A high-context culture is a culture in which the context of the message or the action or an event carries a large part of its【T1】______. What this means is that in a high-context culture more attention is paid to what has been【T2】______ than to the message itself. Now let me give you examples. First in terms of personal space, generally speaking, in a high-context culture, because there's greater dependency on【T3】______, people lean towards【T4】______ or closeness to people. And they have【T5】______, for personal space. If you go into that culture, people might stand closer when they're talking to you. They might touch more and if they're jostled in a crowd, they won't feel violated. And also people from a high-context culture pay attention to【T6】______. Because remember what I said, the definition of a high-context culture is that more attention is paid to the context of the message than to the message itself, and part of the context is body language. Second, in terms of time, people in high-context cultures are considered to have what is called a polychrome attitude toward time. Here "poly" means multiple and "chronic" means time. What this means is that they believe【T7】______ have their own time and there can't be a standard system of time for everything. What this leads them to believe is that you can't emphasize【T8】______. Things happen when they are supposed to happen. So there's a different attitude toward time. There is no set standard of time. You can't control time. Everything has its own sense of time. So it's a culture that pays little attention to time, to clock time.

Nowadays, many parents choose homeschooling as a new way to teach their children rather than send them to public schools. Is the public school better than homeschooling? Read the excerpts carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the different opinions on this issue; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Alex (the US) An easy yes. Teachers go to school to learn how best to educate. Parents have no such training. Teachers are professionals who went into the profession for the purpose of teaching children. Parents have done no such thing and may not be qualified to educate any child. Abandoning public education because you want to teach your child is irresponsible.Ben (Germany) Although I am a public school person, I share the belief that homeschooling is better. First, there is no need for timetables. You set your own way, and you have more free time because there is no "homework". Second, you can learn whatever you want. In public school we have to go through 4 years of grueling and boring English. At home, there is no requirement. Last, homeschooling means you teach yourself (or parents teach you) in the style that you choose. There's no possibility for dumb teachers who give you tests but don't teach the material.Mark (China) Yes, it is. Public schools are better than homeschooling because at public schools the kids have the opportunity to meet great people. But if they go to homeschooling then they won't be able to meet new people and they would be with the same people every day. Plus the teachers at public schools know how to grade papers and they went to school for all of that.Steven (Iceland) Public schools are more relevant to future life. Children grow up and have to get jobs and careers. Public schools teach children how to handle the schedules of work. Public schools require you to be at the school for a certain time, just like workplaces. That's going to be a rough period of adjustment when someone who's used to sleeping whenever and however long they want suddenly has to be up at 7:00 and at the office by 9:00 every morning. Public schools also teach students what it's like to be working for a full day. Suddenly having to do an eight hour work day will be rough for someone who's used to doing one or two hours of work before taking a break. Public schools also force you to be around many different people and personality types. I imagine that since homeschooling relies on clubs and voluntary activities for socialization, that means if you can't get along with someone, you just move to a different club or activity instead of learning how to tolerate people you don't like. Once again, when you get into a workplace, you'll have to know how to work productively with people you can't stand. Quitting a job because you can't get along with a co-worker is not a valid solution.Tom (Switzerland) Even though you have more freedom in homeschooling, public schools give students different learning. I would enjoy being homeschooled for maybe a year or two. But after that, I would want to go back to public schools. In public schools, you can meet so many kinds of people and that gets you more comfortable in places other than home. Also, in public schools, students develop better organizational skills and a stronger sense of responsibility. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.

许先生正在厦门大学读博士学位。

The U. S. economy has been dragging along lately, but here's a small shot in the arm. Gasoline prices have fallen to their lowest level in 33 months. The average price of gasoline nationwide has dropped from $3. 74 per gallon in February to $3. 19 today. In states like Missouri and Texas, gasoline has sunk below $3 per gallon at the pump, a price not seen in years. Economists tend to think a fall in gasoline prices can help stimulate the economy by giving people more money to spend on other goods. Think of it like a tax cut. Earlier this month, the forecasting firm Macroeconomic Advisers estimated that falling gas prices could add 0. 3 percentage points to third-quarter GDP growth. But why is this happening? The reasons for the recent fall in gasoline prices are varied, but here are some of the big ones. Gasoline prices typically rise in the summer and go down in the winter. That's because people take more vacations when the weather's nice, and refiners have to put out a pricier "summer blend" of gasoline that's mixed with butane and other ingredients to prevent evaporation in the heat. Once the summer's over, gas prices typically fall again. So that's worth mentioning. But this isn't the only factor here. The supply of gasoline is up—for odd reasons. U. S. stockpiles of gasoline were at 210 million barrels in the first week of November, up about 4 percent from the same period last year. Normally, refineries cut back when stockpiles are high. But there are other forces at play here. Many Gulf Coast refiners are taking advantage of the boom in shale-oil drilling in the Midwest and producing ever more diesel for export to Europe and Asia. That's a lucrative business. And that refining process also produces more gasoline for domestic consumption. So, as The Wall Street Journal reports, refiners can still make a profit from exporting diesel abroad even if they're creating a glut of gasoline here at home. —Fewer refinery disruptions. It's been a fairly quiet hurricane season in the Atlantic this year—with not a single hurricane making landfall. That means U. S. refineries have seen relatively few disruptions of late, apart from Tropical Storm Karen in October and scheduled shutdowns for maintenance. Oil prices have declined moderately. The price of oil typically makes up about 70 percent of the cost of gasoline. And a barrel of West Texas Intermediate crude cost just $93.60 on Tuesday, down from around $110 in September. Oft-cited factors for the drop include growing U.S. crude supplies and an easing of tensions between the United States and Iran. This also isn't the whole story, but it's a factor. Gasoline demand has been fairly restrained. In recent years, Americans have been buying more efficient cars and light trucks, in part due to new fuel-economy standards by the Obama administration. That's helped keep a lid on prices. But this trend may not last for long if driving demand picks back up. A bet on weakened ethanol rules. Earlier this year, many refineries were buying up renewable credits, known as "RINs," in anticipation that the Environmental Protection Agency would tighten its rule on how much ethanol needs to be mixed in with gasoline in 2014. The price of RINs soared, which, in turn, may have driven up gasoline prices. The opposite is happening now as many observers think the EPA could weaken its ethanol targets for 2014 (a leaked draft suggested as much). Partly as a result, the price of RINs has fallen sharply since July—and with it, some analysts think, the price of gasoline. The big question is whether prices will keep dropping—or whether they'll eventually rebound sharply the way they did in 2011 and 2012 after temporary lulls. The winter drop in gasoline demand is obviously seasonal and temporary. And there's always the possibility that geopolitical unrest could send oil prices soaring. For now, however, the U. S. Energy Information Administration is predicting that U. S. gasoline prices will stay restrained in the year ahead—falling from an average of $3. 50 per gallon in 2013 to $3. 39 per gallon in 2014. That's still much higher than they were a decade ago. But it would count as a small bit of relief for the broader economy.

In the house where I grew up, it was our custom to leave the "on the latch" at night. No one carried keys. Today doors do not stay unlocked, thus for part of an evening.【S1】______The era of leaving the front door open has gone forever. It has beenreplaced of by locks, security chains, electronic alarm systems and【S2】______trip wires hooked up to a police station or private guard firm. Many suburban families even have sliding glass doors on their patios, with steel bars elegantly building in so no one can pry the doors open.【S3】______ A recent public-service advertisement by an insurance companyfeatured not actuarial charts or a picture of a child's bicycle with【S4】______padlock attached to it. It is the insurance companies which pay for stolen goods, but【S5】______who is going to pay for that the new atmosphere of distrust and fear is【S6】______doing to our way of life? Who is going to make the psychological【S7】______payment for the transformation of America from the Land of Free to the Land of the Lock? For some reason we are satisfied when we think we are well-protected ; it does not occur us to ask ourselves: Why are we having【S8】______to barricade ourselves for our neighbors and fellow citizens, and【S9】______when, exactly, did this start to take over our lives? Even a decade ago, most private businesses had a policy offree access. Thus, today you have to carry some kind of access card【S10】______to your company. Maybe the security guard at the front desk knows your face and will wave you in most days, but the fact remains that the business your work for feels threatened enough to keep outsiders away via these "keys".

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朋友居五伦之末，其实朋友是极重要的一伦。所谓友谊实即人与人之间的一种良好的关系，其中包括了解、欣赏、信任、容忍、牺牲……诸多美德。如果以友谊作基础，则其他的各种关系如父子夫妇兄弟之类均可圆满地建立起来。当然父子兄弟是无可选择的永久关系，夫妇虽有选择余地，但一经结合便以不再仳离为原则，而朋友则是有聚有散可合可分的。不过，说穿了，父子夫妇兄弟都是朋友关系，不过形式性质稍有不同罢了。 严格地讲，凡是充分具备一个好朋友的人，他一定也是一个好父亲、好儿子、好丈夫、好妻子、好哥哥、好弟弟。反过来亦然。

Far too many people fail to realize that pronouncing a foreign language is a skill—one needs careless training of a special kind, and one that cannot be acquired by just leaving it to take care of itself.

During the first two months of a baby's life, the stimulus that produce a smile is a pair of eyes, which need not be real—a mask with two dots will produce a smile.

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More than 2,000 years ago, the philosopher Socrateswandered around Athens asking questions, an approach to find【M1】______truth that thinkers venerated ever since. In modern times, the【M2】______Socratic method was adapted for use in universities and became the dominant form of instruction for students learning philosophyand the law. The most recently national survey on the subject【M3】______found that 97% of law-school professors use the Socratic methodin first-year classes. Socratic dialogues seem to work for the【M4】______ancient Greeks. Are they efficient for people today? Recently, a【M5】______group of researchers decided to find out. In a study published in the December 2011 issue of the journal Mind, Brain, and Education, four cognitive scientists from Argentina describe what happened when they asked contemporaryhigh school and college students a series of questions identified to【M6】______those posed by Socrates. In one of his most famous lessons,Socrates showed a young slave boy with a square, then led him【M7】______through a series of 50 questions intended to teach the boy how to draw the second square with an area twice as large as the first. Students in the 2011 experiment, led by researcher Andrea Goldin,gave answers astonishing similar to those offered by Socrates'【M8】______pupils, even making the same mistakes he made. " Our results【M9】______show that the Socratic dialogue is built on a strong intuition ofhuman knowledge and reasoning which persist more than【M10】______twenty-four centuries after its conception," the researchers write. Their findings, Goldin and his co-authors add, demonstrate the existence of "human cognitive universals traversing time and cultures."

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This portion of the story is punctuated for flash-forwards to a time 40 years in the future, showing the relationship between parents and children to be dramatically changed.

对生命没有寄托的人，青年时代和“儿时”对他格外宝贵。这种罗曼蒂克的回忆其实并不是发现了“儿时”的真正了不得，而是感觉到“中年”以后的衰退。本来，生命只有一次，对于谁都是宝贵的。但是，假使他的生命溶化在大众里面，假使他天天在为这世界干些什么，那么，他总在生长，虽然衰老病死仍旧是避免不了的，然而他的事业——大众的事业是不死的，他会领略到“永久的青年”。

(1)Harry S. Truman High School in the Bronx has eight floors, seven gymnasiums, a football field and a planetarium. But there is one place off limits to its more than 3,000 students: the six-lane swimming pool, which has been dry for more than a decade. Flanked by empty bleachers, coated with dust and dimly lighted by a few fluorescent bulbs, whose dull buzzing noise substitutes for splashing and cheering, the pool evokes an aura of eerie loneliness. (2)Within the New York City public school system, though, the troubled Truman pool represents a trend. Of the 50 swimming pools tucked inside the city's 1,200 school buildings, 10 are in unusable condition. At Martin Luther King Jr. High School in Manhattan, the pool, empty since leaks and filtration problems were discovered in 1986, has been used over the years to store old chairs and desks. The pool at Walton High School in the Bronx has been closed since the 1980's, despite a $54 million schoolwide renovation. Next to Truman's competitive pool is a smaller practice pool, which is also empty, except for grime, spattered paint and a few cigarette butts. (3)For the swimming enthusiasts of the city public school system, the empty school pools are a sad spectacle, hollow symbols of lost opportunities: to combat obesity; to provide summer job training in a city that has had to import lifeguards from Europe in recent years; to entice that subset of students who just may love the water even if they hate everything else about high school. "Swimming kind of puts you in a different frame of mind—there's noise and laughter, people feeling free and weightless," said Sana Q. Nasser, the principal of Truman. "Here we have a pool that needs a teensy bit to get it going, and to see it empty is heart-wrenching." (4)The latest version of Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg's $13.1 billion, five-year educational capital plan, to be announced in the coming weeks, will include $60 million for upgrades to a dozen school pools, including $7 million for Truman, $5 million for Walton and $4 million for King, said Steven W. Lawitts, senior vice president of the School Construction Authority. "These pools are going to be fixed," Mr. Lawitts said. But the school system's capital plans have historically called for projects that never end up happening, among them the planned renovation of one of two pools at the George Washington High School campus, in Washington Heights. Also, the mayor's plan relies on $6.5 billion from the state, which is resisting a court order to give the city schools more money. (5)"I would love it to be the case that kids could swim next year at Truman High School," said Eva S. Moskowitz, chairwoman of the City Council Education Committee, whose father swam on the Stuyvesant High School team. "People should not be fooled that simply because the pool repair is in the capital budget it will happen." (6)Teachers and principals say that when school pools work, they are oases from whatever troubles may pass in the hallways and classrooms. Tension over test scores and safety concerns dissipates in the smell of chlorine, the creak of diving boards, the splash of the butterfly stroke. (7)On the West Side of Manhattan, the purported existence of a pool at Martin Luther King Jr. High School was such a mystery that it inspired an article in The Advocate, a student newspaper on campus. Appearing under the headline "Unlocking MLK's Secrets," the article was accompanied by a photograph showing old furniture and a television set stacked next to the empty pool. At other schools, the situation is reversed. "The seniors would always tell the freshmen they could go find the pool on the fifth floor," said Adam Kerzner, a Bronx Science swimmer who graduated from the school—which has no fifth floor—in 1997. "It was kind of like a hazing thing." Swim teams representing all eight Staten Island high schools vie for practice time at Curtis High School, the borough's only public school with a pool. "It's hectic," said Jim Meraglia, Curtis's athletic director.

It is interesting to reflect for a moment upon the differences in the areas of moral feeling and standards in the peoples of Japan and the United States. The Americans divide these areas somewhatrigidly into the spirit and flesh, the two being in opposition in the【S1】______life of a human being. Ideally, spirit should prevail but all too oftenit is the flesh which does prevail.【S2】______ The Japanese make no this division, at least between one as【S3】______good and the other as evil. They believe that a person has twosouls, each necessary. One is the "gentle" soul; other is the【S4】______"rough" soul. Sometimes the person uses his gentle soul;sometimes he must use his rough soul. He does not favor his gentlesoul, neither he fight his rough soul. Japanese philosophers insist【S5】______human nature in itself be good, and a human being does not need to【S6】______fight any part of himself. He has only to learn how to use each soulproperly at the appropriate times. Virtue for the Japanese consists of【S7】______fulfilling one's obligations to others. Happy endings, either in life orin fiction, are neither necessary nor expected, while the fulfillment【S8】______of duty provides the satisfying end, whatever the tragedy it inflicts.And duty includes a person's obligations to these who have conferred【S9】______benefits upon him and to himself as an individual of honor. Hedevelops through this double sense of duty, a self-discipline whichis at once permissive and rigid, depending upon the area which it is【S10】______functioning.

Some Chinese universities are now opening to the public. However, whether university libraries should be open to the public is still a controversial issue. What's your opinion? Read the excerpts carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the different opinions about this issue; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.The media The Beijing News: It's great for university libraries to offer free entry to the public. But at the same time, it will make the management work more difficult and the limited book and space resources in university libraries might be further squeezed. Thus, the government may consider offering some subsidies to universities as incentives to encourage more libraries to join the library alliance. However, only depending on universities and the government will not ensure the sustainable development of the free entry policy. Therefore, it's necessary to absorb some social institutions and welfare organizations. For example, it's a good idea to set up a community club that brings together resources of nearby universities and even middle schools. Local residents can use these resources as long as they pay a small sum of money to be members of this club. Community residents should also have the opportunity to serve as volunteers in university libraries. Guangming Daily: When university libraries offer free entry, it does not mean that readers can enter these libraries without any certificates. People must at least show their ID cards to enter university libraries. On campus, even for students and teachers in universities, they still need things like student certificates to enter their university libraries. Without basic requirements, university libraries will fall into kind of mess in many aspects. When the public is provided with free entry to university libraries, one striking problem is that they will surely compete with university students and teachers for the already limited books and space. In this sense, it requires the government to increase inputs in university libraries so that the free entry policy can be well implemented. If libraries find it impossible to satisfy both students' and the public's demands, students should be put first. After all, in China, the purpose of university libraries is to serve students and teachers for their learning, teaching and academic research.The general public Donald: If resources in university libraries are not fully utilized, it will be a big waste. Some people worry that free entry to these libraries will lead to overcrowded libraries on campus, but this is not certain. Maybe not a single outsider would go to visit university libraries. Nowadays, fewer and fewer people in China are interested in reading books. For example, you can always see people playing games on their cellphones, instead of reading. Thus, opening university libraries to the public is actually a way to encourage more people to pick up books. Daniel: To offer the public free entry to university libraries is now a mainstream idea. The question now is how to realize the openness. Nowadays, libraries' resources are kept in the form of databases. The traditional way of borrowing and lending books needs manpower and capital input. I think the most effective way is to open these databases to the public. Yang: Libraries' openness to the public needs those universities' proper arrangement. It's necessary to avoid any conflict between students' use of libraries and that of the public. It needs a balance between ensuring the service to students and teachers and providing service to outsiders. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.

人类在历史上的生活正如旅行一样。旅途上的征人所经过的地方，有时是坦荡平原，有时是崎岖险路。志于旅途的人，走到平坦的地方，应是高高兴兴地向前走，走到崎岖的境界，愈是奇趣横生，觉得在此奇绝壮绝的境界，愈能感到一种冒险的美趣。中华民族现在所逢的史路，是一段崎岖险阻的道路。在这段道路上，实在亦有一种奇绝壮绝的景致，使我们经过此段道路的人，感到一种壮美的趣味。但这种壮美的趣味，是非有雄健的精神不能够感觉到的。

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Differences Between Cultures in Non-verbal CommunicationsI. Cultural influence on nonverbal behaviour— Low-context cultures think【T1】_____ is more important【T1】______— High-context cultures think【T2】_____【T2】______II.【T3】_____【T3】______— America: women show fear, not anger; men show anger, not fear— China & Japan:【T4】_____ are unacceptable to show overtly【T4】______— A smile of a Japanese person does not necessarily mean【T5】_____【T5】______— To understand the cultural【T6】_____ and values【T6】______will help interpret expressed emotionsIII. Facial expression— Commonalitiesa)【T7】_____ expressions: a lack of control【T7】______b)Too much smiling:【T8】_____【T8】______— Differences:a)Asian cultures:【T9】_____ facial expression【T9】______b)Mediterranean cultures:【T10】_____ grief or sadness【T10】______c)American culture: men hide grief or sorrowIV. Proxemics— North Americans prefer【T11】_____ personal spaces than Europeans【T11】______— People who prefer closer spaces might see the attemptto create more space as cold, condescending or【T12】_____【T12】______— Americans and Canadians feel【T13】_____【T13】______to rearrange furniture for a meeting— Germans don't agree with thatV. 【T14】______【T14】______— America: take standing in lines seriously— French:【T15】_____【T15】______— Armenia one member of a family saves spots in a line for several others