They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well.

Positive for Youth aims to place teenagers and young peopleat its heart. There is the accurate expectation teenagers themselves【M1】______have the responsibility to improve their local communities. The government pioneered the idea that young people are capable ofaccessing the quality of their local services. Another【M2】______government-funding scheme created by the NCB, this time with【M3】______the British Youth Council and disabled children's charity KIDS, isYoung Inspectors, which train some of the most disadvantaged【M4】______young people from poorer communities to inspect and report onlocal services. The Young Inspectors scheme, so far, helped change【M5】______the lives of more than 1,400 young people and improved more than 600 local services. It is the illegal requirement across public services to listen to【M6】______ the views of service users. There is a business case for commercial suppliers to listen to consumers. Teenagers use many public services such as police stations, clinics, clubs and libraries; andalso spend as many as ￡12bn in shopping and travel up to age 19【M7】______via the commercial sector. They want to see services improved, not just for themselves but for their families and neighbours too.Involving young people as Young Inspectors makes a business【M8】______sense, and is a means of developing young people's self-esteem, their ability to analyse and communicate, and many other skillsthat are critical to employers. At the NCB we are pleased with Positive For Youth's holisticapproach to give young people more opportunities and better【M9】______support, and we will be eagerly watching to see what the policies【M10】______take shape.

PASSAGE ONE

An ancient Greek philosopher once wrote that laughter is what makes us human—that it defines us as【T1】 1. Much more recent developments in biology and【T2】 2 suggest that not only humans but also【T3】 3 laugh: nonetheless, laughter is one of the most important aspects of human social life and【T4】 4. Laughter starts very soon after【T5】 5 —almost as soon as crying—and it serves many different【T6】 6 functions, from sharing our joy to intimidating and insulting other people. In many parts of the world, making other people laugh is considered a great gift, and【T7】 7 has always been a vital part of culture and art—perhaps precisely because of the complex, significant role of laughter in everyday life. An ancient Greek philosopher once wrote that laughter is what makes us human—that it defines us as【T1】 8. Much more recent developments in biology and【T2】 9 suggest that not only humans but also【T3】 10 laugh: nonetheless, laughter is one of the most important aspects of human social life and【T4】 11. Laughter starts very soon after【T5】 12 —almost as soon as crying—and it serves many different【T6】 13 functions, from sharing our joy to intimidating and insulting other people. In many parts of the world, making other people laugh is considered a great gift, and【T7】 14 has always been a vital part of culture and art—perhaps precisely because of the complex, significant role of laughter in everyday life. 【T1】

{{B}}PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION{{/B}}

老师每节课都会点名。

Lake Trummen in southern Sweden used to be a polluted, weed-choked mess. Now, after a $14 million cleanup, bathers crowd its clear blue water in summer. Vaxjo, a city of 80,000 that sits on its shores, is vying to be the most environmentally pristine place in Sweden. The town's car fleet is being converted to biogas, a clean fuel based on methane, and a new biofuel factory has created 320 jobs. Vaxjo has cut its carbon dioxide emissions by a third over the past 15 years, and the town even channels leftover heat from the local crematorium into homes. Swedish business and political leaders think places like Vaxjo are on to something. A few decades ago the country led the world in developing mobile technology through companies such as Ericsson. Now, with telecom sales flattening, business and political leaders think green technology could spark a new export boom—crucial to Sweden, where exports account for more than half of gross domestic product. "There is huge demand around the world for this technology," says Anders Brannstrom, president of Volvo Technology Transfer, a subsidiary of truck and bus maker Volvo that has invested about $20 million in clean tech companies. While Denmark has wind power giant Vestas and Germany has a host of big outfits such as Q-Cells that make solar cells and panels, Sweden's clean tech sector is made up mostly of smaller companies. In Vaxjo, for instance, IV Produkt makes energy-efficient ventilation systems it exports to 15 countries, from Belgium to Ukraine. The company says the systems mean energy savings of 80%, paying for themselves in about two years. Some 30% of IV's $38.6 million in revenues came from exports last year, a number that is likely to hit 50% by 2012, says sales manager Bjorn Fredriksson. In a Bauhaus-like suburban research park outside Stockholm, a startup called TranSIC is designing computer chips for the power systems of hybrid vehicles. And deep in the pine forests of Boden near the Arctic Circle, Swebo Bioenergy makes systems to burn manure and wood chips for heat. The company, with close to $8 million in annual sales, says it is deluged with orders from the U. S. and Europe. " This is going like a steamroller," says export manager Mattias Lindgren. Sweden boasts some 3,500 clean tech companies that together book roughly $14 billion in revenues. Exports, which make up about a quarter of their overall sales, have grown 75% over the last four years. To further boost the industry, the government is earmarking $590 million for environmental projects over the next two years, including $180 million to commercialize green tech. None other than King Carl XVI Gustav has become the green industry's biggest promoter and fan: He heats his suburban Drottningholm Palace with wood pellets and drives himself to and from Stockholm in a dark blue Volvo C30 station wagon that runs on biofuel. Where possible, light bulbs in the royal residences are being replaced with the energy-saving variety. He also has a prototype car that runs on hydrogen. The 62-year-old king, whose environmental activism goes back to his Boy Scout days, is also taking to the road to pitch Swedish green business. He recently broke ground on a plant that Swedish Biogas International is building in Flint, Mich. "Mother Earth is not feeling well," the king says, "and she's reacting. " Green projects such as the biogas plant are one way to help repair the damage. The king also sees Swedish exports and the environment as natural partners. "We're a small country, so we're dependent on exports. And we've always lived in a clean environment, close to nature. " He admits change isn't easy but says, "We have to think in the long term, not short term as we have before, but still make this happen quickly. I try to change my own thinking. We have to make this happen and not just discuss it. I don't like discussions. " And in an interview with Business Week, he gently chides one reporter for flying to Stockholm to talk instead of picking up the phone.

... Finally, one of the primary purposes of art is to【T1】______ at hand. Subject matter does not change all that much over time. Although new subject matter has been evolved, the human condition,【T2】______, and events still continue to capture the attention of artists. The media used have changed relatively little: though new materials have appeared in this century, 【T3】______ continue to be used. Nor can we say that the quality or artistic merit of art works has increased or lessened with time. However, throughout the course of history as society has changed, so also has the【T4】______. A portrait executed in 1900s could rarely be confused with one done in the 1600s. Even landscape is reinterpreted in the context of a changing world. Each work is an expression of the subject in the context of【T5】______, and events of its specific era. OK. I have briefly outlined some important and prevalent purposes of art for you. I am sure you now have a better understanding about art and its【T6】______. Next time, we shall talk about art and...

Five Golden Rules for Giving Academic PresentationsAcademic presentations are different from the classroom presentations that students usually give. There are five golden rules for students who are about to prepare themselves for an academic presentation.I. RULE No. 1: don't begin with a(n)【T1】_____.【T1】______Reason: A. It won't improve the reception of the paperor the mood of the audience.B. It won't capture【T2】_____ of the audience.【T2】______II. RULE No. 2: don't ever underestimate【T3】_____.【T3】______Reason: It's an insult and injury to audience.Suggestion:a patronizing and superficial lecture is worse than a(n)【T4】_____ lecture.【T4】______III. RULE No. 3: respect【T5】_____.【T5】______Reason: The audience's mood won't improve if you【T6】_____.【T6】______Suggestion: Plan your time.【T7】_____ at the agreed time.【T7】______IV. RULE No. 4: don't【T8】_____ the whole field.【T8】______Reason: You don't need to begin by【T9】_____the whole prior content【T9】______of the discipline.Suggestion: Assume a reasonable amount of background; present whatcan be delivered in a reasonable amount of time.A rule of thumb:【T10】_____ minutes for each transparency【T10】______V. RULE No. 5: remember that you're an【T11】_____, not the defendant.【T11】______Reason: It's your【T12】_____ that are going to get scrutiny.【T12】______Suggestion: Be a vehicle, an advocate, a public defender.VI. Rule for Questions: Look forward to【T13】______.【T13】______Reason: When there is no question or questions are not hard, chances are:A. The audience is not thinking about what you said seriously;B. You are giving talks at events【T14】_____.【T14】______Suggestion: Listen to the question closely, and think.【T15】_____ if you don't know the answer.【T15】______

At night the desert floor radiates heat back into the atmosphere and the temperature may be drop to near freezing.

人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点。

Wildlife conservationists say the cover that foliage provides for animals is equal in importance to the food supplying.

Wholly aside from aesthetic and moral considerations, fashion is an economic absurdity, and there is little to be said in its favor. Nevertheless, we can appreciate the wisdom in Gina Lombroso'sbelief the enormous stress which women lay on everything pertaining【S1】______with clothes and the art of personal adornment is connected with the【S2】______tendency to crystallize sentiment into an object. Woman symbolizes every important event in her life by a special dress; and a jewel or abeautiful gown means to a woman that an official decoration means to【S3】______a man. The temptation of dress is the last step in the ceremony to the novice【S4】______has to submit before entering the cloister. The memory of the gown which she might have worn was the strongest temptation that assailed St.Catherine before she took her solemn vows—a gown, embroidering【S5】______with gold and stars, like that her sisters had worn, which her【S6】______grandchildren would have gazed with eyes filled with wonder and【S7】______admiration... If a woman's clothes cost the family and society a little time,money and activity, they allow woman, independent in lies and【S8】______calumnies, to triumph and come to the fore outside of man's worldand competition. They allow woman to satisfy with her desire to be【S9】______the first in the most varied fields by giving her the illusion that she isthe first, and at the same time enable her rival to have the same【S10】______illusion. Clothes absorb some of woman's activity which might otherwise be diverted to more or less worth-while ends; they give woman real satisfaction.

The influence of the field of "happiness economics" is growing. Many corporations now employ "chief happiness officers," and mood-tracking personal devices are gaining in popularity. But some say quantifying happiness only leads to anxiety, as individuals can't "achieve" what is an inherently elusive feeling. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the main idea of the article, and then 2. express your opinion towards the trend, especially whether happiness is a healthy goal for society. Don't Make Personal Growth a Utilitarian Goal Economists have spent most of the 20th century ignoring psychology, positive or otherwise. But today there is a great deal of emphasis on how happiness can shape global economies, or—on a smaller scale—successful business practice. This is driven, in part, by a trend in "measuring" positive emotions, mostly so they can be optimized. Neuroscientists, for example, claim to be able to locate specific emotions, such as happiness or disappointment, in particular areas of the brain. Wearable technologies, such as Spire, offer data-driven advice on how to reduce stress. Happiness indicators are increasingly used as a basis to transform or discipline individuals. We are no longer just dealing with "happiness" in a philosophical or romantic sense—it has become something that can be monitored and measured, including by our behavior, use of social media and bodily indicators such as pulse rate and facial expressions. There is nothing automatically sinister about this trend. But it is worried that the businesses and experts driving the quantification of happiness claim to have our best interests at heart, often concealing their own agendas in the process. In the workplace, happy workers are viewed as a "win-win". Work becomes more pleasant, and employees, more productive. But this is now being pursued through the use of performance-evaluating wearable technology, such as Humanyze or Virgin Pulse, both of which monitor physical signs of stress and activity toward the goal of increasing productivity. Cities such as Dubai, which has pledged to become the "happiest city in the world," dream up ever-more elaborate and intrusive ways of collecting data on well-being—to the point where there is now talk of using CCTV cameras to monitor facial expressions in public spaces. New ways of detecting emotions are hitting the market all the time: One company, Beyond Verbal, aims to calculate moods conveyed in a phone conversation, potentially without the knowledge of at least one of the participants. And Facebook demonstrated last summer that it could influence our emotions through tweaking our news feeds—opening the door to ever-more targeted manipulation in advertising and influence. As the science grows more sophisticated and technologies become more intimate with our thoughts and bodies, a clear trend is emerging. Where happiness indicators were once used as a basis to reform society, challenging the obsession with money that G.D.P. measurement entrenches, they are increasingly used as a basis to transform or discipline individuals. Happiness becomes a personal project, that each of us must now work on, like going to the gym. Since the 1970s, depression has come to be viewed as a cognitive or neurological defect in the individual, and never a consequence of circumstances. All of this simply escalates the sense of responsibility each of us feels for our own feelings, and with it, the sense of failure when things go badly. A society that deliberately removed certain sources of misery, such as unsteady and exploitative employment, may well be a happier one. But we won't get there by making this single, often fleeting emotion, the over-arching goal.

What is it that made Steve Jobs special? What can we learn from this once-in-a-lifetime entrepreneur? Steve Jobs was a visionary and he ensured that he tookhis company through his vision whenever he was at helm. In【M1】______fact, during his decade long absent from Apple following his【M2】______ouster in 1985, Apple went through some tumultuous time for【M3】______the lack of quality leadership! One of the biggest obstacleswhich the church faces today is the lack of vision, especially【M4】______in its leaders. Although we set out with and towards a good【M5】______vision, the church is just going to be a four-walled structure.Quite often, this results not just from lack of growth, but a【M6】______slow, but steady stagnation. Steve Jobs thought ahead. Always. He never went out with【M7】______the flow, and was always one or more steps ahead of the rest,【M8】______perfectly showcased with the launches of path-breakingproduct like the iPhone, iPod, and iPad! His approach was【M9】______"people don't know what they want. We tell them and givethem that." How amazing it would be if believers have the【M10】______same approach? We are often happy with what we have and we just go on with our Sunday-to-Sunday routine! Do we realise the fact that people around us don' t quite know that they are lost? They won' t approach us(more often than not)with their needs. We need to recognise their need that they may not even know about.

LanguageDespite the fact that many definitions of language have been proposed, succinct definitions of language usually bring various questions. To understand the notion of language better, there are several aspects that should be taken into consideration.I. Vocal communication in childhood Composition of the system of vocal communication Functions of the system of vocal communication:A.【T1】_____【T1】______B. Express feelings and emotionsC. Influence the activities of othersD.【T2】_____ oneself with friendliness or hostility【T2】______II. Different systems of vocal communication constitute different languages Hard to define the【T3】_____ between languages【T3】______ Different languages- people do not understand each otherwithout【T4】_____ by both parties【T4】______ 【T5】_____【T5】______- different systems of communication that may impede but do not prevent mutual comprehension Idiolect- the【T6】_____ of a single person【T6】______III. Acquisition of languages 【T7】_____: spoken by one's parents or by those【T7】______with whom they are brought up from infancy Second Language: learned to different degrees of competence under various conditions Bilingualism: Completely【T8】_____ two languages【T8】______A. Raised by parents speaking different languages at homeB. Raised within【T9】_____【T9】______IV. Language is species-specific to human beings Animals communicate through【T10】_____ or else【T10】______ Human language is infinitely【T11】_____ and creative【T11】______V.【T12】_____ of language【T12】______ Facilitate communication Express a national or local【T13】_____【T13】______ 【T14】_____ function of language: puns, riddles, and crossword puzzles【T14】______ Functions in imaginative or symbolic contexts: poetry, drama, and religionVI. Language and its relation to society Language is a working system of communicationin a certain【T15】_____【T15】______ The product of history and source of its future development

The recently increasing number of commercial activities in museums has caused widespread concern in China. People worry that this trend will tarnish the image of museums as respected cultural venues and also threaten the cultural relics and classic objects in museum collections. Others, however, disagree. From the following excerpts, you can find two journalists' opinions on this trend. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the arguments on both sides; 2. give your comment on this trend. Excerpt 1Zhu Changjun from news.163.com When the Nanjing Museum in Jiangsu Province was used as a venue for promoting a real estate project, it significantly altered the public's perception of such institutions. Opening museums to commercial activities poses potential risks to the collections and also betrays the nature of museums as public property. Should museums distance themselves entirely from commerce? The answer is: no. Regulations issued by the Ministry of Culture encourage museums to engage in dissemination of scientific and cultural knowledge, development of cultural products, and provision of professional training on a for-profit basis. Arranging commercial activities in moderation to benefit museum operations is actually a common trend globally. Commercialization of museums is not necessarily a bad thing; the key is the degree to which museums should be open to business. In recent years, admission to more and more museums has become free, as these institutions have gained recognition as providers of public cultural goods and services. Concurrently, though, lack of revenue, which adversely affects museums' short- and long-term operations, has become an increasingly prominent issue. In these circumstances, moderate commercialization can help to make up for funding shortages. Commercial operations, though, must be standardized, as preventing excessive commercialization from staining the reputation of museums and eroding their public nature is crucial.Excerpt 2Xia Zhenbin from Guangzhou Daily Museums around the world are engaged in commercial activities. Regulations and relevant policies in China encourage the financing of protection and research of cultural relics through various channels and paid services. Museums are supposed to make profits by respecting basic principles and bottom lines. What principles can rein in museums' commercial activities? Actually, a consensus already exists. Regarding safety, for example, commercial activities must pay full attention to the protection of cultural relics. Unfortunately, however, safety consciousness is often lacking in the minds of those who manage such events, which puts valuable objects in hazardous conditions. Commercial activities must accord with and serve the museums' heritage protection and educational functions. These institutions are supposed to select business activities to host in a discerning way, so as not to associate themselves too closely with commercial organizations. It's acceptable for museums to generate income to improve their operations, but rules exist that dictate what museums can and cannot do. State-owned museums, theoretically, need approval from administrative watchdogs in order to host commercial activities. In reality, however, this procedure is often neglected. And even if applications are submitted to supervisory bodies, the criteria used for assessment and who has the final say of approval remain ambiguous. As museums belong to the public, the aim of commercial operations should not be to feather the nest but to re-invest proceeds in improving and developing the institutions. Although museums' business activities ought to be transparent to the general public, in many cases, commercial revenues are not publicly disclosed, and this creates circumstances that have the potential to facilitate corruption. In any case, commercialization is a general trend, and standardizing rather than trying to curb it would be prudent so that museums can gain funding to improve their operations, which is in the public interest.

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