, keeping a low profile must have seemed a sensible idea. Indeed, by 1920,some fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London (SAL),thought it essential. When a 1919 Act of Parliament made it illegal to bar women from such societies merely because of their gender, a committee of SAL fellows pressed for immediate action: women must be invited to become fellows at once. This was not in order to right previous wrongs. It was to avoid criticism and with it the risk that people might notice that no rent was being paid. The danger averted, heads stayed below the parapet. But danger reappeared in 2004. With the reputed aim of clarifying SAL's presence at Burlington House, the government brought a suit against it. Rumour swept through intellectual London that, in fact, the government wanted to turf the Societies out—or to get a full market rent, which would have amounted to much the same thing. Alarmed feathers from five aviaries of rare birds went flying. Now, three years later, feathers are smooth. Indeed, cooing can be heard occasionally from Burlington House. Compromises reached with the government have given the Learned Societies security of tenure at affordable rents. In return, the Societies have begun introducing themselves to one another and to the public. They have created a "cultural campus" in the courtyard to share scholarship and conviviality— and reflect their new appreciation that there is strength in numbers. Earlier this year, the Linnean Society announced it was producing a digital archive of its priceless collections of specimens, manuscripts and letters of the world famous Swedish naturalist, Carl Linnaeus, on this the 300th anniversary of his birth. The SAL, also 300 this year, is celebrating with a nine-month series of lectures. On September 26th, David Starkey, one of the most high-profile of its 2,300 fellows, will talk abouf'The Antiquarian Endeavour"at St James's Church, Piccadilly. On November 8th at Harvard, home to many of SAL's 100 American-based fellows, Felipe Fern ndez-Armesto tackles " Don Francisco's nose-piece: forming new empires in Renaissance America". The biggest birthday event is an exhibition of 150 of SAL's treasures at the Royal Academy from September 15th to December 2nd. Among these treasures is an oil on oak portrait of Queen Mary I painted by Hans Eworth in 1554 and a glowing 12th-century enamel casket designed to hold the remains of Thomas Becket. How good that invisibility is a thing of the past.

我希望你不要拖我的后腿。

Exciting words came that the missing boy of that village had been found.

When individual family members are exposed to and adopt the new ideas, the tendency is for conflict to rise and for those in conflict to become psychologically separated from each other.

沪港股票市场互通(沪港通)不仅是内地资本市场的利好，对香港而言，沪港通也是块“肥肉”。香港能在内地资本市场开发和人民币国际化过程中扮演“独家中介”角色，是因为香港目前还是最大的人民币境外交易中心。但香港的中心地位并非不可撼动。10月14日，英国政府宣布发行30亿元以人民币计价的政府债券，成为首个发行人民币债券的西方国家。英国财政大臣随后宣布，“伦敦已成为人民币交易和投资的一大全球中心”。

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一切似乎都发生在昨天，发生在时钟跳动的上一秒。记忆在不停地涌现。在门口的土堆中度过整个上午，吃饭时，总是一双脏兮兮的小手。在大街上因一点小情绪而大哭流涕，全然看不到他人投来的异样目光。急于在别人面前显摆新学的文字时，却发现怎么也记不起的小小尴尬，尽管，那时，憋得小脸通红的自己不懂什么叫做尴尬。上学时，总是在听老师在给高年级的同学演讲，向自己讲述时却脑中一片空白。

现代社会无论价值观的持有还是生活方式的选择都充满了矛盾。而最让现代人感到尴尬的是，面对重重矛盾，许多时候你却别无选择。 匆忙与休闲是截然不同的两种生活方式。但在现实生活中，人们却在这两种生活方式间频繁穿梭，有时也说不清自己到底是“休闲着”还是“匆忙着”。譬如说，当我们正在旅游胜地享受假期，却忽然接到老板的电话，告诉我们客户或工作方面出了麻烦——现代便捷先进工具在此刻显示出了它狰狞、阴郁的面容——搞得人一下子兴趣全无，接下来的休闲只能徒有其表，因为心里已是火烧火燎了。

The Internet is creating a language evolution at a very fast pace. People on the Internet are paying less attention to grammar and spelling, and speakers don't have to worry about their accent as well. Some linguists are saying that English will one day become obsolete as Latin, while others take the changes of language as a natural tendency. The following is an article about how the Internet is changing English. Read the excerpt carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions in the article; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Learn English Online: How the Internet Is Changing the Language Online, English has become a common language for users from around the world. In the process, the language itself is changing. An American Dictionary of the English Language took 18 years to complete and Webster learned 26 other languages in order to research the etymology of its 70,000 entries. The Internet is creating a similar language evolution, but at a much faster pace. Some linguists predict that within 10 years English will dominate the Internet—but in forms very different to what we accept and recognise as English today. That's because people who speak English as a second language already outnumber native speakers. And increasingly they use it to communicate with other non-native speakers, particularly on the Internet where less attention is paid to grammar and spelling and users don't have to worry about their accent. "The Internet enfranchises people who are not native speakers to use English in significant and meaningful ways," says Naomi Baron, professor of linguistics at American University in Washington DC. "On the Internet, all that matters is that people can communicate—nobody has a right to tell them what the language should be," says Baron. "If you can talk Facebook into putting up pages, you have a language that has political and social standing even if it doesn't have much in the way of linguistic uniqueness. " Technology companies are tapping into the new English variations with products aimed at enabling users to add words that are not already in the English dictionary. And most large companies have English websites, while smaller businesses are learning that they need a common language—English—to reach global customers. "While most people don't speak English as their first language, there is a special commercial and social role for English driven by modern forms of entertainment," says Robert Munro, a computational linguist and head of Idibon, a language technology company in California. "The prevalence of English movies in regions where there is not much technology other than cell phones and DVDs makes English an aspirational language. People think it's the language of the digital age. " In previous centuries, the convergence of cultures and trade led to the emergence of pidgin—a streamlined system of communication that has simple grammatical structure, says Michael Ullman, director of research at Georgetown University's Brain and Language Lab. When the next generation of pidgin speakers begin to add vocabulary and grammar, it becomes a distinct Creole language. "You get different endings, it's more complex and systematized. Something like that could be happening to English on the web," he says. Take the Hinglish for example. Hinglish is a blend of Hindi, Punjabi, Urdu and English and is so widespread that it's even being taught to British diplomats. The increasing prevalence of the Internet in everyday life means that language online is not a zero sum game. Instead, it allows multiple languages to flourish. "Most people actually speak multiple languages—it's less common to only speak one," says Mr. Munro. "English has taken its place as the world's lingua franca, but it's not pushing out other languages." Instead, other languages are pushing their way into English, and in the process creating something new. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.

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(1)Employers buffeted by talk of recession slashed 80,000 jobs in March, the most in five years and the third straight month of losses. (2)At the same time, the national unemployment rate rose from 4.8 percent to 5.1 percent, the clearest signal yet that the economy might already be shrinking. (3)The new snapshot of the job market, released by the Labor Department Friday, underscored the damage that a trio of crises—in the housing, credit and financial sectors—has inflicted on companies, jobseekers and the economy as a whole. (4)"The labor market has indeed turned south," said Joel Naroff, president of Naroff Economic Advisors. "That was the one last bastion of hope to stay out of a recession. Now the question is how deep and how long will it last?" (5)The unemployment rate was the highest since September 2005, when significant job losses followed the devastating blows of Gulf Coast hurricanes. (6)Job losses were widespread in March. Construction, manufacturing, retailing, financial services and various business services all racked up losses. That overwhelmed gains elsewhere, including in education and health care, leisure and hospitality as well as in government. (7)On Wall Street, stocks fell, with the Dow Jones industrials down more than 80 points in morning trading. (8)The new employment figures were much weaker than economists were expecting. They were anticipating a drop of 50,000 payroll jobs and the unemployment rate to rise to 5 percent. (9)The 5.1 percent rate, while relatively modest by historical standards, was the highest in 2.5 years. (10)Job cuts in both January and February turned out to be even deeper. Employers got rid of 76,000 in each month. The elimination of 80,000 jobs in March was the most since March 2003, when the labor market was still struggling to recover from the 2001 recession. (11)The economy is suffering the effects of a housing collapse, a credit crunch and a financial system in turmoil. That's causing people and businesses to hunker down, crimping spending, capital investment and hiring. Those things in turn further weaken the economy in what has become a vicious cycle. (12)For the first time, Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke acknowledged Wednesday that the country could be heading toward a recession, saying federal policymakers are "fighting against the wind" in combating it. Many other economists and the public believe the recession already has arrived. (13)Bernanke wouldn't tip his hand about the Fed's next move. However, many economists believe the central bank will lower interest rates again when they meet later this month, and they said Friday's employment report would justify another reduction perhaps by half a point. (14)The Fed has taken a number of extraordinary actions recently—slashing interest rates, providing financial backing to JP Morgan's takeover of troubled Bear Stearns and opening an emergency lending program for big investment houses. All the actions are ultimately aimed at limiting damage to the national economy. (15)With a public on edge, Congress, the White House and presidential contenders are scrambling to come up with their own relief plans even as they engage in a political blame game. (16)In March, construction companies cut 51,000 jobs, factories eliminated 48,000 positions, retailers cut payrolls by more than 12,000. Professional and businesses services lost 35,000 jobs and temporary help firms cut nearly 22,000 jobs. Financial firms chopped 5,000 jobs. When government hiring was removed, the numbers looked even worse. Private employers shed 98,000 jobs in March. (17)With the pace of hiring slowing down, the number of unemployed people increased to 7.8 million in March; workers with jobs saw only modest wage gains at the same time. Average hourly earnings for jobholders rose to $17.86 in March, a 0.3 percent increase from the previous month. That matched economists' forecasts. Over the past 12 months, wages grew 3.6 percent. With lofty energy and food prices, workers may feel like their paychecks are shrinking. (18)Many analysts believe the economy shrank in the first three months of this year and could still be ebbing now. The government will release its estimate of first-quarter economic growth later this month. Under one rough rule, if the economy contracts for six straight months it is considered in a recession. (19)Bernanke, however, has said he is hopeful the economy will improve in the second half of this year, helped by the government's $168 billion stimulus package of tax rebates for people and tax breaks for businesses, as well as the Fed's rate reductions. (20)Still, even Bernanke predicted this week that the unemployment rate would rise in the months ahead. Some analysts say it could climb to 5.5 percent or higher by year's end.