The World Health Organization (WHO) said that processed meat such as bacon, sausage and ham may be carcinogenic. Do you still dare eat cancer-linked processed meat? The following are opinions from different sides. Read the excerpts carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions from different sides; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Meat lovers Teamkrejados (the US) : Is meat really as bad as smoking? I don't think so. According to the WHO, 34,000 people die worldwide per year because they eat processed meat. In 2012, 8.2 million people died of cancer worldwide. That means if you eat a lot of processed meat you have a chance of being among the 0.41 percent of people dying of cancer because of processed meat. I'll take the chance. Sely (Australia) : I'd rather live a short, pleasant life than a long, miserable one, denying myself tasty food just because some experts say it's not healthy. We should all enjoy life—if I had listened to every piece of health advice I would never go anywhere, eat anything or enjoy life in any way. So, I won't change my habit. I am going to have a bacon sandwich, a glass of wine, a burger, or a can of coke, steak whenever I feel like it.Vegetarians Van (China) : I'm a strong advocate of a vegan diet. Perhaps this report will prompt people to consider becoming vegans or vegetarians. So for your health, the environment and future generations it is not difficult; it just involves a change of mindset. Life is as good, in fact better, and there is a vast variety of other delicious food available to enjoy.Moderate controllers Chen99 (France): Everything must be proper. The problem is not whether we eat processed meat or not. It's just about how much we eat. I like bacon very much. It's pretty delicious. But I dislike sausages; it tastes terrible. So I'm going to continue to eat processed meat provided that it is delicious and I don't eat too much. Because I want to keep fit. Cdogg ( Switzerland) : The WHO study is about moderation more than anything else. It doesn't say that just one bite of meat causes cancer. It is rather saying that people should vary their diets ( fish, poultry, etc. ) and not overload with processed meat. People who eat more meat often have other unhealthy habits. They usually eat fewer fruits and vegetables and they also often exercise less. Exercise and plant foods can lower the risk of cancer. Bloke (the UK) : The issue is not about whether or not to eat processed meat. It's about how much and which. Bacon is amazingly delicious but those awful street sausages in China taste like plastic. If you're going to eat processed meat, at least make sure it tastes good and don't eat it too often. Jennie Pc Chiang ( France) : I never pick and choose food, because I had to fight with my brothers and sisters for food when I was little. We can only have meat recipes during the holiday season. So, I do not eat too much meat. I cannot even complete half of McDonald's hamburger. The question is if meat eaters are willing to give up their processed meat or red meat for their own health. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.

The reliance on credit reports in hiring is becoming widespread. A survey by the Society for Human Resource Management found that 60% of employers do credit checks for at least some positions. The use of credit checks is growing at time when the【M1】______economy is making it hard for people to keep their records cleanly.【M2】______Delinquency rates on loans have been arising, according to a report【M3】______issued last week by the American Bankers Association, driven by aweak job market and rising food and gasoline price.【M4】______ The biggest flaw with the use of credit checks in employmentscreening is in that it makes it difficult for many good people who【M5】______need work to find. Employers who do credit checks operate under【M6】______the assumption that having had trouble paying bills is a characterflaw, but there is scant hard evidence to back this down.【M7】______ Many credit problems are due to factors outside of a person's control. Sarah Ford, an attorney with the Lawyers' Committee forCivil Rights Under Law, told a House committee last year which【M8】______credit reports failed to provide insufficient context. "A credit【M9】______report would not explain that a factory worker lost his job when his employer went out of business," she said. Or that "a man'scredit was destroyed so he was the victim of identity theft or a【M10】______predatory lending scam." Or that "a woman lost her job and her health coverage before developing breast cancer and incurring astronomical medical bills."

PASSAGE THREE

There are a few differences in the organization of memorandums and letters. Memorandums and letters differ somewhat in【T1】 1. "To" and "From" replace a letter's inside address and【T2】 2, for example. Further, letters are usually sent outside the organization, while memorandums are usually internal messages. As internal messages, memorandums tend to be more informal, and【T3】 3 than their letter counterparts. One survey of 800 business people showed they spent from【T4】 4 of their time writing memorandums. There must be a lot of executives overwhelmed by the number of memorandums they receive. As a result, competition for【T5】 5 places importance on directness and clarity in memorandums. So perhaps even more so than with letters. Memorandums should start with【T6】 6 early in the message. Memorandums also need special【T7】 7: keep paragraphs short, much like newspaper articles. Computers increasingly aid mid- and upper-level managers who prepare their own memorandums without【T8】 8. If you prepare your own correspondence, realize the importance of dating your messages. Knowing precisely when... There are a few differences in the organization of memorandums and letters. Memorandums and letters differ somewhat in【T1】 9. "To" and "From" replace a letter's inside address and【T2】 10, for example. Further, letters are usually sent outside the organization, while memorandums are usually internal messages. As internal messages, memorandums tend to be more informal, and【T3】 11 than their letter counterparts. One survey of 800 business people showed they spent from【T4】 12 of their time writing memorandums. There must be a lot of executives overwhelmed by the number of memorandums they receive. As a result, competition for【T5】 13 places importance on directness and clarity in memorandums. So perhaps even more so than with letters. Memorandums should start with【T6】 14 early in the message. Memorandums also need special【T7】 15: keep paragraphs short, much like newspaper articles. Computers increasingly aid mid- and upper-level managers who prepare their own memorandums without【T8】 16. If you prepare your own correspondence, realize the importance of dating your messages. Knowing precisely when... 【T1】

我和两个朋友一起去海边拍照、写生，朋友中一位是摄影家，一位是画家，他们同时为海边的荒村、废船，枯枝的美惊叹而感动了，白净绵长的沙滩反而被忽视。 我看到他们拿出相机和素描簿，坐在废船头工作，那样深情而专注。我想到，通常我们都为有生机的事物感到美好，眼前的事物生机早已断丧，为什么还会觉得美呢?恐怕我们感受到的是时间，以及无常，孤寂的美吧! 然后，我得到一个结论：一个人如果愿意时常保有寻觅美好感觉的心，那么在事物的变迁之中，不论是生机盎然或枯落沉寂都可以看见美。那美的原不在事物，而在心灵，感觉，乃至眼睛。

(1)Something about Naples just seems made for comedy. The name alone conjures up pizza, and lovable, incorrigible innocents warbling "O Sole Mio"; a nutty little corner of me world where me id runs wild and the only answer to the question "Why?" appears to be "Why not?" (2)Naples: the butter-side-down of Italian cities, where even the truth has a strangely fictitious tinge. One day a car rear-ended one of me city's minibuses. The bus driver got out to investigate. While he stood mere talking, his only passenger took the wheel and drove off. Neither passenger nor bus was ever seen again. (3)Then mere was mat busy lunch hour in the central post office when a crack in the ceiling opened and postal workers were overwhelmed by an avalanche of stale croissants. As the cleaners hauled away garbage bags of moldy breakfast rolls, me questions remained: Who? Why? And what else could still be up mere? (4)But Naples actually isn't so funny. Italy's third largest city, with 1.1 million people, has a much darker side, where chaos reigns: bag snatching and mugging, clogged streets of stupefying confusion, where traffic moves to mysterious laws of its own through multiple intersections whose traffic lights haven't functioned for months, maybe years—if they have lights at all. Packs of wild dogs roam the city's main park. Nineteen policemen on the anti-narcotics squad are arrested for accepting payoffs from the Camorra, the local Mafia. (5)To many Italians, particularly those in the wealthy, industrialized north, none of this is surprising. To them Naples means political corruption, wasted federal subsidies, rampant organized crime, appallingly large families, and cunning, lazy people who prefer to do something shady rather than honest work.... (6)Neapolitans know their reputatioa "People think nothing ever gets done here," said a young professional woman. "Sometimes they say, 'Surely you come from Milan. You come from Naples? Naples?'" (7)Giovanni Del Fomo, an insurance executive, told me about his flight home from a northern Italian city, the plane waited on the tarmac for half an hour for a gate to become available. "And I began to hear the comments around me: 'Well, here we are in Naples,"' he said with a wince. "These comments make me suffer." (8)Neapolitans may complain, but most can't conceive of living anywhere else. The city has the intimacy, tension, and craziness of a large but intensely devoted family. The people have the same perverse pride as New Yorkers. They love even the things that don't work, and they love being Neapolitans. They know outsiders don't get it, and they don't care. "Even if you go away", one woman said, "you remain a prisoner of this city. My city has many problems, but away from it I feel bad." (9)This is a city in which living on the brink of collapse is normal. Naples has survived wars, revolutions, floods, earthquakes, and eruptions of nearby Vesuvius. First a wealthy colony founded by the Greeks(who called it Neapolis, or "new city"), then a flourishing Roman resort, it lived through various incarnations under dynasties of Normans, Swabians, Austrians, Spanish, and French, not to mention a glorious period as the resplendent capital of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. (10)It was a brilliant, cultivated city that once ranked with London and Paris. The Nunziatella, the oldest military school in Italy, still basks in its two centuries of historic glory; the Teatro San Carlo remains one of the greatest opera houses in the world. The treasures of Pompeii grace the National Museum. Stretched luxuriantly between mountains and sea along the curving coast of the Bay of Naples, full of ornate palaces, gardens, churches, and works of art, with its mild climate and rich folklore, Naples in the last century was beloved by artists and writers. The most famous response to this magnificence was the comment by an unknown admirer, "See Naples and die." (11)Today that remark carries less poetic connotations. The bombardments of World War II were followed by the depredations of profiteers and politicians—for-rent who reduced the city to a demoralized shadow of itself, surviving on government handouts. Until five years ago city governments were cobbled together by warring political factions; some mayors lasted only a few months. A cholera outbreak in 1973 was followed in 1980 by a major earthquake. Its famous port has withered(though the U.S. Sixth Fleet command is still based just up the coast), industries have failed, tourists have fled, natives have moved out—it seems that only drug trafficking is booming. "Unlivable," the Neapolitans say. "Incomprehensible". "Martyred".

The aging process is not entirely determined by heredity, but is influenced by different environmental and social circumstances as good.

{{B}}PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION{{/B}}

We use language every day. We live in a world of words.Hardly any moment passes with someone talking, writing or【S1】______reading. Indeed, language is most essential to mankind. Our lifeincreasingly depends on fast and successful use of language.【S2】______Strangely enough, we know more about things around us than that of【S3】______ourselves. For example, language is species-specific, that is, it islanguage that differs human from animals. However, we do not【S4】______know yet how exactly we inquire language and how it is possible for【S5】______us to perceive through language; so do we understand precisely the【S6】______relationships between language and thought, language and logic, orlanguage and culture; still more, how and when language started.【S7】______One reason why this inadequate knowledge of language is that we,【S8】______language users, take too many things for granted. Language comesto every normal person so naturally that a few of us stop to question【S9】______what language is, much less do we feel the necessity to study it.Language is far more complex than most people have probablyimagined and the necessity to study it is much greater than somepeople may have assumed. Linguistics is a branch of science whichtakes language like its object of investigation.【S10】______

Humanity's highly developed ability to communicate verbally isour essence. With our tremendous vocabulary, we would perhaps be【S1】______not much better off than gorillas and monkeys. Language is taken as【S2】______granted since it is a basic characteristic. But it is, for all its universality, among the most powerful of human tools. "The pen is mightier than the sword. " We define language a system of communication that is primarily【S3】______verbal, symbolic, dually-patterned, and arbitrary and is used by humans with common cultural expectancies. Language is also amean to communicate ideas, knowledge and emotions with other【S4】______individuals through the use of the body. The system of communication used is a set of codes or rules; a specific signaling system developed by humans. This signaling system consists of sounds used by individuals to express knowledge, emotions andideas. This system is learned and passed on through culture【S5】______transmission by the teaching and the imitation of others. This systemis significant so it is purely human in nature and no other species are【S6】______able to duplicate our system. Language is primarily verbal becauseit is part of the grammatical machine in humans which uses a sound,【S7】______phonology, to express ideas and emotions. The broadest definition for language includes much more. For【S8】______example, we have codes, such as Morse, flag, smoke signals, bodylanguage, and to extent even music. Computer programs include【S9】______special coding that can in some sense being called language.【S10】______

(1)It is hard for modern people to imagine the life one hundred years ago. No television, no plastic, no ATMs, no DVDs. Illnesses like tuberculosis, diphtheria, pneumonia meant only death. Of course, cloning appeared only in science fiction. Not to mention, computer and Internet. (2)Today, our workplace are equipped with assembly lines, fax machines, computers. Our daily life is cushioned by air conditioners, cell phones. Antibiotics helped created a long list of miracle drugs. The bypass operation saved millions. The discovery of DNA has revolutionized the way scientists think about new therapies. Man finally stepped on the magical and mysterious Moon. With the rapid changes we have been experiencing, the anticipation for the future is higher than ever. (3)A revolutionary manufacturing process made it possible for anyone to own a car. Henry Ford is the man who put the world on wheels. (4)When it comes to singling out those who have made a difference in all our lives, you cannot overlook Henry Ford. A historian a century from now might well conclude that it was Henry Ford who most influenced all manufacturing everywhere, even to this day, by introducing a new way to make cars—one, strange to say, that originated in slaughter houses. (5)Back in the early 1900s, slaughter houses used what could have been called a "disassembly line." That is, the carcass of a slain steer or a pig was moved past various meat-cutters, each of whom cut off only a certain portion. Ford reversed this process to see if it would speed up production of a part of an automobile engine called a magneto. Rather than have each worker completely assemble a magneto, one of its elements was placed on a conveyer, and each worker, as it passed, added another component to it, the same one each time. Professor David Hounshell, of The University of Delaware, an expert on industrial development tells what happened: "The previous day, workers carrying out the entire process had averaged one magneto every 20 minutes. But on that day, on the line, the assembly team averaged one every 13 minutes and 10 seconds per person." (6)Within a year, the time had been reduced to five minutes. In 1913, Ford went all the way. Hooked together by ropes, partially assembled vehicles were towed past workers who completed them one piece at a time. It wasn't long before Ford was turning out several hundred thousand cars a year, a remarkable achievement then. And so efficient and economical was this new system that he cut the price of his cars in half, to $260, putting them within reach of all those who, up until that time, could not afford them. Soon, auto makers over the world copied him. In fact, he encouraged them to do so by writing a book about all of his innovations, entitled Today and Tomorrow. The Age of the Automobile had arrived. Today, aided by robots and other forms of automation, everything from toasters to perfumes is made on assembly lines. (7)Edsel Ford, Henry's great-grandson, and a Ford vice president: "I think that my great-grandfather would just be amazed at how far technology has come." (8)Many of today's innovations come from Japan. Norman Bodek, who publishes books about manufacturing processes, finds this ironic. On a recent trip to Japan he talked to two of the top officials of Toyota. "When I asked them where these secrets came from, where their ideas came from to manufacture in a totally different way, they laughed, and they said. 'Well. We just read it in Henry Ford's book from 1926: Today and Tomorrow.'"

我想有必要在这里先谈一谈德国的与博士论文有关的制度。当我在德国学习的时候，德国并没有规定学习的年限，只要你有钱，你可以无限期地学习下去。德国有一个词儿是别的国家没有的，这就是“永恒的大学生”。德国大学没有空洞的“毕业”这个概念，只有博士论文写成，口试通过，拿到博士学位，这才算是毕了业。 写博士论文也有一个形式上简单而实则极严格的过程，一切决定于教授，在德国大学里，学术问题是教授说了算。 德国大学没有入学考试。只要高中毕业，就可以进入任何大学。德国学生往往是先入几个大学，过了一段时间以后，自己认为某个大学、某个教授，对自己最适合，于是才安定下来。

If he did not care of his guests' feelings, he would simply get up from his chair and announce his departure.

袁良是一位65岁的退休中学生物教师。从1984年起他开始对天津地区的鸟类资源进行统计。天津是中国北方最大的港口城市，东临渤海湾，北部有燕山山脉，东北部有国家级湿地自然保护区，南部有大面积的水域。丰富的地貌使天津成为众多珍稀鸟类难得的栖息之地。袁良的鸟类观测活动是在艰苦条件下进行的。15年来，他积累了大量观测笔记和图片资料，为鸟类研究提供了宝贵的第一手资料。

(1)Whom can you trust these days? It is a question posed by David Halpern of Cambridge University, and the researchers at the Downing Street Strategy Unit who take an interest in "social capital". At intervals they go around asking people in assorted nations the question: "Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted?" (2)The results are fascinating. The conclusion that leaps from the figures and into sensational headlines is that social dislocation, religious decline, public scandals, family fragmentation and the fear of crime have made us less trusting. Comparative surveys over 40 years suggest that British trustfulness has halved: in the 1950s 60 percent of us answered "yes, most people can be trusted", in the 1980s 44 percent, today only 29 percent. Trust levels also continue to fall in Ireland and the US—meanwhile, the Norwegians, Swedes, Danes and Dutch express tremendous confidence in one another's probity: levels are actually rising. And the Palme d'Or for paranoid mutual suspicion goes to the Brazilians—with less than 3 percent replying "yes"—and the Turks with 6.5 percent. The French, apparently, never trusted one another and still don't. So we become less Scandinavian and more French(or Turkish)every year. (3)Regarding Britain, the obvious conclusions are being drawn. Mr. Halpern and others cite reasons why we appear less trustful: the demise of the job-for-life culture, rising divorce, physical mobility, higher immigration, an aggressive commercial ethic and the new isolation of mass media. (4)This is useful research, but there are a few caveats. The trouble is that you may not get a very thoughtful answer if you merely ask—as they did last year—whether "generally speaking, most people can be trusted". For the British like to think of themselves as canny, savvy, nobody's fools, we have a powerful culture of satire and a hypercritical media which gleefully splash news of every private and public betrayal, however trivial. In our fantasy life we court paranoia, lapping up crime thrillers and spy novels. We are fascinated by rogues, from Chaucer's Pardoner to Del Boy. We are bad at risk-assessment, and repeated surveys show that we fear crime far more than is justified. (5)So we are conditioned to claim that we don't trust people much. A Scandinavian or Dutchman is proud to express trust and affection for his fellow-man. Our national preference is to purse the lips, shake the head and affect an air of judicious canniness. (6)But if you look at the actual daily workings of British society there is an astonishing degree of unquestioning trust of strangers, simply because we are a technological society. These respondents who tell the researchers that "generally speaking, people cannot be trusted" are in fact blithely trusting distant strangers all day long. For example, every time you get on a train or plane you put your life into the hands of unseen engineers and designers, drivers, pilots and traffic controllers. The list of our trustful ways goes on and on. Twenty minutes' contemplation of the simple scams uncovered by the BBC Watchdog should suggest that rather than living in a state of constant suspicion, in many areas of life we are relaxed to the point of gullibility. (7)But ask the bald question, and we think immediately about those who publicly let us down: politicians who broke election promises, pension funds that jeopardized our future while their directors swanned off with bonuses, stars who turned sleazy. This is not entirely healthy. What we say will, in the end, become what we think. US evidence is denser than ours, but broadly speaking it is clear mat trust is linked to "social capital" —networks, alliances, local societies, anything that takes people out into common places. (8)Mr. Halpern's book will come to more informed conclusions than I can; but my own instinct, from the research and from observation, is to draw only two. Firstly, we're not quite as cynical as we say we are, and nothing like as cynical as our media. Secondly, the worst crisis of trust is not actually between citizens, but between citizens and their government and institutions. The remedy for that is in the hands of politicians, who ought to police their own ambition and greed and that of their corporate friends. Interference from the top is a lousy idea. Example from the top would be much better.

鲍小姐秀色可餐，你看饱了，不用吃饭了。

Today, I am going to identify some typical research problems and also share with you the solutions to these problems. The first problem is【T1】______. Sometimes you spend a lot of time researching your subject, but cannot devise【T2】______. You are doing a lot of preparatory work, reading or gathering information, but you are unable to focus your ideas or come up with a topic you think will be【T3】______. In cases like this, you can try making a 【T4】______of your notes, or try to extract from your information those aspects of your subject which interest you most Have a look at some other examples of research【T5】______.Remember that you can change your chosen topic later if necessary. It's often better to make a start with something【T6】______, rather than not make a start at all. The second problem is...

Passage Four

Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict breeds apathy and stagnation. Too much conflict leads to divisiveness and hostility. Moderate levels ofconflict, so, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy【S1】______and competitive way. Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however,suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be complex to【S2】______determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives worked for profit-seeking organizations and others for non-profit organizations. Somewhat surprised, Schwenk found that opinions about【S3】______conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in non-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizationsand that they promoted higher quality decision-making than might be【S4】______achieved at the absence of conflict.【S5】______ Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually ledto good quality decision-making in their organizations. Schwenk【S6】______interpreted these results in the terms of the criteria for effective【S7】______decision-making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seekingorganizations, decision-making effectiveness was mostly often【S8】______assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that consensusother than conflict enhanced financial indicators.【S9】______ In the non-profit organizations, decision-making effectivenesswas defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Giving【S10】______the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents, executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions.