What is it that made Steve Jobs special? What can we learn from this once-in-a-lifetime entrepreneur? Steve Jobs was a visionary and he ensured that he tookhis company through his vision whenever he was at helm. In【M1】______fact, during his decade long absent from Apple following his【M2】______ouster in 1985, Apple went through some tumultuous time for【M3】______the lack of quality leadership! One of the biggest obstacleswhich the church faces today is the lack of vision, especially【M4】______in its leaders. Although we set out with and towards a good【M5】______vision, the church is just going to be a four-walled structure.Quite often, this results not just from lack of growth, but a【M6】______slow, but steady stagnation. Steve Jobs thought ahead. Always. He never went out with【M7】______the flow, and was always one or more steps ahead of the rest,【M8】______perfectly showcased with the launches of path-breakingproduct like the iPhone, iPod, and iPad! His approach was【M9】______"people don't know what they want. We tell them and givethem that." How amazing it would be if believers have the【M10】______same approach? We are often happy with what we have and we just go on with our Sunday-to-Sunday routine! Do we realise the fact that people around us don' t quite know that they are lost? They won' t approach us(more often than not)with their needs. We need to recognise their need that they may not even know about.

LanguageDespite the fact that many definitions of language have been proposed, succinct definitions of language usually bring various questions. To understand the notion of language better, there are several aspects that should be taken into consideration.I. Vocal communication in childhood Composition of the system of vocal communication Functions of the system of vocal communication:A.【T1】_____【T1】______B. Express feelings and emotionsC. Influence the activities of othersD.【T2】_____ oneself with friendliness or hostility【T2】______II. Different systems of vocal communication constitute different languages Hard to define the【T3】_____ between languages【T3】______ Different languages- people do not understand each otherwithout【T4】_____ by both parties【T4】______ 【T5】_____【T5】______- different systems of communication that may impede but do not prevent mutual comprehension Idiolect- the【T6】_____ of a single person【T6】______III. Acquisition of languages 【T7】_____: spoken by one's parents or by those【T7】______with whom they are brought up from infancy Second Language: learned to different degrees of competence under various conditions Bilingualism: Completely【T8】_____ two languages【T8】______A. Raised by parents speaking different languages at homeB. Raised within【T9】_____【T9】______IV. Language is species-specific to human beings Animals communicate through【T10】_____ or else【T10】______ Human language is infinitely【T11】_____ and creative【T11】______V.【T12】_____ of language【T12】______ Facilitate communication Express a national or local【T13】_____【T13】______ 【T14】_____ function of language: puns, riddles, and crossword puzzles【T14】______ Functions in imaginative or symbolic contexts: poetry, drama, and religionVI. Language and its relation to society Language is a working system of communicationin a certain【T15】_____【T15】______ The product of history and source of its future development

The recently increasing number of commercial activities in museums has caused widespread concern in China. People worry that this trend will tarnish the image of museums as respected cultural venues and also threaten the cultural relics and classic objects in museum collections. Others, however, disagree. From the following excerpts, you can find two journalists' opinions on this trend. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the arguments on both sides; 2. give your comment on this trend. Excerpt 1Zhu Changjun from news.163.com When the Nanjing Museum in Jiangsu Province was used as a venue for promoting a real estate project, it significantly altered the public's perception of such institutions. Opening museums to commercial activities poses potential risks to the collections and also betrays the nature of museums as public property. Should museums distance themselves entirely from commerce? The answer is: no. Regulations issued by the Ministry of Culture encourage museums to engage in dissemination of scientific and cultural knowledge, development of cultural products, and provision of professional training on a for-profit basis. Arranging commercial activities in moderation to benefit museum operations is actually a common trend globally. Commercialization of museums is not necessarily a bad thing; the key is the degree to which museums should be open to business. In recent years, admission to more and more museums has become free, as these institutions have gained recognition as providers of public cultural goods and services. Concurrently, though, lack of revenue, which adversely affects museums' short- and long-term operations, has become an increasingly prominent issue. In these circumstances, moderate commercialization can help to make up for funding shortages. Commercial operations, though, must be standardized, as preventing excessive commercialization from staining the reputation of museums and eroding their public nature is crucial.Excerpt 2Xia Zhenbin from Guangzhou Daily Museums around the world are engaged in commercial activities. Regulations and relevant policies in China encourage the financing of protection and research of cultural relics through various channels and paid services. Museums are supposed to make profits by respecting basic principles and bottom lines. What principles can rein in museums' commercial activities? Actually, a consensus already exists. Regarding safety, for example, commercial activities must pay full attention to the protection of cultural relics. Unfortunately, however, safety consciousness is often lacking in the minds of those who manage such events, which puts valuable objects in hazardous conditions. Commercial activities must accord with and serve the museums' heritage protection and educational functions. These institutions are supposed to select business activities to host in a discerning way, so as not to associate themselves too closely with commercial organizations. It's acceptable for museums to generate income to improve their operations, but rules exist that dictate what museums can and cannot do. State-owned museums, theoretically, need approval from administrative watchdogs in order to host commercial activities. In reality, however, this procedure is often neglected. And even if applications are submitted to supervisory bodies, the criteria used for assessment and who has the final say of approval remain ambiguous. As museums belong to the public, the aim of commercial operations should not be to feather the nest but to re-invest proceeds in improving and developing the institutions. Although museums' business activities ought to be transparent to the general public, in many cases, commercial revenues are not publicly disclosed, and this creates circumstances that have the potential to facilitate corruption. In any case, commercialization is a general trend, and standardizing rather than trying to curb it would be prudent so that museums can gain funding to improve their operations, which is in the public interest.

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Zoological parks in many cities export birds from many lands and are a source of recreation for millions of people each year.

{{B}}PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION{{/B}}

Global warming gets blamed for just about everything these days; not enough snow, too much rain, rising sea levels, whatever. Here is a new one; global warming can make the days long.

Scientists finding out that the universe is even larger and more complex than anyone has ever imagined.

春天是我的第一个故乡。 这绝非夸张的书面修辞，至少近几年来是如此。我真切感受到这个季节对我的强力控制。如果没有细致地深入春天，这一年就会留下黑洞，其它季节过得再好都填补不了。 非常想尝试的是，整个春天就居住在春色满园的地方，什么也不做，埋下头像花和草那样同节气一起呼吸。 近些年，工作和家庭缠绕着我，这个愿望显得过于奢华。

清晨的街道俨然成为自行车的“洪流”，上班去的人们都穿上了五颜六色的夏服。8月盛夏，最高气温可达到三十七八度，不少姑娘穿起露肩、低胸、无袖的上衣，有的小伙子把背心捋上肚皮。在还用不起空调的普通人家，人们特别关注电视台的天气预报和日历，不时地埋怨着：“这天真太热啦!”在惊呼、叹息中，盛夏似乎走得太慢了。

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Euphemism I. Overall Introduction of EuphemismA. The word of euphemism(from Greek) —Prefix "eu-" : good, well —Root "-phem" :【T1】______【T1】______ —Suffix "-ism" : noun —【T2】______to speak with good words or in a pleasant manner【T2】______ —Earliest time of use in record: the 11th century BCB. The origin of euphemism:【T3】______【T3】______ —The function of euphemism: mild,roundabout words instead of coarse, offensive or painful onesC. The【T4】______of euphemism(two most commonly used):【T4】______ —Mild or vague or roundabout expression for harsh or blunt or direct one —Polite,tactful or less【T5】______term to avoid the direct naming of an【T5】______ unpleasant painful or frightening realityD. Classification of euphemism1)Type one(by Hugh Rawson from the angle of【T6】______):【T6】______ i. the positive:【T7】______ones【T7】______ —inflating and magnifying the word meaning, making the euphemized seem grander and more important than they really are ii. the negative:【T8】______ones【T8】______ —deflating and diminishing the word meaning, being defensive in nature offsetting the power of tabooed terms and eradicating everything that people prefer not to deal with directly 2)Type two: unconscious ones & conscious onesi. Angle of classification:—whether people remember their original【T9】______or not【T9】______ii. Example: indisposition—the original meaning: incapacity to deal with something—its euphemistic meaning: slight illness or ill healthII. Different uses of euphemism in【T10】______【T10】______A. Definition of "culture": the entire way of society(customs, traditions, social habits,values,beliefs and language)B. Uses of euphemism related to different aspects of culture1)Euphemisms related to namesi. Chinese culture: emphasis on names—example:【T11】______'s name is forbidden to be called【T11】______ii. British and American culture: few emphasis on names —example:—parents' name being called directly—children having the same name with their parents2)Euphemisms related to excretionsi. English culture: having variety of euphemisms —example:—original words: go to the toilet, go to stool—euphemistic words: to【T12】______,to freshen up,to pick a daisy,【T12】______to relieve or to relieve nature,get some fresh air etc.3)Euphemisms related to death—Function: to respect the dead, to memorize them, to praise them, to avoid using the dreadful word4)Euphemisms related to old age—Chinese: being【T13】______of being old, few euphemisms【T13】______—American: being afraid of being old, a lot of euphemisms5)Euphemisms related to fatness —English: derogatory—euphemistic phrases:weight-watcher, heavyset, and on【T14】______【T14】______—Chinese: commendatoryIII. Conclusion—the grease of language, and the【T15】______of social culture【T15】______

The American Two-party SystemI. IntroductionA. the oldest political【T1】______ around the world【T1】______B. the classical example of two-party system: the American political system— the dominant parties: the Democratic and the【T2】______ parties【T2】______— the two-party system survived all attempts to assaultsC. About dozen parties that nominate【T3】______【T3】______D. Americans inevitably become one of the two parties because— there is usually no other place to go— most Americans know where they【T4】______ in the system【T4】______II. Two-party system is so strongly【T5】______ because【T5】______A The way【T6】______ are conducted: the Americans elect【T6】______—【T7】______【T7】______— about 800,000 of other【T8】______,【T8】______— the congressman from single-member districtsB. Organization of the House of Representatives ensures that— major party can maintain its【T9】______【T9】______— major party is likely to win III. The consequences of the systemA the【T10】______ production of majorities【T10】______— the competition between two parties— the【T11】______ of the victory of the winning party【T11】______B. The peaceful【T12】______【T12】______— the party in power can be overrun by the party out of power— two-party system cannot be destroyed— the【T13】______ can survive the defeat because of【T13】______a)the possibility of mamtaining a【T14】______ of the opposition【T14】______b)the attraction of the support of those opposed to the party in powerC. the tendency for the major parties to be【T15】______,【T15】______ e.g. business is conducted across party linesD. The work of the government carried on despite of divided party control

Concomitantly, the rate of new cases of the dead skin cancer, melanoma, has grown dramatically from 1,168 of each 100,000 Americans to 3,650.

{{B}}PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION{{/B}}

PASSAGE ONE

The fact that the world's cities are getting more and more crowded is a well-documented demographic fact. Cities such as Tokyo, Sao Paolo, Bombay and Shanghai are now considered "mega-cities", reflecting their enormous size and huge populations, which in many cases is around the twenty million-mark. There are two main reasons why these and other cities are becoming so crowded: one economic and other socio-cultural.【M1】______ Undoubtedly, the primary cause for cities becoming socrowded is economic. With a country develops, its cities become【M2】______the engines of development. Furthermore, many jobs are available【M3】______in these areas. Tokyo, for example, is the motor for Japan's rapid【M4】______economic development in the 1960' s and 70' s; as a result, its population increased rapidly. People moved to Tokyo so that theycould find jobs and establish economic security themselves and【M5】______their families. A further factor in the huge increase in urban populations isthe socio-cultural factor. Thousands of people migrating to the【M6】______cities not only for jobs but also for educational and personnel【M7】______reasons. The better universities are always located in big cities and this attracts tens of thousands of students every year. Thesestudents usually stay up and work in the city after they graduate.【M8】______Moreover, young people will move to the city as if the villages and【M9】______rural areas are often governed by custom and tradition, which they believe is an obstacle to their private freedom. In conclusion, we can say that amongst the many causesbehind urban population density, the economic or cultural are the【M10】______most significant. People always move to the areas which provide opportunity and the freedom they desire. It is now the responsibility of municipal councils to make sure these people are housed, clothed, fed and educated.

她读大学的一天肯定会到来。

Now, about France in World War n. In this period of time, ominous【T1】 1 began in Germany and Italy. The Germans reclaimed Alsace-Lorraine in 1936, and invaded Poland in 1939. Because Britain and France had【T2】 2 with Poland, they were forced to declare war on Germany. France was overconfident of its famed Maginot Line, a fortified wall stretching across Alsace-Lorraine: the Germans approached from Belgium, surrounded it and seized it handily. In 1940,【T3】 3 collapsed, and Paris was taken without a fight. The country was divided into an occupied zone and an unoccupied zone, with its seat of government in Vichy. A famous World War I general, Henri Philippe Petain, was made leader, and the Vichy government was later judged to have collaborated with the Nazis. General Charles de Gaulle, the Under-secretary of State for National Defense, had fled to London He organized【T4】 4 to support the Free French in their resistance effort When the Allies landed in French North Africa in 1942,【T5】 5 marched into the unoccupied zone. Two long years later, the Allies finally got a foothold on the beaches of Normandy, June 6, 1944, and entered【T6】 6 in 1944. Allied commander Dwight Eisenhower very diplomatically allowed French troops to enter the city first, to riotous cheers, heartfelt embraces, and unashamed tears. Now, about France in World War n. In this period of time, ominous【T1】 7 began in Germany and Italy. The Germans reclaimed Alsace-Lorraine in 1936, and invaded Poland in 1939. Because Britain and France had【T2】 8 with Poland, they were forced to declare war on Germany. France was overconfident of its famed Maginot Line, a fortified wall stretching across Alsace-Lorraine: the Germans approached from Belgium, surrounded it and seized it handily. In 1940,【T3】 9 collapsed, and Paris was taken without a fight. The country was divided into an occupied zone and an unoccupied zone, with its seat of government in Vichy. A famous World War I general, Henri Philippe Petain, was made leader, and the Vichy government was later judged to have collaborated with the Nazis. General Charles de Gaulle, the Under-secretary of State for National Defense, had fled to London He organized【T4】 10 to support the Free French in their resistance effort When the Allies landed in French North Africa in 1942,【T5】 11 marched into the unoccupied zone. Two long years later, the Allies finally got a foothold on the beaches of Normandy, June 6, 1944, and entered【T6】 12 in 1944. Allied commander Dwight Eisenhower very diplomatically allowed French troops to enter the city first, to riotous cheers, heartfelt embraces, and unashamed tears. 【T1】