问答题. SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS PASSAGE ONE (1)The Burmese sub-inspector and some Indian constables were waiting for me in the quarter where the elephant had been seen. We began questioning the people as to where the elephant had gone and, as usual, failed to get any definite information. I had almost made up my mind that the whole story was a pack of lies, when we heard yells a little distance away. There was a loud cry of "Go away, child! Go away this instant!" and an old woman with a switch in her hand came round the corner of a hut, violently driving away a crowd of naked children. I rounded the hut and saw a man's dead body sprawling in the mud. The people said that the elephant had come suddenly upon him round the corner of the hut, caught him with its trunk, put its foot on his back and ground him into the earth. As soon as I saw the dead man I sent an orderly to a friend's house nearby to borrow an elephant rifle. (2)The orderly came back in a few minutes with a rifle and five cartridges, and meanwhile some Burmans had arrived and told us that the elephant was in the paddy fields below, only a few hundred yards away. As I started forward practically the whole population of the quarter flocked out of the houses and followed me. They had seen the rifle and were all shouting excitedly that I was going to shoot the elephant. It made me vaguely uneasy. I had no intention of shooting the elephant—I had merely sent for the rifle to defend myself if necessary—and it is always unnerving to have a crowd following you. I marched down the hill, looking and feeling a fool, with the rifle over my shoulder and an ever-growing army of people jostling at my heels. The elephant was standing eight yards from the road, his left side towards us. He took not the slightest notice of the crowd's approach. He was tearing up bunches of grass, beating them against his knees to clean them and stuffing them into his mouth. (3)I had halted on the road. As soon as I saw the elephant I knew with perfect certainty that I ought not to shoot him. It is a serious matter to shoot a working elephant—it is comparable to destroying a huge and costly piece of machinery—and obviously one ought not to do it if it can possibly be avoided. And at that distance peacefully eating, the elephant looked no more dangerous than a cow. I thought then and I think now that his attack of "must" was already passing off; in which case he would merely wander harmlessly about until his owner came back and caught him. Moreover, I did not in the least want to shoot him. I decided that I would watch him for a little while to make sure that he did not turn savage again, and then go home. (4)But at that moment, I glanced round at the crowd that had followed me. It was an immense crowd, two thousand at the least and growing every minute. It blocked the road for a long distance on either side. I looked at the sea of yellow faces above the garish clothes—faces all happy and excited over this bit of fun, all certain that the elephant was going to be shot. They were watching me as they would watch a conjuror about to perform a trick. And suddenly I realized that I should have to shoot the elephant after all: The people expected it of me and I had got to do it; I would feel their two thousand wills pressing me forward, irresistibly. And it was at this moment, as I stood there with the rifle in my hands that I first grasped the hollowness, the futility of the White man's dominion in the East. Here was I, the white man with his gun, standing in front of the unarmed native crowd—seemingly the leading actor of the piece; but in reality I was only an absurd puppet pushed to and fro by the will of those yellow faces behind. I perceived in this moment that when the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys. He becomes a sort of hollow, posing dummy, the conventionalized figure of a sahib. For it is the condition of his rule that he shall spend his life in trying to impress the "natives", and so in every crisis he has got to do what the "natives" expect of him. He wears a mask, and his face grows to fit it. I had got to shoot the elephant. I had committed myself to doing it when I sent for the rifle. A sahib has got to act like a sahib; he has got to appear resolute, to know his own mind and do definite things. To come all that way, rifle in hand, with two thousand people marching at my heels, and then to trail feebly away, having done nothing—no, that was impossible. The crowd would laugh at me. And my whole life, every white man's life in the East, was one long struggle not to be laughed at. (5)But I did not want to shoot the elephant. I watched him beating his bunch of grass against his knees, with that preoccupied grandmotherly air that elephants have. It seemed to me that it would be murder to shoot him. At that age I was not squeamish about killing animals, but I had never shot an elephant and never wanted to. (Somehow it always seems worse to kill a large animal.) Besides, there was the beast's owner to be considered. Alive, the elephant was worth at least a hundred pounds; dead, he would only be worth the value of his tusks, five pounds, possibly. But I had got to act quickly. I turned to some experienced-looking Burmans who had been there when we arrived, and asked them how the elephant had been behaving. They all said the same thing: he took no notice of you if you left him alone, but he might charge if you went too close to him. PASSAGE TWO (1)Criminology has treated women's role in crime with a large measure of indifference. The intellectual tradition from which criminology derives its conception of these sexes maintains esteem for men's autonomy, intelligence and force of character while disdaining women for their weaknesses of compliance and passivity. Women who conform as pure, obedient daughters, wives and mothers benefit men and society. Those women who don't, that is, are non-conforming, may simply be one who questions established beliefs or practices, or one who engages in activities associated with men, or one who commits a crime. These women are doubly damned and doubly deviant. They are seen as "mad" not "bad". These behaviors frequently lead to interpretations of being mentally abnormal and unstable. Those doing the defining, by the very act, are never defined as "other", but are the norm. As "men" are the norm, women are deviant. Women are defined in reference to men. In the words of Young, "sexual difference is one of the ways in which normal is marked out from deviant". So why do these differences exist within the criminal justice system and society as a whole? In order to understand why offending and punishment differs between genders it is important to acknowledge and analyze past perceptions, theories and perspectives from predominant sociologists and criminologists of that time towards women in society. (2)Up until the turn of the century, women were primarily perceived as sexual objects and expected to remain within male dominated ideologies such as homemaker, cater and nurturer taking second place after men. Women who strayed from the norm were severely punished, void of any opportunities to explain their actions. Perhaps interventions from Elizabeth Fry in the early nineteenth century campaigning for women to be housed in separate prisons from men and offered rehabilitation could be marked as the starting point for intense studies being conducted into relationships between women and crime. The conception at that time was that women must be protected from, rather than held responsible for their criminal actions. Unfortunately, such intervention only caused coaxing rather than coercion, that is, women became segregated even more as individual members of their community. (3)Later in the late nineteenth century, Lombroso and Ferrero wrote a book called, The Female Offender. Their theories were based on "atavism". Atavism refers to the belief that all individuals displaying anti-social behavior were biological throwbacks. The born female criminal was perceived to have the criminal qualities of the male plus the worst characteristics of women. According to Lombroso and Ferrero, these included deceitfulness, cunning and spite among others and were not apparent among males. This appeared to indicate that criminal women were genetically more male than female, therefore biologically abnormal. Criminality in men was a common feature of their natural characteristics, whereby women, their biologically-determined nature was exactly opposite to crime. Female social deviants or criminals who did not act according to pre-defined standards were diagnosed as pathological and requiring treatment, they were to be "cured" or "removed". (4)Other predominant theorists such as Thomas and later, Pollack, believed that criminality was a pathology and socially induced rather than biologically inherited. As Thomas says, "the girl as a child does not know she has any particular value until she learns it from others". Pollack believed, "it is the learned behaviour from a very young age that leads girls into a 'masked' character of female criminality", that is, how it was and still is concealed through under-reporting and low detection rates of female offenders. He further states, "in our male-dominated culture, women have always been considered strange, secretive and sometimes dangerous". A greater leniency towards women by police and the justice system needs to be addressed especially if a "true" equality of genders is to be achieved in such a complicated world. (5)Although it may be true that society has changed since the days of Lombroso and Ferrero, past theories appear to remain within much of today's criminal justice system. Women have so many choices of which they didn't before. It would appear naive to assume that women and crime may be explained by any one theory. Any crime for that matter, whether male or female, may not be explained by any one theory. It is an established and non-arguable fact that males' and females differ biologically and sociological influences, such as gender-specific role-playing appears to continue within most families. It's a matter, of proportion not difference. (6)Many argue, the main culprit for aggression as seen in many men is testosterone (睾丸激素). This hormone appears responsible for much of the male crime, even in today's society of increased knowledge on the subject. In contrast, extensive research over the past twenty-five years done on the testosterone/ aggression link focusing on prenatal testosterone predisposing boys to be rougher than girls, concluded it was very difficult to show any connection between testosterone and aggressive behaviour. Cross-cultural studies of ninety-five societies revealed fourty-seven percent of them were free of rape while at least thirty-three societies were free of war and interpersonal violence was extremely rare. Based on these studies, it may be evident to suggest that sociological factors and environmental influences appear to have greater credibility in explaining criminal behaviour, whether male or female. (7)As most women commit crimes of a lesser violent nature such as shop-lifting, leniency is given to them from law enforcement officers and judges. It is true that many women use their "femininity" to their advantage which makes it very difficult to argue equal rights for both sexes. This unequal position of women in society is due to social oppression and economic dependency on men and the state needs to be addressed. Offences by women remain sexualised and pathologised. In most ways, crimes women commit are considered to be final outward manifestations of an inner medical imbalance or social instability. Their punishment appears to be aimed principally at treatment and resocialisation. The victimisation of women in medicine seems to be "for her own good" or "in her best interests". (8)Changing social and economic conditions, environmental influences, cultural traditions and physiological factors must be taken into account when dealing with crime. It has only been over the last thirty to forty years that women have empowered themselves and fought for equality within all areas of society. After so many centuries of oppression and inequality, these changes cannot be expected to happen overnight. It is essential that society be well informed in the quest for justice. Creating a framework that is truly equitable requires a proper understanding of life beyond the courtroom door. The world is infused with "gender bias" and no single explanation exists for human behaviour or passivity or aggression. A complex interplay of cultural and biological factors makes people as individuals. Behaviour may be changed. All have the potential for aggression and compliance. The view that women are "other", inferior and unstable because of their hormones and emotions makes it all too easy to see them as unstable, irrational, neurotic and "mad". PASSAGE THREE (1)In his classic novel "The Pioneers," James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, take his cousin on a tour of the city he is building. He describes the broad streets, rows of houses, a teeming metropolis. But his cousin looks around bewildered. All she sees is a stubby forest. "Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show me?" she asks. He's astonished she can't see them. "Where! Why everywhere," he replies. For though they are not yet built on earth, he has built them in his mind, and they are as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished. (2)Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait, future-mindedness: the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come. "America is therefore the land of the future," the German philosopher Hegel wrote. "The American lives even more for his goals, for the future, than the European," Albert Einstein concurred. "Life for him is always becoming, never being." (3)In the years to come, America will still be the place where the future happens first, for that is the nation's oldest tradition. The early Puritans lived in almost Stone Age conditions, but they were inspired by visions of future glories, God's kingdom on earth. The early pioneers would sometimes travel past perfectly good farmland, because they were convinced that even more amazing land could be found over the next ridge. The Founding Fathers took 13 scraggly Colonies and believed they were creating a new nation on earth. The railroad speculators envisioned magnificent fortunes built on bands of iron. It's now fashionable to ridicule the Visions of dot-corn entrepreneurs of the 1990s, but they had inherited the urge to leap for the horizon. "The Future is endowed with such a life, that it lives to us even in anticipation," Herman Melville wrote. "The Future is the Bible of the Free." (4)This future-mindedness explains many modern features of American life. It explains workaholism: the average American works 350 hours a year more than the average European. Americans move more, in search of that brighter tomorrow, than people in other lands. They also, sadly, divorce more, for the same reason. Americans adopt new technologies such as online shopping and credit cards much more quickly than people in other countries. Forty-five percent of world Internet use takes place in the United States. Even today, after the bursting of the stock-market bubble, American venture-capital firms—which are in the business of betting on the future—dwarf the firms from all other nations. (5)Future-mindedness contributes to the disorder in American life, the obliviousness to history, the high rates of family breakdown, the frenzied waste of natural resources. It also leads to incredible innovations. According to the Yale historian Paul Kennedy, 75 percent of the Nobel laureates in economics and the sciences over recent decades have lived or worked in the United States. The country remains a magnet for the future-minded from other nations. One in 12 Americans has enjoyed the thrill and challenge of starting his own business. A study published in the Journal of International Business Studies in 2000 showed that innovative people are spread pretty evenly throughout the globe, but Americans are most comfortable with risk. Entrepreneurs in the US are more likely to believe that they possess the ability to shape their own future than people in, say, Britain, Australia or Singapore. (6)If the 1990s were a great decade of future-mindedness, we are now in the midst of a season of experience. It seems cooler to be skeptical, to pooh-pooh all those IPO suckers who lost their money betting on the telecom future. But the world is not becoming more French. Several years later, this period of chastisement will likely have run its course, and future-mindedness will be back in vogue, for better or worse. (7)We don't know exactly what the next future-minded frenzy will look like. We do know where it will take place: the American suburb. In 1979, three quarters of American office space were located in central cities. The new companies, research centers and entrepreneurs are flocking to these low buildings near airports, highways and the Wal-Mart malls, and they are creating a new kind of suburban life. There are entirely new metropolises rising—boom suburbs like Mesa, Arizona, that already have more people than Minneapolis or St. Louis. We are now approaching a moment in which the majority of American office space, and the hub of American entrepreneurship, will be found in quiet office parks in places like Rockville, Maryland, and in the sprawling suburbosphere around Atlanta. (8)We also know that future-mindedness itself will become the object of greater study. We are discovering that there are many things that human beings do easily that computers can do only with great difficulty, if at all. Cognitive scientists are now trying to decode the human imagination, to understand how the brain visualizes, dreams and creates. And we know, too, that where there is future-mindedness there is hope.1. Which of the following arguments against shooting the elephant is not mentioned by the author?______PASSAGE ONE

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问答题2. Translate the undefined part of the following text from Chinese into English. 人生是什么?人生的真相如何?人生的意义何在?人生的目的是何?这些人生最重大最中心的问题，不只是古来一切大宗教家哲学家所殚精竭虑以求解答的，世界上第一流的大诗人凝神冥想，深入灵魂的幽邃，或纵身大化中，于一朵花中窥见天国，一滴露水参悟生命，然后用他们生花之笔，幻现层层世界，幕幕人生，归根也不外乎启示这生命的真相与意义。宗教家对这些问题的方法与态度是预言的说教的，哲学家是解释的说明的，诗人文豪是表现的启示的。

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问答题 何谓幸福?每个人自有不同的衡量标准，虽然幸福的结局是那样的皆大欢喜。幸福可以漾在脸上

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问答题　　As people age, the brain changes in both good ways and bad.　　If you are over 20, your cognitive performance is probably alreadyon the wane. The speed over which people can process information【S1】____________ declines at a steady rate from as early as their 20s.　　A common test of processing speed is the "digit symbol substitution test", in that a range of symbols are paired with a set of numbers in a【S2】____________code. Participants are shown the code, given a row of symbols, then【S3】____________asked to write down the corresponding number in the box below within a set period. There is nothing cognitively challenging about the task; levels of education do no difference to performance. But age does.【S4】____________Speed consistently declines as people get older.　　Fortunately, there is some good news to go with the bad. Psychologists distinguish "fluid intelligence", which is the ability【S5】____________ to solve new problems, and "crystallized intelligence", which roughly equates to an individual’s stock of accumulating knowledge. 【S6】____________　　These reserves of knowledge continue to increase with age: people’s performance on vocabulary and general-knowledge tests keeps improving into their 70s. Yet experience can often 【S7】____________compensate for cognitive decline. In an old but instructive study of typists ranging in the age from 19 to 72, older workers typed【S8】____________just as fast as young ones, even though their tapping speed was【S9】____________slower. They achieved this by looking further ahead in the text, which allowed them to keep going smoothly.【S10】____________

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问答题　　Most of us have an image of a standard English in pronunciation, and very commonly in Great Britain this is " Received Pronunciation", often associated with the public schools and the BBC. Indeed, a pronunciation within this range has great prestige throughout the world, and for English taught as a foreign language it is usually ideal than any other【S1】________ pronunciation. At the same time, it must be remembered that, so far as the English-speaking countries are concerned, this " Received Pronunciation" becomes the status of a "standard" almost only in England. 【S2】________　　Even in England it is difficult to speak about a standard in pronunciation. 【S3】 ________For one thing, pronunciation is infinitely variable, so that even giving the【S4】________will to adopt a single pronunciation, it would be difficult to achieve. The word dance will be pronounced in a dozen ways even by people who do 【S5】________　　not think of themselves as dialect speakers; there is no a sure way of any two【S6】________people saying the same word with precisely the same sound. In this respect, pronunciation much more closely resembles handwriting than spelling. In spelling, there are absolute distinctions which can be learnt and imitated　　with completely precision; one can know at once whether a word is spelt in【S7】________a "standard" way or not. But two persons’ handwriting and pronunciation may both be perfectly intelligent, yet have obvious differences【S8】________without being able to say which is "better" or more "standard". 【S9】________　　Moreover, with the easy and quick communications of modern times encouraging the spread of a " neutral", " normal " pronunciation, the accompanied sociological changes have reduced the prestige of 【S10】_______ Received Pronunciation.

问答题1. The well-known phrase "honoring the teacher and respecting his teaching" has ling been a part of Chinese tradition and culture. According to recent Global Teacher Status Index, teachers have the highest social status in China across the world. The following is a new report on people's view on teaching profession. Read it carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the public's view on teaching profession nowadays; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. As Teacher's Day is approaching, the China Youth Daily received 1,089 reader responses from a nationwide survey. Results indicated that the teaching profession is still a respectable occupation; 91.6 percent voted that they wanted the most outstanding people to be teachers. "The profession of teacher should be the most respectable occupation in our society. The group should consist of the most outstanding people, or our nation's development will be affected," a respondent stated in the poll. Asked about which kind of teachers are the most outstanding ones, some readers answered: "Not all talented teachers are outstanding in their fields. An excellent teacher ought to be first of all a person of high morals, since teachers educate young people." Even more interesting, 76.3 percent of the respondents said that a teacher is someone who influenced them most. But people's views toward what kind of teachers are good teachers have changed. Another survey this June showed that 81.6 percent of the people admired knowledgeable teachers, 67.6 percent liked teachers who made their classes easy and interesting, and 51.9 percent preferred teachers with a good sense of humor. In short, being knowledgeable is the first and most important aspect of being a teacher, and on this basis, students clearly prefer lively and witty teachers. The bad news: recent years have seen the rapid reduction of normal universities and colleges. Many have been upgraded to comprehensive universities by name changes and mergers. Education experts worry that this kind of development will harm teacher training because these courses were conducted in those types of universities or colleges. The good news: The latest government work report states that the country would provide free education for students attending teacher training universities. The policy has become a reality as a total of 11,000 students enrolled in six teacher-training universities have now begun enjoying free education as of last week. These students began registration respectively at the six universities based in Beijing, Shanghai, Changchun, Wuhan, Xi'an and Chongqing on September 4. 73 percent of the readers who responded to the survey believed that the free education policy signals that the country is paying greater attention to education and teachers. 60.1 percent of the respondents said that the policy should be popularized and extended to more normal universities and colleges. Of those polled, the majority (55.6 percent) said that they wanted to be university or college teachers, because of the "high salary and low pressure, good working environment and non-fixed office hours." "Some teachers even have their own research program." 29.5 percent wanted to be middle school teachers, 13.4 percent wanted to be kindergarten teachers, and 8.2 percent say they didn't want to teach at all. Some respondents said that the salary of rural teachers in central and western areas should be increased. If not, even those students who enjoy free education in normal universities and love their teaching jobs will still face the ultimate question: choose their dream job or find something better to make ends meet?

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问答题. Section A In this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO. Passage One As I ponder whom it might be that I would consider a role model, I realized that there are a lot of people I know personally that I could look to for inspiration. But I am sharing these thoughts with others who most likely do not know my friend or my sister-in-law or the gal I work with. Therefore I think I should write about someone famous. But, it seems that these days there are not a lot of good role models to choose from, at least not from the "typical" choices that we usually think of as role models. I realize celebrities' private lives should be just that; but when a person is in the limelight perhaps they should use that notoriety for some sort of good. There are some criteria that my role model must possess. First, she must be close to my age. She has to have overcome some obstacle, or maybe better said, did not have her "celebrity" status handed to her. Finally, she must be helping others. Sharing the blessings she has received with others. I believe that someone who fits those criteria quite well is Oprah Winfrey. Oprah Winfrey's life has had a very difficult and tumultuous beginning. She was born in 1954 to a poor, unmarried black girl living in the very racially segregated state of Mississippi. For a while, Oprah was raised by her grandmother, after her mother moved north. She eventually went to live with her father in Nashville, after having survived body abuse and the birth and death of baby of her own. Oprah's rise to fame began in Baltimore, then Chicago, with her hosting morning talk shows, such as "A. M. Chicago". She became so popular that in 1986, she launched "The Oprah Winfrey Show". Oprah began her own production company, Harpo, and obtained control of "The Oprah Winfrey Show", which was now in syndication. In 1994, Oprah did something that caught my attention and with which she gained my respect. She decided to break away from the mold of other daytime talk shows and pledged that her show would be free from "tabloid topics". Her viewers responded slowly, but very positively, and her popularity surged. "The Oprah Winfrey Show" was now centered on uplifting, meaningful subjects, many of which are aimed towards women. Oprah has used her gaining popularity, in my opinion, to launch many meaningful projects. She launched Oprah's Book Club in 1996. The Book Club is an on-air reading club intended to get the country excited about literature again. To date, all the book club selections have become instant bestsellers. Oprah's Angel Network was started in 1997, encouraging people to open their hearts to those in need. This includes a project to collect small change to send students to college and to sponsor Habitat for Humanity programs. Oprah has been able to share her blessings with others while keeping her pledge to focus "The Oprah Winfrey Show" on subjects that will encourage her viewers. Each week her shows cover such topics as spirituality, wellness, fitness, relationships, steps towards financial freedom and more. Winfrey's talent for public performance and spontaneity in answering questions helped her win fame. Winfrey talk show has an estimated audience of 14 million daily in the US and millions more in 132 other countries—predominantly women. She is also an accomplished actress and won an Academy Award nomination for her role in The Color Purple. Another reason that I admire Oprah is because she genuinely seems to be "just a regular gal". Her book, Make the Connection shows how Oprah is like any other woman. The painful revelations she shares about her struggle with weight loss really touched me. Even as she was given an Emmy Award, her thoughts were on how heavy she must look in the dress she was wearing. Once, I went to a lecture given by one of Oprah's favorite authors. As we were sitting before the lecture began, a couple of black women walked in. My friend said, "Oh look, there's Oprah," I said, "no it's not", she said, "yes it is" and back and forth we went. Well, as it turns out, it was Oprah. She looked just like the rest of us; she did not come in amongst media frenzy as might be expected. When the speaker introduced her, she was almost embarrassed to stand. I feel Oprah is a genuinely nice person, someone who would be a great girl friend. She has a head on her shoulders and knows where she is going. She has made a name for herself and is not embarrassed by her wealth and knows the importance of sharing the blessings that have been bestowed upon her. (此文选自 Time) Passage Two It's disturbing to picture your kindergartner in a casino, but maybe you ought to try. American kids are born into a culture that loves its gambling, and the passion is only growing, as financial hardships sweeten the ever alluring prospect of a lucky break. The danger, of course, is that gambling can lead to compulsive gambling—and compulsive gambling can be a life wrecker. Now, a new study in the Archives of Pediatrics Adolescent Medicine suggests that it may be possible to spot the people most at risk when they're as young as 5 years old. Problem gambling, like all addictions, is at least partly rooted in poor impulse control, and if there's any place people make their want-it-now neediness known, it's in kindergarten. Psychologist Linda Pagani of the Sainte-Justice University Hospital Research Center and the University of Montreal conducted a longitudinal study that began in 1999, when she assembled a sample group of 163 kindergartners with a median age of 5.5 years. The kids' teachers filled out a questionnaire in which they rated each child's degree of inattentiveness, distractibility and hyperactivity on a scale of 1 to 9. Pagani tallied the scores and then tucked the findings away. Six years later, she conducted follow-up interviews with the same children and asked whether any of them had begun gambling. The results were surprising. Although the kids were still a long way from being old enough for Vegas or the track, many admitted that they were already playing bingo, cards, video poker or other video games for money; buying lottery tickets; or placing bets on professional sports. "The majority of kids were not engaging in any of these activities," says Pagani, "but the fact that any of them were was unexpected." What struck Pagani most was how predictable the identities of the gamblers were. When she referred back to the ratings from kindergarten, she found that every one-unit increase on the impulsivity scale correlated with a 25% jump in the likelihood a child would be gambling by sixth grade. "The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual already refers to gambling specifically as an impulse-control disorder," she says, citing the official text that outlines diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. "And then there were our findings showing that." Knowing early on which children are headed for trouble can pay off in a number of ways. For one thing, it can help families wise up. Some of the parents of the kids in the study saw a little gambling as a minor thing, and a number of them even bought lottery tickets for their kids as a reward for good behavior. That, clearly, sends the wrong message. "Scratch-and-win games are for adults," Pagani says flatly. What's more, not only can kids' behavior benefit when impulse issues are spotted early on, so can their brains. Preschool is a time when the prefrontal lobes, which are the center of executive functions—and what Pagani and others call "effortful control"—are just developing. The better the brain can be trained at this stage, the better it performs later in life. Pagani cites a 2007 study published in the journal Science that showed that simple attention-boosting training taught in kindergarten improved focus and concentration in later years. "You can introduce a cost-effective program and reap enormous benefits," she says. Pagani plans to check in with the kids in her survey again in another six years, when they're finishing high school and preparing to enter the larger world-with its larger temptations. Even if they were born too late to benefit from her findings, she thinks other kids can. "We need to think of impulse-control training as a long-term investment plan," she says, "one that can lead to less addiction, less gambling, a lower dropout rate and lower unemployment." That's a far bigger payoff than you'll ever get playing blackjack or craps. (此文选自 Time) Passage Three When the creators of a new sitcom called The Loop pitched their show to executives at the Fox television network, the broadcast moneymen liked the idea of a sitcom about young guys living in Chicago. But what they loved was the fact that products on the set wouldn't be an afterthought brought in by a prop master. Instead, viewers would see the same products every week, cleverly woven into the plot throughout the season, and characters would discuss the brands—a bit like a 13-week ad campaign. Sure enough, the network picked up the show. Co-creator Will Gluck says he wanted to capture the way guys really talk, discussing cool gadgets and brands in everyday life. Gluck's product-infused formula is rapidly becoming a model for network TV's survival. Thanks in part to technologies like TiVo—which growing numbers of folks are using to blitz past commercials and watch TV on their own schedule—the ad-driven prime time business model that has existed for decades is under assault as never before. In New York City last week, broadcast execs showcased their best hopes for luring viewers back this fall, unveiling dozens of new dramas, sitcoms and reality shows. If history is any guide, most of them will flop, with shows aimed at young guys facing tough competition from video games, and cable channels eroding ever more of the networks' share. As advertisers increasingly chase audience through nontraditional outlets as well, the major networks may be in for a lousy year. While the gloomy financial picture may have something to do with a lack of must-see TV, it's hard to overestimate the challenges posed by ad skipping. At least 6.4 million households now have digital video recorders (DVRS) like TiVo. Cable and satellite providers are pushing the technology hard—40% of households are expected to have DVRS by 2009—while the cable guys are also pitching video on demand (VOD), another technology consumers use to watch content on their own schedule. No wonder some advertisers are turning off the tube. American express has slashed the TV share of its ad budget from 80% a decade ago to less than 35%, replacing commercials, in part, with online mini-films. Pepsi recently relaunched Pepsi One without any TV advertising, which execs at the firm say wouldn't have been the case five years ago. All the more reason advertisers want to TiVo-proof their message. Since 1999, television product-placement deals have surged in value from $ 709 million to $ 1.9 billion, according to the research firm PQ Media. Already, marketers have burrowed into reality shows like Survivor and The Apprentice. This season also brought us a Desperate Housewife fawning over a Buick. Bernie Mac popping Rolaids, a character in According to Jim declares she only wants "the shrimp at Red Lobster" and an episode of Arrested Development set in a Burger King. "We needed as much support for the show as we could get," says Steven Melnick, a senior marketing executive at 20th Century Fox Television, which produces Arrested Development, defending Burger King's starring role. (Typically, media buyers negotiate product placement as part of a package deal with regular ads. ) If muscling in on the development of scripted shows sounds scary, get ready for the next wave. While the networks were presenting their fall lineups last week, media buyers for Sears, for instance, were working up product-integration deals as part of their traditional ad buys. Already a big presence in ABC's Extreme Makeover: Home Edition, Sears was eyeing new sitcoms like the WB's Supernatural, and the company isn't interested in providing an appliance as a background prop. "That's not enough to make people shop at Sears," says Perianne Grignon, vice president of media services for Sears. "It's easy to use merchandise as a prop, but we have higher standards." But how much product integration will audiences tolerate before turning off, rea-lizing they're essentially watching an advertorial? No one can say for sure, though ratings for one of the heaviest product-placement vehicles, The Apprentice, fell 20% this season. Mazza claims that as long as products appear "organically" in TV shows, audiences won't mind. Under pressure from advertisers and facing rising costs for scripted shows, network execs say they have scant choice but to develop new revenue streams. No one is predicting the demise of network television, which brought in an estimated $ 16.5 billion in advertising last season. As ABC demonstrated, it takes only a few hits like Desperate Housewives to orchestrate a rebound. But network execs are already dreaming up ways to resell content on platforms like video on demand, cell phones and the Internet. "You gotta figure out a way to make money," says Alan Wurtzel, president of media development for NBC Universal. "We know the consumer is changing and expectations are changing." Question is, will the networks change fast enough too? (此文选自 Time) Passage Four It's hard to miss them: the epitome of casual "geek chic" and organized within the warranty of their Palm Pilots, they sip labor-intensive cafelattes, chat on sleek cellphones and ponder the road to enlightenment. In the U. S. they worry about the environment as they drive their gas-guzzling sports utility vehicles to emporiums of haute design to buy a $ 50 titanium spatula; they think about their tech stocks as they explore specialty shops for Tibetan artifacts in Everest-worthy hiking boots. They think nothing of laying out $ 5 for a wheatgrass muff, much less $ 500 for some alternative rejuvenation at the day-spa—but don't talk about raising their taxes. They are "Bourgeois Bohemians" —or "Bobos" —and they're the new "enlightened elite" of the information age, their lucratively busy lives a seeming synthesis of comfort and conscience, corporate success and creative rebellion. Well-educated thirty-to-forty something, they have forged a new social ethos from a logic-defying fusion of 1960s counter-culture and 1980s entrepreneurial materialism. Combining the free-spirited, artistic rebelliousness of the Bohemian beatnik or hippie with the worldly ambitions of their bourgeois corporate forefathers, the Bobo is a comfortable contortion of caring capitalism. "It's not about making money; it's about doing something you love. Life should be an extended hobby. It's all about working for a company as cool as you are." It is a world inhabited by dotcom millionaires, management consultants, "culture industry" entrepreneurs and all manner of media folk, most earning upwards of $ 100,000 a year—their money an incidental byproduct of their maverick mores, the kind of money they happen to earn while they are pursuing their creative vision. Often sporting such unconventional job titles as "creative paradox"," corporate jester" or "learning person", Bobos work with a monk-like self-discipline because they view their jobs as intellectual, even spiritual. It is a reverse the Midas touch: everything a Bobo touches turns to spirituality, everything has to be about enlightenment. Even their jobs are a mission to improve the world. It is now impossible to tell an espresso-sipping artist from a cappuccino-gulping banker, but it isn't just a matter of style. If you investigate people's attitudes towards sex, morality, leisure time and work, it is getting harder and harder to separate the anti-establishment renegade from the pro-establishment company man. Most people seemed to have rebel attitudes and social-climbing attitudes all scrambled together. These Bobos are just normal middle-class people who are living out a protracted adolescence. Their political interests are either "intensely close and personal" (abortion or gun control), or very remote (the rainforests, Tibet or Third World poverty). But they will most likely express their conscience in their consumerism, relieved to be helping someone somewhere by collecting the hand-carved artifacts of distant cultures. Motivated by spiritual participation, but cautious of moral crusades and religious enthusiasms, they tolerate a little lifestyle experimentation, so long as it is done safely and moderately. They are offended by concrete wrongs, such as cruelty and racial injustice, but are relatively unmoved by lies or transgressions that don't seem to do anyone any obvious harm. It is an elite that has been raised to oppose elites. They are by instinct anti-establishmentarian, yet in some sense they have become a new establishment. They are prosperous without seeming greedy; they have pleased their elders, without seeming conformists; they have risen toward the top without too obviously looking down on those below. While bemoaning the Bobo's "boring politics", the Bobos are an elite superior to their intolerant and warring predecessors—they've certainly made shopping more fun, and they have a good morality for building a decent society. (此文选自 The Guardian)1. All of the following are the reasons why the author chose Oprah Winfrey as her role model EXCEPT that she ______.(Passage One)