“跳竹竿”原是黎族一种古老的祭祀方式。数百年前，当黎家人经过辛勤耕作换得新谷归仓时，村里男女老少就会穿上节日盛装，家家户户炊制新米饭，酿造糯米酒，宰杀禽畜，祭祀祖宗和神灵。酒酣饭饱后，众人就会来到山坡上，点燃篝火，跳起竹竿舞。竹声叮咚，庆祝稻谷丰登，祝愿来年有更好的收成。“跳竹竿”每年从开春之日起，直至元宵，几乎夜夜篝火通明，欢跳不息，热烈气氛充溢着山坡村寨。
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{{B}}PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION{{/B}}
Cells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature and much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effective functioning. Enzyme systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only with a narrow range around 37℃; a departure【M1】______of a few degrees from this value serious impairs their functioning.【M2】______Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations the integratedactions of bodily systems are impaired. Other animals have a wide【M3】______tolerance for changes of bodily temperature. For century it has been recognized that mammals and birds【M4】______differ other animals in the way they regulate body temperature.【M5】______Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurateand meaningful over time, but popular terminology still reflects an【M6】______old division into " warm-blooded" and " cold-blooded" species; warm-blooded included mammals and birds whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded. As more species were studied, it became evident that this classification was adequate. A【M7】______cold-blooded fence lizard usually has a body temperature only adegree or two below those of humans and so is not cold. Therefore【M8】______the next distinction was taken between animals that maintain a【M9】______constant body temperature, called homeotherms, and those whose body temperature varies with their environments, calledpoikilotherms. But this classification was also proved inadequate,【M10】______because among mammals there are many that vary their body temperatures during hibernation. Furthermore, many invertebrates that live in the depths of the ocean never experience change in the depths of the ocean, and their body temperatures remain constant.
The Differences Between American and British EnglishI. IntroductionAmerican English and British English: two【T1】______of English【T1】______A. Three major differences:-【T2】______【T2】______—vocabulary—spellingB. The most important rule of thumb: be【T3】______in your usage【T3】______II. Principal differences between American and British EnglishA. Use of the present perfect—【T4】______: to express an action that has occurred in the recent past and【T4】______has influence until now—example: "I lost my key. Can you help me look for it?"is【T5】______in【T5】______British English but accepted in American English. —other differences concerning the use of already, just and yetB.【T6】______【T6】______—two forms: have or have got—have got being【T7】______in British English: have being popular in【T7】______American EnglishC. The verb get—the past participle in American English: gotten: got in British EnglishD. Vocabulary: the major difference—the same word means different things, e. g.【T8】______, rubber【T8】______—solution:【T9】______【T9】______—exception: the【T10】______used for automobiles【T10】______E.【T11】______【T11】______—examples: on the weekend/at the weekend: on a team/in a team:please write me soon/please write to me soonF. Past simple/past participle—some verbs with two forms of the past simple/past participle: burn,burnt or burned, dream, dreamt or dreamed, etc. —British English:【T12】______: American English: the regular one【T12】______G.【T13】______【T13】______—words ending in -or(American)-our(British): words ending in -ize(American)-ise(British)—to use the【T14】______on your word processor【T14】______III. ConclusionA. Very few differences between British and American EnglishB. The largest difference: the choice of vocabulary and【T15】______【T15】______
It is of course true that in a certain sense the individual is predestined to talk, but that is due entirely to the circumstance, that is, he is born not merely in nature, but in the lap of a societythat is certain, reasonably certain, to lead him to their traditions.【S1】______Eliminate society and it is every reason to believe that he will【S2】______learn to walk, and, indeed, he will survive at all. But it is justas certain as that he will never learn to talk, that is, to【S3】______communicate ideas according to the tradition system of a【S4】______particular society. Or, again, remove the newborn individual from the social environment into which he has come and transplant him to an utterly alien one. He will develop the art ofwalking in his new environment very much as he will have【S5】______developed it in the old. But his speech will completely at variance【S6】______with the speech of his native environment. Walking, then, is a general human activity that varies only within circumscribed limitsas we pass from individual to individual. Its variability is voluntary【S7】______and purposeless. Speech is a human activity that varies without assignable limit as we pass from social group to social group,because it is a pure historical heritage of the group, the product of【S8】______long-continued social usage. It varies as all creative effort varies— not as consciously, perhaps, but none the less as truly as do thereligions, the beliefs, the customs, and the arts of different people.【S9】______Walking is an organic, an instinctive function(not, of course,itself an instinct); speech is a non-instinctive, acquiring,【S10】______"cultural" function.
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Five Types of Books I. IntroductionA. Reading for information, hoping to— improve our minds with the information acquired— give us the means to improve our livesB. Reading prodigiously reading【T1】 1: two different things【T1】 2— to read books that increase【T2】 3【T2】 4— to read books that helps improve our chances of a happy livingII. The first choice: books about【T3】 5【T3】 6A. Including not only scientific text books, but alsothe books that increase our understanding of the【T4】 7【T4】 8B. The value of these books:— the development of【T5】 9【T5】 10— the methods of learning— how to investigate our intuition and validate it with evidence— inspiring wonder and respect for【T6】 11【T6】 12III. The second choice: philosophyA. Teaching us to understand【T7】 13【T7】 14B. Including:— the classic philosophical works— the great texts of【T8】 15【T8】 16IV. The third choice: serious fictionA. Great works of fiction: containing more truthB. Fiction:【T9】 17 experiences【T9】 18C. Serious fiction: containing a lot of philosophy, psychology historyD. Great fiction: being also【T10】 19【T10】 20V. The fourth choice:【T11】 21【T11】 22A. helping us to interpret our own timesB. recognizing modern prejudices and the nature of humanityC. Increasing our self understandingD. Teaching us that ideas and morality are【T12】 23【T12】 24VI. The last type: poetryA. Producing a feeling of【T13】 25 for the power of words【T13】 26B. Appreciation of poetry: essential for reading— sharpening language skills-【T14】 27【T14】 28VII. ResourcesA. No formal set of【T15】 29【T15】 30B. The Internet Five Types of Books I. IntroductionA. Reading for information, hoping to— improve our minds with the information acquired— give us the means to improve our livesB. Reading prodigiously reading【T1】 31: two different things【T1】 32— to read books that increase【T2】 33【T2】 34— to read books that helps improve our chances of a happy livingII. The first choice: books about【T3】 35【T3】 36A. Including not only scientific text books, but alsothe books that increase our understanding of the【T4】 37【T4】 38B. The value of these books:— the development of【T5】 39【T5】 40— the methods of learning— how to investigate our intuition and validate it with evidence— inspiring wonder and respect for【T6】 41【T6】 42III. The second choice: philosophyA. Teaching us to understand【T7】 43【T7】 44B. Including:— the classic philosophical works— the great texts of【T8】 45【T8】 46IV. The third choice: serious fictionA. Great works of fiction: containing more truthB. Fiction:【T9】 47 experiences【T9】 48C. Serious fiction: containing a lot of philosophy, psychology historyD. Great fiction: being also【T10】 49【T10】 50V. The fourth choice:【T11】 51【T11】 52A. helping us to interpret our own timesB. recognizing modern prejudices and the nature of humanityC. Increasing our self understandingD. Teaching us that ideas and morality are【T12】 53【T12】 54VI. The last type: poetryA. Producing a feeling of【T13】 55 for the power of words【T13】 56B. Appreciation of poetry: essential for reading— sharpening language skills-【T14】 57【T14】 58VII. ResourcesA. No formal set of【T15】 59【T15】 60B. The Internet
How to Use the Internet to Learn a Language?Internet has made communication and learning a language much more accessible. To make the best use of the resources on the Internet, we need to know how we can use Internet to learn a language.I. Preparation— Review how【T1】_____ you are in the language【T1】______— Decide which aspect you want to【T2】_____【T2】______II. Five Ways of using Internet to learn a languageA. Look for lessons online— For beginners, search lessons about【T3】_____【T3】______— Lessons in some languages are more【T4】_____【T4】______than those in other languages— Stream an Internet radio station and【T5】_____【T5】______— You may also listen to podcastB. Read an online newspaper— Pick out new words and【T6】_____【T6】______— Learn some slang and become【T7】_____【T7】______—【T8】_____ articles from or into the language【T8】______you are learningC. Search for【T9】_____ in the language【T9】______— Look for【T10】_____ and read them with the translated version【T10】______D. Watch【T11】_____【T11】______— Find clips of TV shows and movies— To train your listening skill, look for【T12】_____【T12】______E. Find a partner who speaks the language— Go to【T13】_____【T13】______— Three important factors in partnering upa)【T14】_____【T14】______b)Intermediate proficiency or greaterc)Talking or writing to your partner【T15】_____【T15】______
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关于南北差异的说法很多，比如南腔北调和南拳北腿。前者的意思是：北方方言只是声调不同，南方方言则连读音都两样。后者的意思是：南方人打架喜欢用拳，北方人动武喜欢用腿。南方人和北方人的区别，自然就成了许多人津津乐道的话题。按照林语堂先生的说法，南人和北人在身体、性格和习俗上的差异，甚至不亚于
地中海
(Mediterranean)人和
日耳曼
(Germanic)人的差异。至于原来的胡汉之别，可是一点都看不出来了。
泊珍到偏远小镇的育幼院把生在那里养到1岁的孩子接回来。但泊珍看他第一眼，仿似一声雷劈头而来。令她晕头胀脑，这1岁的孩子脸型长得如此熟悉，她心里的第一道声音是，不能带回去!
痛苦纠聚心中，眉心发烫发热，胸口郁闷难展，胃里一股气冲喉而上。院长说这孩子发育迟缓时，她更是心头无绪。她在孩子所待的房里来回踱步，这房里还有其他小孩。整个房间只有一扇窗，窗外树影婆娑。就让孩子留下来吧，这里有善心的神父和修女，这里将来会扩充为有医疗作用的看护中心，这是留住孩子最好的地方。这孩子是她的秘密，她将秘密留在这树木掩映的建筑里。
她将秘密留在心头。
(1)Is there anything more boring than hearing about someone else's dream? And is there anything more miraculous than having one of your own? The voluptuous pleasure of Haruki Murakami's enthralling fictions—full of enigmatic imagery, random nonsense, and profundities that may or may not hold up in the light of day—reminds me of dreaming. like no other author I can think of, Murakami captures the juxtapositions of the trivial and the momentous that characterize dream life, those crazy incident that seem so vivid in the moment and so blurry and preposterous later on. His characters live ordinary lives, boiling pasta for lunch, riding the bus, and blasting Prince while working out at the gym. Then suddenly and matter-of-factly, they do something utterly nuts, like strike up a conversation with a coquettish Siamese cat. Or maybe mackerel and sardines begin to rain from the sky. In Murakami's world, these things make complete, cock-eyed sense. (2)Like many of Murakami's heroes, Kafka Tamura in Kafka on the Shore has more rewarding relationships with literature and music than with people. (Murakami's passion for music is infectious; nothing made me want to rush out and purchase a Brahms CD until I read his Sputnik Sweetheart.} On his 15th birthday, Kafka runs away from his Tokyo home for obscure reasons related to his famous sculptor father. His choice of a destination is arbitrary. Or is it? "Shikoku, I decide. That's where I'll go... The more I look at the map—actually every time I study it—the more I feel Shikoku tugging at me." (3)On the island of Shikoku, Kafka makes himself a fixture at the local library, where he settles into a comfortable sofa and starts reading The Arabian Nights: "Like the genie in the bottle they have this sort of vital, living sense of play, of freedom that common sense can't keep bottled up." As in a David Lynch movie, all the library staffers are philosophical eccentrics ready to advance the surreal narrative. Oshima, the androgynous clerk, talks to Kafka about (inevitably)Kafka and the merits of driving while listening to Schubert ("a dense, artistic kind of imperfection stimulates your consciousness, keeps you alert. If I listen to some utterly perfect performance of an utterly perfect piece while I'm driving, I might want to close my eyes and die right there"). The tragically alluring head librarian, Miss Saeki, once wrote a hit song called "Kafka on the Shore"—and may or may not be Kafka's long-lost mother. Alarmingly, she also stars in his erotic fantasies. (4)In alternating chapters, Murakami records the even odder antics of Nakata, a simpleminded cat catcher who spends his days chatting with tabbies in a vacant Tokyo lot. One afternoon, a menacing dog leads him to the home of a sadistic cat killer who goes by the name Johnnie Walker. Walker ends up dead by the end of the encounter; back in Shikoku, Kafka unaccountably finds himself drenched in blood. Soon, Nakata too begins feeling an inexplicable pull toward the island. (5)If this plot sounds totally demented, trust me, it gets even weirder than that. Like a dream, you just have to be there. And, like a dream, what this dazzling novel means—or whether it means anything at all—we may never know.
"Second-generation rich", or fuerdai, has become a new dub for a whole generation who inherit family wealth in one way or another. They are the object of public attention and arouse a mixture of jealousy and revulsion among other people. In the following excerpt, the author presents his opinion on this topic. Read the excerpt carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the author's opinion; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Lifestyles of the Rich and Infamous Now decades old, China's economic boom has brought a better life to hundreds of millions. But it has also created new problems, such as pollution and inequality. And, for the super-rich, a moral conundrum; how, wealthy parents wonder, can they raise children who do not behave like arrogant brats? China now has an estimated 1. 09m people with personal wealth of at least 10m yuan ( $ 1. 6m) , and 67, 000 super-rich ones with assets above 100m yuan, including 213 dollar billionaires. Their children, the "second-generation rich", or fuerdai, are the object of public attention in national media and arouse a mixture of envy and revulsion among ordinary folk. They can be seen driving outrageously posh cars which, thanks to stiff import duties, can cost $ 1 m or more. Some of them post ostentatious pictures and vulgar rants about their exploits on social media. A son of one of China's richest tycoons recently aroused a storm of criticism for posting snaps of his Alaskan husky wearing two gold Apple Watches, which worth tens of thousands of dollars—useful, no doubt, if the dog ever needs to surf the Internet. In June, one national leader told at a government meeting that China's young rich must curb their hedonistic ways. They should be guided, he said, to think about where their wealth comes from and be patriotic, law-abiding and hard-working. A week after his remarks were made public, state media reported on a training session in the prosperous coastal province of Fujian for 70 offsprings of billionaires, where they were taught traditional Chinese culture, social responsibility and business knowledge—and fined 1,000 yuan if they turned up late. According to some fuerdai, all this will be an uphill battle. Wang Daqi, a 30-year-old man from a moneyed family, profded several of his peers in Burden of Wealth, a book published in May. It sought to paint a more nuanced portrait of the lives the fuerdai lead, but he acknowledges that ostentation is the only value many of them know. "It's pretty pathetic, actually." he says. Among those who do work, he adds, most choose to invest their family wealth in other businesses. "To build a new business of your own takes a lot of work, but if you just seed startups you don't have to do the hard work or carry too much responsibility. " Another member of the fuerdai, a 26-year-old Beijing native whose father is a self-made investment banker, says some of his friends are from politically well-connected families and probably owe some of their wealth to corrupt dealings. Others have honest family fortunes built from scratch, and many, he reckons, fall somewhere in between. "We don't talk too much among ourselves about where the money comes from," he says, "We all understand it can be very sensitive." China's ongoing anti-corruption campaign, he thinks, is doing more than any training programme to get rich kids to tone things down—at least in public. They still party hard and buy new cars every six months. "But now when they go out, they just take the BMW 7 Series instead of the Aston Martin." Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.
(1)In a year when Al Gore won the Nobel Peace Prize and green became the new red, white and blue; when the combat in Iraq showed signs of cooling but Baghdad's politicians showed no signs of statesmanship; and when J.K. Rowling set millions of minds and hearts on fire with me final volume of her 17-year saga—one nation that had fallen off our mental map, led by one steely and determined man, emerged as a critical linchpin of the 21st century. (2)Russia lives in history—and history lives in Russia. Throughout much of the 20th century, the Soviet Union cast an ominous shadow over me world. It was the U.S.'s dark twin. But after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Russia receded from the American consciousness as we became mired in our own polarized politics. And it lost its place in the great game of geopolitics, its significance dwarfed not just by the U.S. but also by the rising giants of China and India. That view was always naive. Russia is central to our world—and the new world that is being born. It is the largest country on earth; it shares a 2,600-mile(4,200 km)border with China; it has a significant and restive Islamic population; it has the world's largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction and a lethal nuclear arsenal; it is me world's second largest oil producer after Saudi Arabia; and it is an indispensable player in whatever happens in me Middle East. For all these reasons, if Russia fails, all bets are off for the 21st century. And if Russia succeeds as a nation-state in me family of nations, it will owe much of that success to one man, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin. (3)No one would label Putin a child of destiny. The only surviving son of a Leningrad factory worker, he was born after what me Russians call the Great Patriotic War, in which they lost more than 26 million people. The only evidence that fate played a part in Putin's story comes from his grandfather's job: he cooked for Joseph Stalin, the dictator who inflicted ungodly terrors on his nation. (4)When this intense and brooding KGB agent took over as President of Russia in 2000, he found a country on the verge of becoming a failed state. With dauntless persistence, a sharp vision of what Russia should become and a sense that he embodied the spirit of Mother Russia, Putin has put his country back on the map. And he intends to redraw it himself. Though he will step down as Russia's President in March, he will continue to lead his country as its Prime Minister and attempt to transform it into a new kind of nation, beholden to neither East nor West. (5)TIME's Person of the Year is not and never has been an honor. It is not an endorsement. It is not a popularity contest. At its best, it is a clear-eyed recognition of the world as it is and of the most powerful individuals and forces shaping that world—for better or for worse. It is ultimately about leadership—bold, earth-changing leadership. Putin is not a boy scout. He is not a democrat in any way that the West would define it. He is not a paragon of free speech. He stands, above all, for stability—stability before freedom, stability before choice, stability in a country that has hardly seen it for a hundred years. Whether he becomes more like the man for whom his grandfather prepared blinis—who himself was twice TIME's Person of the Year—or like Peter the Great, the historical figure he most admires; whether he proves to be a reformer or an autocrat who takes Russia back to an era of repression—this we will know only over the next decade. At significant cost to the principles and ideas that free nations prize, he has performed an extraordinary feat of leadership in imposing stability on a nation that has rarely known it and brought Russia back to the table of world power. For that reason, Vladimir Putin is TIME's 2007 Person of the Year.
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Questioning Techniques—Asking Questions EffectivelyI . Successful communications: asking the right questions—improving many communication skills: e.g.1)collecting better【T1】______【T1】______2)strengthening【T2】______【T2】______3)dealing with people effectively4)helping others to learnII. Techniques of putting forward questions and their effectsA. Open questions—【T3】______long answers【T3】______—helping develop open conversation—including more【T4】______【T4】______—knowing the other's viewsB. Closed questions—answers being short, factual—being good for testing understandings, drawing a conclusion, and for【T5】______【T5】______—being avoided for【T6】______【T6】______C. Funnel questions—focusing on one point for more details—helping witnesses【T7】______the scene【T7】______—arousing the interest and increasing the【T8】______of the listener【T8】______D.【T9】______questions【T9】______—asking an example to help with understanding—asking extra information to【T10】______what is being said —making sure to get the whole story and【T11】______information from othersE. Leading questions—leading the hearer to your way of thinkinge. g. adding a personal appeal: giving a choice between two【T12】______—getting your【T13】______without imposing the hearerF.【T14】______questions—statements being in question form actually—making the listener slip into【T15】______with you
In a frantic society where efficiency is put great emphasis on, maybe it is high time we should take a breath and think about the bad consequences brought about by the head-spinning life. In the following excerpt, the author presents his opinion on the slow lifestyle versus the fast one. Read the excerpt carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the author's opinion; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Fast-free Living What Americans would do if they were serious about stopping to smell the flowers? Is the American lifestyle slowing down, in a response to national trauma and the onset of war? Judging from commentaries by cultural analysts and newspaper columnists, the answer is yes. A Boston Globe editorial looked back on a hard year: "But it brought growth, too, and a deeper understanding of just how fragile life is, and what we often take for granted—the kiss goodbye in the morning, the chat with a friend, the Saturday soccer game—is what matters most." An observation from The Washington Post: "People seem to walk more slowly. They are off their brisk, self-important stride... Motorists are driving better. They lay off their horns. They don't jump lights." From The Dallas Morning News: " Americans are experiencing a sort of ' cocooning of the heart', cultural experts say. They're using this time to reconnect with their families and friends." If Americans really were beginning to slow down, the contemporary simplicity movement would not be adding another meeting or two a month to our schedules. The antidote to a frenetic work life wouldn't be something called "power leisure". The celebration of the new slowness may not reflect reality, but it surely does reflect some degree of yearning. Yet there may be a few bold steps we should take to get us on the path to fast-free living. Backpacks. The task of slowing the country down must begin with efforts aimed at prevention. It should begin early, as an inspection of any schoolchild's backpack will reveal. These encumbrances typically have a capacity of one and a half cubic feet and hold loads of forty pounds. The contents, unpacked and spread out like a GI's battle kit, represent hyper-achievement in microcosm. A simple yet revolutionary reform would be to decree that the capacity of school backpacks be reduced by two thirds. Drive-thru windows. The whole point of these amenities is speed, and without intervention drive-thru service will only get faster. According to The Futurist, McDonald's will soon introduce e-mail billing at some of its drive-thru facilities in southern California. Other chains are experimenting with an E-Z Pass system, similar to the one used for bridge and highway tolls; a transponder in the car would permit purchases to be deducted automatically from prepaid accounts. Electric light. Another issue related to biorhythms is the seemingly inexorable drift toward a 24/7 economy. The rule of thumb is that if anything can be done twenty-four hours a day, it will be; daycare centers and dentists' offices are now open at midnight. Almost by definition, the maintenance of basic diurnal rhythms is essential to a humane way of life. Political arithmetic may forever doom a significant rise in the gasoline tax, but what about levying a ten-cent-a-watt tax on light bulbs? One happy consequence might be a shift back to daytime baseball. Computer keyboards. Yes, computers have made many aspects of modern life more tolerable, enabling stupendous feats of calculation, storage and management. But they are also an attractive nuisance, putting unimaginable amounts of sheer capability—to buy, to pry, to surf, to meddle—into the hands of people unaccustomed to its wise use. One way would be to decide that every computer must have two separate keyboards—one with all the vowels and the other with the consonants. The measures outlined above would be a start. Should more impetus be needed, we could ban cup holders from cars, demand that breaking news be delivered only by mail, and add a ball and a strike to the standard at-bat. If Americans intend to take slowness seriously, they need to start picking up the pace. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.
我的生活曾经是悲苦的，黑暗的。然而朋友们把多量的同情，多量的爱，多量的欢乐，多量的眼泪分给了我。这些东西都是生存所必需的。这些不要报答的慷慨的施舍，使我的生活里有了温暖，有了幸福。我默默地接受了它们。我并不曾说过一句感激的话，我也没有做过一件报答的行为。但是朋友们却不把自私的形容词加到我的身上。对于我，他们太慷慨了。
Meaning in LiteratureI. AUTHOR— Interpret author's intended meaning bya)Reading other works by【T1】_____【T1】______b)Knowing common meanings in a particular parameterc)Knowing how authors and readers of that time interpreted textsd)Knowing cultural【T2】_____ of that time【T2】______— Personal meaning are influenced by【T3】_____ and cultural meanings【T3】______— Authorial intention is complicateda)Cultural constraintsb)Develop meanings not originally【T4】_____by the author【T4】______c)Cultural or symbolic meanings unclear to authord)Not realise all of the【T5】_____ in the work【T5】______II. TEXT—【T6】_____ of the text【T6】______a)Grammarb)Languagec)Uses of【T7】_____【T7】______— Meanings are agreed upon based on the factors ofa)Conventions of meaningb)Traditionsc)【T8】_____【T8】______d)Conventions of usage, practice and【T9】_____【T9】______— Meanings are complicateda)A text is a(n)【T10】_____【T10】______b)Meanings are cultural and contextual III. READER— Meaning is sociala)Language and conventions work as meanings are【T11】_____【T11】______b)Readers participate in social or cultural meaningc)【T12】_____ is part of culture and history【T12】______— Meaning is contextuala)Codes in literatureb)Reader competency:the experience and knowledge of【T13】_____texts【T13】______— Meaning is culturala)Different conventions and ways of reading and writingb)Understand the【T14】_____ of the author【T14】______c)Negotiation across time,【T15】_____, etc.【T15】______