单选题Questions 8 to 9 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.

单选题[此试题无题干]

单选题The single most shattering statistic about life in America in the late 1990s was that tobacco killed more people than the combined total of those who died from AIDS, car accidents, alcohol, murder, suicide, illegal drugs and fire. The deaths of more than 400, 000 Americans each year, 160, 000 of them from lung cancer, make a strong case for the prohibition of tobacco, and particularly of cigarettes. The case, backed by solid evidence, has been made in every public arena since the early 1950s, when the first convincing link between smoking and cancer was established in clinical and epidemiological studies—yet 50 million Americans still go on smoking. tobacco-related illness. It is a remarkable story, clearly told, astonishingly well documented and with a transparent moral motif. Most smokers in America eventually manage to quit, and local laws banning smoking in public have become common, but the industry prospers. The tobacco companies have survived virtually everything their opponents have thrown at them. At the end of his story, Mr. Brandt writes: "The legal assault on Big Tobacco had been all but repelled. The industry was decidedly intact, ready to do business profitably at home and abroad. "Although the conclusion is not to his liking, Mr. Brandt's is the first full and convincing explanation of how they pulled it off. Cigarettes overcame any lingering opposition to the pleasure they gave when American soldiers came to crave them during the World War I. War, says Mr. Brandt, was "a critical watershed in establishing the cigarette as a dominant product in modern consumer culture. " Cigarettes were sexy, and the companies poured money into advertising. By 1950 Americans smoked 350 billion cigarettes a year and the industry accounted for 3.5% of consumer spending on non-durables. The first 50 years of the"cigarette century"were a golden era for Big Tobacco. That was simply because, until the 1940s, not enough men had been smoking for long enough to develop fatal cancers (women did not reach this threshold until the 1970s). The first clinical and epidemiological studies linking eigarette-smoking and lung cancer were published only in 1950. By 1953 the six leading companies had agreed that a collective response was required. They paid handsomely for a public-relations campaign that insistently denied any proof of a causal connection between smoking and cancer. This worked well until 1964, when a devastating report from the surgeon-general's advisory committee in effect ended medical uncertainty about the harmfulness of smoking. But Big Tobacco rode the punches. When the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) ruled that health warnings must appear on each pack, the industry, consented. But it shrewdly exploited the warning: "In a culture that emphasised individual responsibility, smokers would bear the blame for willful risk-taking," notes Mr. Brandt. Many cases for damages against the companies foundered on that rock. Cigarette-makers also marshaled their numerous allies in Congress to help the passage of a law that bypassed federal agencies such as the FTC, and made Congress itself solely responsible for tobacco regulation. Describing the pervasive influence of tobacco lobbyists, he says: "Legislation from Congress testified to the masterful preparation and strategic command of the tobacco industry. " However, the industry was powerless to prevent a flood of damaging internal documents, leaked by insiders. The companies were shown, for instance, to have cynically disregarded evidence from their in-house researchers about the addictive properties of nicotine. Internal papers also showed that extra nicotine was added to cigarettes to guarantee smokers sufficient" satisfaction". Despite such public-relations disasters, the industry continued to win judgments, most significantly when the Supreme Court rejected by five votes to four a potentially calamitous attack that would have given the Federal Drug Administration the power to regulate tobacco products. The industry's shrewdest move was to defuse a barrage of eases brought by individual states, aiming to reclaim the cost of treating sick smokers. The states in 1998 accepted a settlement of $246 billion over 25 years (the price of a pack rose by 45 cents shortly afterwards). In return, the states agreed to end all claims against the companies. But the settlement tied the state governments to tobacco's purse-strings; they now had an interest in the industry's success. For those who thought the settlement was akin to" dancing with the devil", it appeared in retrospect that the devil had indeed had the best tunes, reports Mr. Brandt. To his credit, he manages to keep his historian's hat squarely on his head. But you can feel the anguish.

单选题According to the news, it was ______who first leaked the name of Mrs. Wilson as a CIA operative.

单选题__________ made the important distinction between linguistic competence and linguistic performance.

单选题 In this section there are several reading passages followed by a total of twenty multiple-choice questions. Read the passages carefully and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet. {{B}}TEXT A{{/B}} According to reports in major news outlets, a study published last week included a startling discovery: the nation's Jewish population is in shrinking. The study, the National Jewish Population Survey, found 5.2 million Jews living in the United States in 2000, a drop of 5 percent, or 300,000 people, since a similar study in 1990. What's truly startling is that the reported decline is not true. Worse still, the sponsor of the $6 million study, United Jewish Communities, knows it. Both it and the authors have openly admitted their doubts. They have acknowledged in interviews that the population totals for 2000 and i990 were reached by different methods and are not directly comparable. The survey itself also cautions readers, in a dauntingly technical appendix, that judgment calls by the researchers may have led to an undercount. When the research director and project director were asked whether the data should be construed to indicate a declining Jewish population, they flatly answered no. In addition, other survey researchers interviewed pointed to other studies with population estimates as high as 6.7 million. Despite all this, the two figures --5.2 million now, 5.5 million then--are listed by side in the survey, leaving the impression that the population has shrunk. The result, predictably, has been a rash of headlines trumpeting the illusionary decline, in turn touching off jeremiads by rabbis and moralists condemning the religious laxity behind it. Whether out of ideology, ego, incompetence or a combination of all three, the respected charity has invented a crisis. United Jewish Communities is the coordinating body for a national network of Jewish philanthropies with combined budgets of $2 billion. Its population surveys carry huge weight in shaping community policy. This is not the first time the survey has set off a false alarm. The last one, conducted by a predecessor organization, found that 52 percent of American Jews who married between 1985 and 1990 did so outside the faith. That number was a fabrication produced by including marriages in which neither party was Jewish by anyone's definition, including the researchers. Its publication created a huge stir, inspiring anguished sermons, books and conferences. It put liberals on the defensive, emboldened conservatives who reject full integration into society and alienated ordinary folks by the increasingly xenophobic tone of Jewish communal culture. The new survey, to its credit, retracts that figure and offers the latest survey has spawned a panic created by the last one. So why did the organization flawed figures once again? Some scholars who have studied the survey believe the motivation then came partly out of a desire to shock straying Jews into greater observance. It's too early to tell if that's the case this time around. What is clear is the researchers did their job with little regard to how their data could be misconstrued. They used statistical models and question formats that, while internally sound, made the new survey incompatible with the previous one. For example, this time the researchers divided the population of 5.2 million into two groups--"highly involved" Jews and "people of Jewish background"-- and posed most questions only to the first group. As a result, most findings about belief and observance refer only to a subgroup of American Jews, making comparisons to the past impossible. We can't afford to wait a decade before these figures are revised. The false population decline must be corrected before it further sours communal discourse. The United Jewish Communities owes it to itself and its public to step forward and state plainly what it knows to be true: American Jews are not disappearing.

单选题The main purpose for applying the patent is to ______.

单选题{{B}}TEXT C{{/B}} Growing concerns over the safety and efficacy of anti-depressant drugs prescribed to children have caught the eye of Congress and the New York state attorney general. Now they're becoming the catalyst for calls to reform the way clinical trials of all drugs are reported. Pressure is already causing some changes within the pharmaceutical industry. And it has put the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which approves new drugs, in the hot seat. If reforms are carried out, they could bring an unprecedented level of transparency to drug research. The solution now under consideration: a public database, or registry, of drug trials, where companies would post the results of those trials. In congressional testimony Thursday, a spokesman for the American Medical Association endorsed the registry and said it should include information on each trial's purpose and objective, its design, and the dates it begins and ends. If the trial is not completed, the registry should include an explanation. While drug companies have been eager to make public any positive results of their trials, recent revelations suggest they've balked at divulging tests when the results are not what they'd hoped to see. The furor has centered around the use Of anti-depressants on children. The industry has begun to make some moves to address the concerns about drug trials. Drug companies have agreed to set up a voluntary system of posting their drug trials on the Internet. But that seems unlikely to satisfy some members of Congress, who are expected to introduce legislation to establish a mandatory drug registry. Last week, editors of a dozen influential medical journals announced that they would begin requiring drug companies to post a drug trial in a public database prior to accepting an article about it. Doctors rely on these articles to make treatment choices. The editors hope that the registry will force unfavorable drug studies, before kept secret, into the open. Medical journals already had been tightening up on the authorship of their articles, insisting that authors declare if they had any conflicts of interest, such as any financial or other ties to the drug company, says Daniel Callahan, a director at the Hastings Center, a nonprofit bioethics research institute in Garrison, N.Y. Information from previously undisclosed clinical trials could lower prices, reduce the number of badly designed trials, and help doctors considering the use of a drug for a non-approved purpose to know why it hasn't been approved for that use. Antidepressant drugs "have some serious side effects ... that seem to be much more common than people realize ... much more common than you might think from seeing drug ads and from reports on drug studies," says Joel Gurin, executive vice president of Consumer Reports. His magazine just finished a survey of readers showing a "dramatic shift from talk therapy to drug therapy for mental health problems" during the past decade. In 1995, less than half of people getting mental health treatment--40 percent--got drug therapy. Today 68 percent receive drug treatment, Mr. Gurin says. Some studies coming to light show that antidepressants work no better than placebos. Even better than merely registering drug trials, Caplan (director of the Center for Bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia) suggests, would be to require that a new drug not only be "safe and do what it's supposed to do", but that it do it as well or better than other drugs already on the market. That, he says, would help push research into new areas and save money.

单选题What makes American people more pessimistic?

单选题Instead of saying "The lion beat the unicorn all round the town." they say "All around the town the lion beat the unicorn." The change in linear order changes our perspective about the concerns of the clause. This is an example of ______ function of language.[A] metalingual[B] bilingual[C] multilingual[D] trilingual

单选题One school night this month I sidled up to Alexander, my 15-year-old son, and stroked his cheek in a manner I hoped would seem casual. Alex knew better, sensing by my touch, which lingered just a moment too long, that I was sneaking a touch of the stubble that had begun to sprout near his ears. A year ago he would have ignored this intrusion and returned my gesture with a squeeze. But now he recoiled, retreating stormily to his computer screen. That, and a peevish roll of his eyes, told me more forcefully than words, Morn, you are so busted! I had committed the ultimate folly: invading my teenager"s personal space. "The average teenager has pretty strong feelings about his privacy." Lara Fox, a recent young acquaintance, told me with an assurance that brooked no debate. Her friend Hilary Frankel chimed in: "What Alex is saying is: "This is my body changing. It"s not yours."" Intruding, however discreetly, risked making him feel babied "at a time when feeling like an adult is very important to him," she added. O.K., score one for the two of you. These young women, after all, are experts. Ms. Frankel and Ms. Fox, both 17, are the authors of Breaking the Code (New American Library), a new book that seeks to bridge the generational divide between parents and adolescents. It is being promoted by its publisher as the first self-help guide by teenagers for their parents, a kind of Kids Are From Mars, Parents Are From Venus that demystifies the language and actions of teenagers. The girls tackled issues including curfews, money, school pressures, smoking and sibling rivalry. Personally, I welcomed insights into teenagers from any qualified experts, and that included the authors. The most common missteps in interacting with teenagers, they instructed me, stem from the turf war between parents asserting their right to know what goes on under their roof and teenagers zealously guarding their privacy. When a child is younger, they write, every decision revolves around the parents. But now, as Ms. Fox told me, "often your teenager is in this bubble that doesn"t include you." Ms. Fox and Ms. Frankel acknowledge that they and their peers can be quick to interpret their parents" remarks as dismissive or condescending and respond with a hostility that masks their vulnerability. "What we want above all is your approval," they write. "Don"t forget, no matter how much we act as if we don"t care what you say, we believe the things you say about us." Nancy Samalin, a New York child-rearing expert and the author of Loving Without Spoiling (McGraw-Hill, 2003), said she didn"t agree with everything the authors suggested but found their arguments reasonable. "When your kids are saying," You don"t get it, and you never will," there are lots of ways to respond so that they will listen," she said, " and that"s what the writers point out." As for my teenager, Alex, Ms. Fox and Ms. Frankel told me I would have done better to back off or to have asked "Is your skin feeling rougher these days?" A more successful approach, the authors suggest in their book, would have been for the mother to offer, as Ms. Fox"s own parents did, a later curfew once a month, along with an explanation of her concerns. "My parents helped me see," Ms. Fox told me, "that even though they used to stay out late and ride their bicycles to school, times have changed. These days there is a major fear factor in bringing up kids. Parents worry about their child crossing the street." The writers said they hoped simply to shed light on teenage thinking. For their parents it did. Reminded by Ms. Fox that teenagers can be quite territorial, her father, Steven Fox, a dentist, said, "These days I"m better about knocking on the door when I want to come into Lara"s room." "I try to talk to her in a more respectful way more as an adultish tone of teenager rather than a childish type of teenager," he added.

单选题Except at night, they hardly ever have time together. He often sits alone in the house waiting for Julie-Julie to come home. It would be nice to have kids to play with when one comes home from work. But, Oh, the house is too small, Kappy-Pappy dear. We need to save and move to a bigger place before we can start a family. Kapsak never understands that. What does a big house have to do with having children? When he and Eka Udo had children, did they have a big house? But they died, didn't they? And the doctor later said something about cramped living conditions making it easy for malaria to virtually wipe out his family. So maybe Julie-Julie has a point. All his children had died because of being cooped up in one room. All except Udo. Udo Kapsak would not ordinarily admit it but the truth is he misses the boy so much. Udo's full-faced smile. His quirky-chirpy ways. His innocent probing manner. Oh Udo! He'll be approaching five now. Five! A big baby! Sighing noisily, Kapsak tries to put thoughts of his son out of his mind. He has not seen the boy in over three years. And maybe he has gone the way his brother and sisters went. No. Not likely. Awadamoto would have told him. Awadamoto. It's been a long time since Kapsak saw him. Throwing on a shirt, Kapsak hurries off to the taxi rank in the business district. "Kapsak, Kapsak!" Awadamoto cheers as his childhood friend approaches. "Awadamoto! You have abandoned me!" "Use that word lightly, Kapsak. You know who has done the most abandoning between me and you." "But Awad, we live here in town together." "Blame that wife of yours. I did not go to school and I don't like going near people who make me remember that all the time." Kapsak has it in mind to say something good about his wife, but something else jumps to his mouth. "Come Awad, what is Gestapo?" "Gestapo?" "No, Gestapo." "Man, I don't know. Where did you hear it?" "Eh, I heard it somewhere. How is the village?" "Exactly as you left it." "And... " "Eka Udo?" "Yes. How is she?" "How does it concern you? Anyway, I heard some big chief from her mother's village has taken her for his third wife." "What of my son? Is it well with him?" "You would have known if you had bothered to go and check on him. Look, it's my turn. "Bawling out to passengers to climb into his ramshackle taxi, Awadamoto ambles off. It is pouring heavily when Julie-Julie returns. Outside, it is rain. Inside, it is confusion. Kapsak is at first happy to see her back safely. Then his happiness turns to anger as she carries on about what an exciting time she had. Finally his anger succumbs to her gentle caresses and passion rules their world. Julie-Julie shoots out at first light. "I've got to see someone urgently, Kappy-Pappy. "Kappy-Pappy, that is my name now, Kapsak laughs to himself as he shuffles off to the construction site where he manages to earn a few bucks. On his way into the main yard, he ducks out of the way of a fast-moving four-wheel drive vehicle driven by an expatriate. Cursing lightly, he looks back to see the driver locked in a passionate kiss with a woman with luxuriant hair. "No wonder he nearly killed me!" Kapsak spits out. "Early morning and he's already..." His mouth remains open but the words dry up. like the water taps of the city. The woman with the expatriate turns momentarily, perhaps to pick up something from the backseat. In that instant, Kapsak sees clearly the woman for whom he had left his first wife and forsaken his family and people. But he does not see the earthmover in front of him. Neither does he hear its powerful horns. And the driver of the earthmover does not see Kapsak. By the time someone notices the crushed figure lying by the roadside, a blackening pool of blood has begun to seep into the earth.

单选题According to legend, Aesculapius bore two daughters, Panacea and Hyegeia, who gave rise to dynasties of healers and hygienists. The schism (分离) remains today, in clinical training and in practice; and, because of the imperative nature of medical care and the subtlety of health care, the former has tended to dominate. Preventive medicine has as its primary objective the maintenance and promotion of health. It accomplishes this by controlling or manipulating environmental factors that affect health and disease. For example, in California presently there is serious suffering and substantial economic loss because of the failure to introduce controlled fluoridation (加氟作用) of public water supplies. Additionally, preventive medicine applies prophylactic (预防性的) measures against disease by such actions as immunization and specific nutritional measures. Third, it attempts to motivate people to adopt healthful lifestyles through education. For the most part, curative medicine has as its primary objective the removal of disease from the patient. It provides diagnostic techniques to identify the presence and nature of the disease process. While these may be applied on a mass basis in an attempt to "screen" out persons with preclinical disease, they are usually applied after the patient appears with a complaint. Second, it applies treatment to the sick patient. In every case, this is, or should be, individualized according to the particular need of each patient. Third, it utilizes rehabilitation methodologies to return the treated patient to the best possible level of functioning. While it is true that both preventive medicine and curative medicine require cadres of similarly trained personnel such as planners, administrators, and educators, the underlying delivery systems depend on quite distinctive professional personnel. The requirements for curative medicine call for clinically trained individuals who deal with patients on a one-to-one basis and whose training is based primarily on an understanding of the biological, pathological, and psychological processes that determine an individual's health and disease status. The locus (地方)for this training is the laboratory and clinic. Preventive medicine, on the other hand, calls for a very broad spectrum of professional personnel, few of whom require clinical expertise. Since their actions apply either to environmental situations or to population groups, their training takes place in a different type of laboratory or in a community not necessarily associated with the clinical locus. The economic differences between preventive medicine and curative medicine have been extensively discussed, perhaps most convincingly by Winslow in the monograph The Cost of Sickness and the Price of Health. Sickness is almost always a negative, nonproductive and harmful state. All resources expended to deal with sickness are therefore fundamentally economically unproductive. Health, on the other hand, has a very high value in our culture. To the extent that healthy members of the population are replaced by sick members, the economy is doubly burdened. Nevertheless, the per capita cost of preventive measures for specific diseases is generally far lower than the per capita cost of curative medicine applied to treatment of the same disease. Prominent examples are dental caries (蛀牙) , poliomyelitis(脊髓灰质炎 ) and phenylketonuria (苯丙酮尿) . There is an imperative need to provide care for the sick person within a single medical care system, but there is no overriding reason why a linkage is necessary between the two components of a health care system, prevention and treatment. A national health and medical care program composed of semiautonomous systems for personal health care and medical care would have the advantage of clarifying objectives and strategies and of permitting a more equitable division of resources between prevention and cure.

单选题It can be inferred from the passage that in a guilty plea ______.

单选题The parliament of Nepal voted overwhelmingly in March to legalize abortion in that country up to 12 weeks of pregnancy and as late as 18 weeks in cases of rape or incest. The Nepali action continues the worldwide trend toward liberalization of countries' abortion laws. Other than Poland, which reversed its long-standing policy in 1997 and outlawed abortion in most circumstances, no country has restricted its abortion law in any significant way in many years. Currently, more than six in ten of the world's women live in countries where abortion is legal under most circumstances. This includes more than half of women in developing countries and almost nine in ten women in developed countries. The new law is a radical departure from past policy: Abortion had been banned completely for any reason in Nepal, and having an illegal abortion was a criminal act. Indeed, the first test of the government's commitment to the new law will be its decision whether or not to free the some 65 women who are currently imprisoned in Nepal for that very reason. The law does not address their plight, but legal and political efforts are underway on behalf of these women and their children, who in some cases live in prison with them. Nepal has one of the highest maternal mortality rates in the world, and it is estimated that half of those deaths result from illegal abortion. Indigenous nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) pushed for abortion law reform in part as a public health imperative. It is also significant, however, that the new abortion law is paired with provisions that for the first time, ban child marriage and polygamy and grant Nepali women some measure of property rights as well. Accordingly, the broad coalition of Nepali NGOs and government officials who for the past seven years have campaigned for these changes view the entire package as a major advance for women's human rights. In a related development, a referendum will be conducted in Switzerland in June, in which the government will submit to the Swiss public its recommendation that abortion be legalized through the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Referendum voters will have the option of supporting an alternative ballot measure, sponsored by antiabortion groups, which would ban abortion altogether. Dating from 1942, Switzerland's existing law deems abortion a criminal offense except when necessary to preserve a woman's health. Expectations are that the government's position, which closely reflects longtime abortion practice in Switzerland, will prevail. Finally, on another note, Irish voters by a razor-thin margin rejected a government-backed referendum in March that would have narrowed Ireland's already highly restrictive abortion law even further. Abortion is banned entirely in Ireland except when continuing a pregnancy would endanger the woman's life. The government and the Catholic hierarchy had wanted to close a "loophole" in the law under which the threat of suicide is considered a life-endangering situation. In a 1992 ruling in a case that involved a 14-year-old who sought an abortion after being raped by a family friend, the Irish Supreme Court held that the law's life-endangerment provision did, indeed, encompass suicide threats. Ireland's voters in the referendum turned back the government's attempt to tighten the law with 50.4% of the vote. (From www.guttmacher.org; 540 words)

单选题In T.G, the structure that contains all the unit and relationships that are necessary for interpreting the meaning of the sentence is ______. A. temporary structure B. deep structure C. surface structure D. syntactic structure

单选题Who is the writer of The Great Gatsby ?

单选题What kind of people are most likely to be recruited for criminal activity?

单选题Which of the following statement might Landes agree on?

单选题According to the passage, some slumdwellers are not interested in improving their environments because they ______.