这世上有些东西，最好别看透，留几分神秘，留一点朦胧，留一丝悬念，可能会更有意思些。 魔术，如果让观众看透了手法，知道了诀窍，这门艺术也就寿终正寝了；变脸，正因为迄今为止大伙都没有看透其技术真相，才能屡演屡新，大受欢迎，成为国粹。 交朋友，各有目的：或为友谊，志同道合；或为利益，互相利用；或为酒肉，吃喝玩乐——都能好得如兄弟一般。但如果以鹰隼般犀利的眼神，看透每一个朋友的交友动机，你可能就成了孤家寡人，“人至察则无徒”。当然，也不能糊涂到朋友把你卖了，你还替他数钱。

Some people suggest that universities should consider awarding more vocational courses to prepare graduates for work. However, some disagree, arguing that the purpose of university is to open up students' mind, not to train them. Should there be more vocational courses in colleges? The following are opinions from two sides. Read the excerpts carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions from both sides; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Parents Barry: My son started a degree course at the local university, but because of his dyslexia eventually graduated with an HND, effectively the practical part of the degree. He currently works in the construction industry and earns much more than several of his co-students who obtained degrees in less necessary disciplines. My comments are not to undermine the value of a good degree. I worked with many degree holders who were very good at their work. It is simply to point out to us that the world needs relevant skills. Lord Digby Jones points out the danger of unfocused degrees, and the simple fact that there are more skills in the world than those obtained from a university. Philips: Yes they should. I see many college graduates could not find a job. Though they have some fancy college degrees, they don't have the vocational skills that are required to do a certain job. After all, many courses have a vocational element, eg: medicine, teaching, vets etc. So why not others? To an extent though, we will have to change snobbish attitudes. Some degrees such as History, English Literature, PPE are considered good but degrees such as Golf Management, Computer Games Design are considered bad. This would encourage schools to advise on vocational courses as an option for their students rather than suggesting them opting for a course that looks good on the university entry statistics. Jacob: There should be many more vocational courses, but they shouldn't be at universities. The conventional university approach is not suitable for vocational training. You end up with an institution which combines the weaknesses of both universities and vocational training colleges, and has the strengths of neither.University faculty Mr. Anderson: Universities should be offering academic courses, training people to think logically and coherently, and teaching research skills. Vocational courses are the domain of technical colleges. Rachel: Vocational training is better done by employers or specialised colleges, because by its nature it is often very specialised. The universities can contribute most effectively by teaching knowledge of general applicability such as mathematics, languages and science. This was the traditional approach of universities, with exceptions in the cases of law and medicine, which tend to operate as separate schools anyway, with a lot of on the job training. Back in the early 1980's Keith Joseph as Mrs. Thatcher's education secretary of the state, forced the universities to move in the direction that Digby Jones is advocating, that is to offer more vocational courses. This distracted universities from their special role in scholarship and research. It may not be a coincidence that the decline of the UK from the leading position it previously had in the traditional fields accelerated from that time on. I suggest that we should let the universities revert to their traditional role, and then set up training colleges, or whatever, for the specialised skills required by industry. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.

(1) Frederic Chopin was born in Zelazowa Wola, Poland, or February 22, 1810, to a French father and Polish mother. His father, Nicholas Chopin, was a French tutor to many aristocratic Polish families, later accepting a position as a French teacher at the Warsaw Lyceum. (2) Although Chopin later attended the Lyceum where his father taught, his early training began at home. This included receiving piano lessons from his mother By the age of six, Chopin was creating original pieces, showing innate prodigious musical ability. His parents arranged for the young Chopin to take piano instruction from Wojciech Zywny. (3) When Chopin was sixteen, he attended the Warsaw Conservatory of Music, directed by composer Joseph Eisner. Eisner, like Zywny, insisted on the traditional training associated with Classical music but allowed his students to investigate the more original imaginations of the Romantic style as well. (4) As often happened with the young musicians of both the Classical and Romantic Periods, Chopin was sent to Vienna, the unquestioned center of music for that day. He gave piano concerts and then arranged to have his pieces published by a Viennese publishing house there. While Chopin was in Austria, Poland and Russia faced off in the apparent beginnings of war. He returned to Warsaw to get his things in preparation of a more permanent move. While there, his friends gave him a silver goblet filled with Polish soil. He kept it always, as he was never able to return to his beloved Poland. (5) French by heritage, and desirous of finding musical acceptance from a less traditional audience than that of Vienna, Chopin ventured to Paris. Interestingly, other young musicians had assembled in the city of fashion with the very same hope. Chopin joined Franz Liszt, Hector Berlioz, Vincenzo Bellini, all proponents of the "new" Romantic style. (6) Although Chopin did play in the large concert halls on occasion, he felt most at home in private settings, enjoying the social milieu that accompanied concerts for the wealthy. He also enjoyed teaching, as this caused him less stress than performing. Chopin did not feel that his delicate technique and intricate melodies were as suited to the grandiose hall as they were to smaller environments and audiences. (7) News of the war in Poland inspired Chopin to write many sad musical pieces expressing his grief for "his" Poland. Among these was the famous "Revolutionary Etude." Plagued by poor health as well as his homesickness, Chopin found solace in summer visits to the country. Here, his most complex yet harmonic creations found their way to the brilliant composer's hand. The "Fantasia in F Minor," the "Barcarolle," the "Polonaise Fantasia," "Ballade in A Flat Major," "Ballade in F Minor," and "Sonata in B Minor" were all products of the relaxed time Chopin enjoyed in the country. (8) As the war continued in Warsaw and then reached Paris, Chopin retired to Scotland with friends. Although he was far beyond the reach of the revolution, his melancholy attitude did not improve and he sank deeper into a depression. Likewise, his health did not rejuvenate either. A window in the fighting made it possible for Chopin to return to Paris as his health deteriorated further. Surrounded by those that he loved, Frederic Francois Chopin died at the age of 39. He was buried in Paris. (9) Chopin's last request was that the Polish soil in the silver goblet be sprinkled over his grave.

我们可以借助专门的仪器观察到电波在传播。

They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well.

Positive for Youth aims to place teenagers and young peopleat its heart. There is the accurate expectation teenagers themselves【M1】______have the responsibility to improve their local communities. The government pioneered the idea that young people are capable ofaccessing the quality of their local services. Another【M2】______government-funding scheme created by the NCB, this time with【M3】______the British Youth Council and disabled children's charity KIDS, isYoung Inspectors, which train some of the most disadvantaged【M4】______young people from poorer communities to inspect and report onlocal services. The Young Inspectors scheme, so far, helped change【M5】______the lives of more than 1,400 young people and improved more than 600 local services. It is the illegal requirement across public services to listen to【M6】______ the views of service users. There is a business case for commercial suppliers to listen to consumers. Teenagers use many public services such as police stations, clinics, clubs and libraries; andalso spend as many as ￡12bn in shopping and travel up to age 19【M7】______via the commercial sector. They want to see services improved, not just for themselves but for their families and neighbours too.Involving young people as Young Inspectors makes a business【M8】______sense, and is a means of developing young people's self-esteem, their ability to analyse and communicate, and many other skillsthat are critical to employers. At the NCB we are pleased with Positive For Youth's holisticapproach to give young people more opportunities and better【M9】______support, and we will be eagerly watching to see what the policies【M10】______take shape.

PASSAGE ONE

An ancient Greek philosopher once wrote that laughter is what makes us human—that it defines us as【T1】 1. Much more recent developments in biology and【T2】 2 suggest that not only humans but also【T3】 3 laugh: nonetheless, laughter is one of the most important aspects of human social life and【T4】 4. Laughter starts very soon after【T5】 5 —almost as soon as crying—and it serves many different【T6】 6 functions, from sharing our joy to intimidating and insulting other people. In many parts of the world, making other people laugh is considered a great gift, and【T7】 7 has always been a vital part of culture and art—perhaps precisely because of the complex, significant role of laughter in everyday life. An ancient Greek philosopher once wrote that laughter is what makes us human—that it defines us as【T1】 8. Much more recent developments in biology and【T2】 9 suggest that not only humans but also【T3】 10 laugh: nonetheless, laughter is one of the most important aspects of human social life and【T4】 11. Laughter starts very soon after【T5】 12 —almost as soon as crying—and it serves many different【T6】 13 functions, from sharing our joy to intimidating and insulting other people. In many parts of the world, making other people laugh is considered a great gift, and【T7】 14 has always been a vital part of culture and art—perhaps precisely because of the complex, significant role of laughter in everyday life. 【T1】

{{B}}PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION{{/B}}

老师每节课都会点名。

Lake Trummen in southern Sweden used to be a polluted, weed-choked mess. Now, after a $14 million cleanup, bathers crowd its clear blue water in summer. Vaxjo, a city of 80,000 that sits on its shores, is vying to be the most environmentally pristine place in Sweden. The town's car fleet is being converted to biogas, a clean fuel based on methane, and a new biofuel factory has created 320 jobs. Vaxjo has cut its carbon dioxide emissions by a third over the past 15 years, and the town even channels leftover heat from the local crematorium into homes. Swedish business and political leaders think places like Vaxjo are on to something. A few decades ago the country led the world in developing mobile technology through companies such as Ericsson. Now, with telecom sales flattening, business and political leaders think green technology could spark a new export boom—crucial to Sweden, where exports account for more than half of gross domestic product. "There is huge demand around the world for this technology," says Anders Brannstrom, president of Volvo Technology Transfer, a subsidiary of truck and bus maker Volvo that has invested about $20 million in clean tech companies. While Denmark has wind power giant Vestas and Germany has a host of big outfits such as Q-Cells that make solar cells and panels, Sweden's clean tech sector is made up mostly of smaller companies. In Vaxjo, for instance, IV Produkt makes energy-efficient ventilation systems it exports to 15 countries, from Belgium to Ukraine. The company says the systems mean energy savings of 80%, paying for themselves in about two years. Some 30% of IV's $38.6 million in revenues came from exports last year, a number that is likely to hit 50% by 2012, says sales manager Bjorn Fredriksson. In a Bauhaus-like suburban research park outside Stockholm, a startup called TranSIC is designing computer chips for the power systems of hybrid vehicles. And deep in the pine forests of Boden near the Arctic Circle, Swebo Bioenergy makes systems to burn manure and wood chips for heat. The company, with close to $8 million in annual sales, says it is deluged with orders from the U. S. and Europe. " This is going like a steamroller," says export manager Mattias Lindgren. Sweden boasts some 3,500 clean tech companies that together book roughly $14 billion in revenues. Exports, which make up about a quarter of their overall sales, have grown 75% over the last four years. To further boost the industry, the government is earmarking $590 million for environmental projects over the next two years, including $180 million to commercialize green tech. None other than King Carl XVI Gustav has become the green industry's biggest promoter and fan: He heats his suburban Drottningholm Palace with wood pellets and drives himself to and from Stockholm in a dark blue Volvo C30 station wagon that runs on biofuel. Where possible, light bulbs in the royal residences are being replaced with the energy-saving variety. He also has a prototype car that runs on hydrogen. The 62-year-old king, whose environmental activism goes back to his Boy Scout days, is also taking to the road to pitch Swedish green business. He recently broke ground on a plant that Swedish Biogas International is building in Flint, Mich. "Mother Earth is not feeling well," the king says, "and she's reacting. " Green projects such as the biogas plant are one way to help repair the damage. The king also sees Swedish exports and the environment as natural partners. "We're a small country, so we're dependent on exports. And we've always lived in a clean environment, close to nature. " He admits change isn't easy but says, "We have to think in the long term, not short term as we have before, but still make this happen quickly. I try to change my own thinking. We have to make this happen and not just discuss it. I don't like discussions. " And in an interview with Business Week, he gently chides one reporter for flying to Stockholm to talk instead of picking up the phone.

... Finally, one of the primary purposes of art is to【T1】______ at hand. Subject matter does not change all that much over time. Although new subject matter has been evolved, the human condition,【T2】______, and events still continue to capture the attention of artists. The media used have changed relatively little: though new materials have appeared in this century, 【T3】______ continue to be used. Nor can we say that the quality or artistic merit of art works has increased or lessened with time. However, throughout the course of history as society has changed, so also has the【T4】______. A portrait executed in 1900s could rarely be confused with one done in the 1600s. Even landscape is reinterpreted in the context of a changing world. Each work is an expression of the subject in the context of【T5】______, and events of its specific era. OK. I have briefly outlined some important and prevalent purposes of art for you. I am sure you now have a better understanding about art and its【T6】______. Next time, we shall talk about art and...

Five Golden Rules for Giving Academic PresentationsAcademic presentations are different from the classroom presentations that students usually give. There are five golden rules for students who are about to prepare themselves for an academic presentation.I. RULE No. 1: don't begin with a(n)【T1】_____.【T1】______Reason: A. It won't improve the reception of the paperor the mood of the audience.B. It won't capture【T2】_____ of the audience.【T2】______II. RULE No. 2: don't ever underestimate【T3】_____.【T3】______Reason: It's an insult and injury to audience.Suggestion:a patronizing and superficial lecture is worse than a(n)【T4】_____ lecture.【T4】______III. RULE No. 3: respect【T5】_____.【T5】______Reason: The audience's mood won't improve if you【T6】_____.【T6】______Suggestion: Plan your time.【T7】_____ at the agreed time.【T7】______IV. RULE No. 4: don't【T8】_____ the whole field.【T8】______Reason: You don't need to begin by【T9】_____the whole prior content【T9】______of the discipline.Suggestion: Assume a reasonable amount of background; present whatcan be delivered in a reasonable amount of time.A rule of thumb:【T10】_____ minutes for each transparency【T10】______V. RULE No. 5: remember that you're an【T11】_____, not the defendant.【T11】______Reason: It's your【T12】_____ that are going to get scrutiny.【T12】______Suggestion: Be a vehicle, an advocate, a public defender.VI. Rule for Questions: Look forward to【T13】______.【T13】______Reason: When there is no question or questions are not hard, chances are:A. The audience is not thinking about what you said seriously;B. You are giving talks at events【T14】_____.【T14】______Suggestion: Listen to the question closely, and think.【T15】_____ if you don't know the answer.【T15】______

At night the desert floor radiates heat back into the atmosphere and the temperature may be drop to near freezing.

人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点。

Wildlife conservationists say the cover that foliage provides for animals is equal in importance to the food supplying.

Wholly aside from aesthetic and moral considerations, fashion is an economic absurdity, and there is little to be said in its favor. Nevertheless, we can appreciate the wisdom in Gina Lombroso'sbelief the enormous stress which women lay on everything pertaining【S1】______with clothes and the art of personal adornment is connected with the【S2】______tendency to crystallize sentiment into an object. Woman symbolizes every important event in her life by a special dress; and a jewel or abeautiful gown means to a woman that an official decoration means to【S3】______a man. The temptation of dress is the last step in the ceremony to the novice【S4】______has to submit before entering the cloister. The memory of the gown which she might have worn was the strongest temptation that assailed St.Catherine before she took her solemn vows—a gown, embroidering【S5】______with gold and stars, like that her sisters had worn, which her【S6】______grandchildren would have gazed with eyes filled with wonder and【S7】______admiration... If a woman's clothes cost the family and society a little time,money and activity, they allow woman, independent in lies and【S8】______calumnies, to triumph and come to the fore outside of man's worldand competition. They allow woman to satisfy with her desire to be【S9】______the first in the most varied fields by giving her the illusion that she isthe first, and at the same time enable her rival to have the same【S10】______illusion. Clothes absorb some of woman's activity which might otherwise be diverted to more or less worth-while ends; they give woman real satisfaction.

The influence of the field of "happiness economics" is growing. Many corporations now employ "chief happiness officers," and mood-tracking personal devices are gaining in popularity. But some say quantifying happiness only leads to anxiety, as individuals can't "achieve" what is an inherently elusive feeling. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the main idea of the article, and then 2. express your opinion towards the trend, especially whether happiness is a healthy goal for society. Don't Make Personal Growth a Utilitarian Goal Economists have spent most of the 20th century ignoring psychology, positive or otherwise. But today there is a great deal of emphasis on how happiness can shape global economies, or—on a smaller scale—successful business practice. This is driven, in part, by a trend in "measuring" positive emotions, mostly so they can be optimized. Neuroscientists, for example, claim to be able to locate specific emotions, such as happiness or disappointment, in particular areas of the brain. Wearable technologies, such as Spire, offer data-driven advice on how to reduce stress. Happiness indicators are increasingly used as a basis to transform or discipline individuals. We are no longer just dealing with "happiness" in a philosophical or romantic sense—it has become something that can be monitored and measured, including by our behavior, use of social media and bodily indicators such as pulse rate and facial expressions. There is nothing automatically sinister about this trend. But it is worried that the businesses and experts driving the quantification of happiness claim to have our best interests at heart, often concealing their own agendas in the process. In the workplace, happy workers are viewed as a "win-win". Work becomes more pleasant, and employees, more productive. But this is now being pursued through the use of performance-evaluating wearable technology, such as Humanyze or Virgin Pulse, both of which monitor physical signs of stress and activity toward the goal of increasing productivity. Cities such as Dubai, which has pledged to become the "happiest city in the world," dream up ever-more elaborate and intrusive ways of collecting data on well-being—to the point where there is now talk of using CCTV cameras to monitor facial expressions in public spaces. New ways of detecting emotions are hitting the market all the time: One company, Beyond Verbal, aims to calculate moods conveyed in a phone conversation, potentially without the knowledge of at least one of the participants. And Facebook demonstrated last summer that it could influence our emotions through tweaking our news feeds—opening the door to ever-more targeted manipulation in advertising and influence. As the science grows more sophisticated and technologies become more intimate with our thoughts and bodies, a clear trend is emerging. Where happiness indicators were once used as a basis to reform society, challenging the obsession with money that G.D.P. measurement entrenches, they are increasingly used as a basis to transform or discipline individuals. Happiness becomes a personal project, that each of us must now work on, like going to the gym. Since the 1970s, depression has come to be viewed as a cognitive or neurological defect in the individual, and never a consequence of circumstances. All of this simply escalates the sense of responsibility each of us feels for our own feelings, and with it, the sense of failure when things go badly. A society that deliberately removed certain sources of misery, such as unsteady and exploitative employment, may well be a happier one. But we won't get there by making this single, often fleeting emotion, the over-arching goal.