If pet owners have an eye with fashion, they can dress their pets in stylish clothes.

有一晚碰到一位认识她的熟人，说起她父亲前两天走了。 一时不知说什么，想起那天她说的话，说她父亲走了，她不知如何办。 正是夏天，没过几天在水果摊碰到她。她正俯身在摊前挑选葡萄，一串串挑好，放在塑料袋里。她在和摊主说话，除了那袭短袖黑裙透露出一点与丧事有关的消息，她就像满街任何一位神色平静的女人。 深紫葡萄在正午阳光下像一幅静物画。这是葡萄上市的季节，没有任何理由能阻止人们品尝汁液丰沛的它们。 那些仔细挑出的葡萄表明生活又照常如旧了吗?我没叫她，怕惊动一些什么。

Five Types of Books I. IntroductionA. Reading for information, hoping to— improve our minds with the information acquired— give us the means to improve our livesB. Reading prodigiously & reading【T1】______: two different things【T1】______— to read books that increase【T2】______【T2】______— to read books that helps improve our chances of a happy livingII. The first choice: books about【T3】______【T3】______A. Including not only scientific text books, but alsothe books that increase our understanding of the【T4】______【T4】______B. The value of these books:— the development of【T5】______【T5】______— the methods of learning— how to investigate our intuition and validate it with evidence— inspiring wonder and respect for【T6】______【T6】______III. The second choice: philosophyA. Teaching us to understand【T7】______【T7】______B. Including:— the classic philosophical works— the great texts of【T8】______【T8】______IV. The third choice: serious fictionA. Great works of fiction: containing more truthB. Fiction:【T9】______ experiences【T9】______C. Serious fiction: containing a lot of philosophy, psychology & historyD. Great fiction: being also【T10】______【T10】______V. The fourth choice:【T11】______【T11】______A. helping us to interpret our own timesB. recognizing modern prejudices and the nature of humanityC. Increasing our self understandingD. Teaching us that ideas and morality are【T12】______【T12】______VI. The last type: poetryA. Producing a feeling of【T13】______ for the power of words【T13】______B. Appreciation of poetry: essential for reading— sharpening language skills-【T14】______【T14】______VII. ResourcesA. No formal set of【T15】______【T15】______B. The Internet

李先生上个月生了一个男孩。

The Internet, wonderful though it is, reinforces one of life's fundamental divisions: that between the literate and the illiterate. Most websites, even those heavy with video content, rely on their users being able to read and—if interactive—write. Building your own site certainly does. Guruduth Banavar, the director of IBM's India Research Laboratory, wanted to allow people who struggle with literacy to create websites. So he and his colleagues have devised a system based on what is known as "voice extensible markup language", a cousin of the hypertext markup language used on conventional websites that allows a website to be built and operated more or less by voice alone. The " spoken web" Dr. Banavar hopes to conjure into existence will be based on mobile phones, which are already proving an effective alternative to computers for obtaining information online in poor countries. As well as making voice calls, people can text one another and, if their phones are up to the job, get access to the web. Across the developing world there are a number of successful banking and money-transfer services that rely on mobile phones rather than computers. Dr. Banavar, however, thinks mobiles could be made to work much harder. His voice sites are hosted on standard computer servers and behave much like conventional websites. At their most basic they are designed for local use, acting as portals through which people can find out such things as when the mobile hospital will next visit their village, the price of rice in the local market and which wells they should use for irrigation. Instead of typing in a web address, the user rings the website up. Then, with a combination of voice commands and key presses, he navigates through a spoken list of topics and listens to subjects of interest. That is useful, but not startlingly different from the sort of call-centre hell familiar to anyone who has tried to get information out of a large company by telephone. What makes Dr. Banavar's approach different is that, by selecting an appropriate option with the handset, the user can add content to a voice site by recording a comment that is then made available to others. This can then be accessed as one of the "latest additions" or "most listened to" items in a spoken sub-menu. More important still, though, is that people can use a mobile phone to build their own voice sites— a process that, in trials conducted by the laboratory, even a non-expert could learn in as little as ten minutes. To build a site the user first selects a suitable template. The system then talks him through the bells and whistles he might wish to add to that template. A carpenter or autorickshaw driver, for example, can advertise his services, receive and confirm offers of work and even undertake basic commercial transactions through such a site. And the site can store offers of work when its owner is unavailable—as often happens in places where several people share a handset. Like a more conventional website, a voice site has a mechanism by which information can be linked together and browsed, both backwards and forwards. The system IBM employs to achieve this, the hyperspeech transfer protocol (HSTP), is similar in principle to the hypertext transfer protocol that provides links from one conventional website to another. The HSTP allows, for instance, someone listening to an item on a voice site to hear another linked item and then return to the first one and continue listening from where he left off. India, one of the world's fastest-growing mobile-phone markets, is an obvious place to try all this out. Although more than a third of its population of 1. 2 billion now have a handset, they are often basic devices shared among families and friends. IBM is therefore carrying out trials of the spoken web in several parts of India—and, in collaboration with various other groups, in other countries. Users will have to make calls, and those calls will cost money. But, Dr. Banavar thinks, there are many ways of paying for them. Public-service sites such as local portals might be toll-free and subsidised by governments. Commercial sites could take a small percentage of any transaction carried out over them. Advertising might also provide revenue. It would, after all, be more difficult for the listener to screen out than the visual adverts seen on a conventional site.

An hour of hunting yields on average about 100 edible calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240.

PASSAGE THREE

Story Telling I. Status of story tellingA. In the past provided cultural【T1】______【T1】______ provided moral educationB. Today stories are still much valued as a way to deliver a personal,【T2】______ message【T2】______II. Function and criteria of storiesA. To capture the interest【T3】______ , story teller has to【T3】______ take the needs of the【T4】______ into account.【T4】______ tailor the story to fita. the time availableb. the age of the audiencec. the location and【T5】______【T5】______B. Good stories are complete stories with a(n)【T6】______【T6】______C. Adding a twist to make the ending【T7】______ will definitely【T7】______make the story more funIII. Sources of storiesA The sources of stories can be【T8】______【T8】______B. The best source is the story tellers' own【T9】______, because it【T9】______ sounds true has a greater【T10】______【T10】______IV. Presentation of storiesA. Before giving a story publicly memorize the【T11】______【T11】______ pay attention to【T12】______ and names【T12】______ try to tell the story in【T13】______【T13】______B. When telling the story keep every thing in control and establish your【T14】______【T14】______ watch your speaking speed and use【T15】______【T15】______

他终于通过了自学考试。

最近的人口统计显示中国人口已超过12亿。

从他的话音里。我能听出东西来。

(1)Harry Truman didn't think his successor had the right training to be president. "Poor Ike—it won't be a bit like the Army," he said. "He'll sit there all day saying 'do this, do that,' and nothing will happen." Truman was wrong about Ike. Dwight Eisenhower had led a fractious alliance—you didn't tell Winston Churchill what to do—in a massive, chaotic war. He was used to politics. But Truman's insight could well be applied to another, even more venerated Washington figure: the CEO-turned cabinet secretary. (2)A 20-year bull market has convinced us all that CEOs are geniuses, so watch with astonishment the troubles of Donald Rumsfeld and Paul O'Neill. Here are two highly regarded businessmen, obviously intelligent and well-informed, foundering in their jobs. (3)Actually, we shouldn't be surprised. Rumsfeld and O'Neill are not doing badly despite having been successful CEOs but because of it. The record of senior businessmen in government is one of almost unrelieved disappointment. In fact, with the exception of Robert Rubin, it is difficult to think of a CEO who had a successful career in government. (4)Why is this? Well, first the CEO has to recognize that he is no longer the CEO. He is at best an adviser to the CEO, the president. But even the president is not really the CEO. No one is. Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured. Power in Washington is diffuse and horizontally spread out. The secretary might think he's in charge of his agency. But the chairman of the congressional committee funding that agency feels the same. In his famous study "Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents," Richard Neustadt explains how little power the president actually has and concludes that the only lasting presidential power is "the power to persuade." (5)Take Rumsfeld's attempt to transform the cold-war military into one geared for the future. It's innovative but deeply threatening to almost everyone in Washington. The Defense secretary did not try to sell it to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Congress, the budget office or the White House. As a result, the idea is collapsing. (6)Second, what power you have, you must use carefully. For example, O'Neill's position as Treasury secretary is one with little formal authority. Unlike Finance ministers around the world, Treasury does not control the budget. But it has symbolic power. The secretary is seen as the chief economic spokesman for the administration and, if he plays it right, the chief economic adviser for the president. (7)O'Neill has been publicly critical of the IMF's bailout packages for developing countries while at the same time approving such packages for Turkey, Argentina and Brazil. As a result, he has gotten the worst of both worlds. The bailouts continue, but their effect in holstering investor confidence is limited because the markets are rattled by his skepticism. (8)Perhaps the government doesn't do bailouts well. But that leads to a third rule: you can't just quit. Jack Welch's famous law for re-engineering General Electric was to be first or second in any given product category, or else get out of that business. But if the government isn't doing a particular job at peak level, it doesn't always have the option of relieving itself of that function. The Pentagon probably wastes a lot of money. But it can't get out of the national-security business. (9)The key to former Treasury secretary Rubin's success may have been that he fully understood that business and government are, in his words, "necessarily and properly very different." In a recent speech he explained, "Business functions around one predominate organizing principle, profitability... Government, on the other hand, deals with a vast number of equally legitimate and often potentially competing objectives—for example, energy production versus environmental protection, or safety regulations versus productivity." (10)Rubin's example shows that talented people can do well in government if they are willing to treat it as its own separate, serious endeavour. But having been bathed in a culture of adoration and flattery, it's difficult for a CEO to believe he needs to listen and learn, particularly from those despised and poorly paid specimens, politicians, bureaucrats and the media. And even if he knows it intellectually, he just can't live with it.

The very first topic of our discussion is "what is art?" My talk today will be divided into two parts. In the first part of my talk, I will cite some of the opinions on what art is. In the second half of my talk, I will give you my own【T1】 1 about art. First of all, different opinions on art. There are several ways you could go on this, but my suspicion is that one will get you better results than the others. I could tell you that art plays a large part in【T2】 2. Imagine, just for a minute, a world without art! You may think "So what?" but please consider the impact that【T3】 3 would have on your favourite video game. Art stimulates different parts of our brains to【T4】 4 or incite us to riot, with a whole gamut of emotions in between. Art gives us a way to be【T5】 5 and express ourselves. For some people, art is the entire reason they get out of bed in the morning. You could say "Art is something that makes us more thoughtful and well-rounded humans." On the other hand, art is such a large part of our everyday lives that we may hardly even stop to think about it Look at the【T6】 6 where you are, right this minute. Someone designed that It is art Your shoes are art Your coffee cup is art All【T7】 7, well done, is art. So, you could say "Art is something that is both【T8】 8to our eyes." Thirdly,... The very first topic of our discussion is "what is art?" My talk today will be divided into two parts. In the first part of my talk, I will cite some of the opinions on what art is. In the second half of my talk, I will give you my own【T1】 9 about art. First of all, different opinions on art. There are several ways you could go on this, but my suspicion is that one will get you better results than the others. I could tell you that art plays a large part in【T2】 10. Imagine, just for a minute, a world without art! You may think "So what?" but please consider the impact that【T3】 11 would have on your favourite video game. Art stimulates different parts of our brains to【T4】 12 or incite us to riot, with a whole gamut of emotions in between. Art gives us a way to be【T5】 13 and express ourselves. For some people, art is the entire reason they get out of bed in the morning. You could say "Art is something that makes us more thoughtful and well-rounded humans." On the other hand, art is such a large part of our everyday lives that we may hardly even stop to think about it Look at the【T6】 14 where you are, right this minute. Someone designed that It is art Your shoes are art Your coffee cup is art All【T7】 15, well done, is art. So, you could say "Art is something that is both【T8】 16to our eyes." Thirdly,... 【T1】

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If Shakira, a Colombian pop star, marries her boyfriend, the Spanish national footballer Gerard Pique, the only unusual things about it would be that she is even more famous than he is and ten years older. Otherwise, theirs would be just a celebrity example of one of the world's biggest social trends: the rise of international marriages—that is, involving couples of different nationalities. A hundred years ago, such alliances were confined to the elite of the elite. When Randolph Churchill married Jennie Jerome of New York, it seemed as if they had stepped from the pages of a Henry James novel; brash, spirited American heiress peps up the declining fortunes of Britain's aristocracy. Now, such alliances have become almost commonplace. To confine examples to politicians only: the French President Nicolas Sarkozy is married to the Italian-born Carla Bruni and his Prime Minister Francois Fillon has a Welsh wife, Penelope Clarke. Nelson Mandela is married to Graga Machel (from Mozambique). Denmark's new Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt is married to a Briton, Stephen Kinnock. And two leading female politicians of Asian countries, Aung San Suu Kyi of Myanmar and India's Sonia Gandhi, are both widows from international marriages. In rich countries alone such unions number at least 10 million. International marriages matter partly because they reflect—and result from—globalisation. As people holiday or study abroad, or migrate to live and work, the visitors meet and marry locals. Their unions are symbols of cultural integration, and battlefields for conflicts over integration. Few things help immigrants come to terms with their new country more than becoming part of a local family. Though the offspring of such unions may struggle with the barriers of prejudice, at their best international marriages reduce intolerance directly themselves, and indirectly through their offspring. Defining what counts as international is tricky too. A wedding of a local man and a foreign-born bride is easy. But the marriage of two foreigners in a third country sometimes counts and sometimes doesn't. Trickiest of all is how to treat the marriage of a second-generation immigrant who has citizenship of a host country (say, the child of a Moroccan in France or a Mexican in America). If such a person marries a native Frenchwoman or an American, that usually does not count as international, even though it is an alliance across ethnic lines. Conversely, if he marries a girl from his parents' country of origin, that does count as international—but this is not a marriage across an ethnic divide and may indicate isolation not assimilation. Belatedly, answers to these questions of scale and definition are coming, chiefly thanks to the efforts of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP), a professional association of demographers, and, especially, of Doo-Sub Kim, a professor at Hanyang University in Seoul who chairs its panel on cross-border marriages. Global figures remain sketchy, but marriage patterns in Asia and Europe, at least, are becoming clearer. Some tentative, often surprising, conclusions are emerging. Asia is the part of the world where cross-border marriages have been rising most consistently. According to Gavin Jones of the National University of Singapore, 5% of marriages in Japan in 2008-2009 included a foreign spouse (with four times as many foreign wives as husbands). Before 1980, the share had been below 1%. In South Korea, over 10% of marriages included a foreigner in 2010, up from 3.5% in 2000. In both countries, the share of cross-border marriages seems to have stabilised lately, perhaps as a result of the global economic slowdown. International marriages have played a significant role in modifying the ethnic homogeneity of East Asian countries. International marriages are common in much of Europe, too. Calculations by Giampaolo Lanzieri, an Italian demographer, show that in France the proportion of international marriage rose from about 10% in 1996 to 16% in 2009. In Germany, the rise is a little lower, from 11.3% in 1990 to 13.7% in 2010. Some smaller countries have much higher levels. Nearly half the marriages in Switzerland are international ones, up from a third in 1990. Around one in five marriages in Sweden, Belgium and Austria involves a foreign partner.

PASSAGE FOUR

When an invention is made, the inventor has three possiblecourses of action opening to him: he can give the invention to the【S1】______world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it. A granted patent is the result of a bargain strike between an inventor【S2】______and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes full details of his invention to the public after thatperiod terminates. Only in the most exceptional circumstances the【S3】______lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.Because a patent remains temporarily public after it has terminated,【S4】______the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain detailsof literal millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older【S5】______than half a century, sometimes even patent. Indeed, patent experts often【S6】______advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a searchthrough lively patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of【S7】______any other inventor's right is to plagiarize a dead patent. However,【S8】______because publication of an idea in any other form permanently validates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security. Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns thatmost "new" ideas are, in fact, as very old as the hills. It is their reduction to【S9】______commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or throughthe availability of new technology, makes news and money.【S10】______

笼里养着两只母鸡，一只爱唱，另一只喜静。主人根据母鸡下蛋之后报唱的现象，以为所有的蛋都是那只唱鸡产的，因此很偏爱它，捉得蟑螂也专喂给它吃。但日子一久，秘密揭穿了：原来那只唱鸡下蛋很少，而不叫的那只却一天一个，且蛋刚落地就一声不响地离开鸡窝，由那只唱鸡站在蛋边大喊大叫。 闲聊时和朋友谈及此事，他以为我言外之意不在鸡，而是论人。 其实，古人早就以鸡喻人了，《尚书.牧誓》里就有“牝鸡无晨”之句。说到人，在我们中确是有很多沉默寡言的人，他们牢牢蹲在自己的岗位上，夜以继日，埋头苦干替国家创造了大量的物质财富，为人民作出了一项又一项的优异成绩。他们像母鸡一样，吞的是粗糠老菜，产下的是蛋，而且往往一声不响。但也有一种人，嘴尖舌长，能说会道，自我吹嘘，滔滔不绝，像那只爱唱的母鸡一样，占着个鸡窝不下蛋。个别恶劣的还窃取别人的成果去报喜称功，一点不觉得惭愧。

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Cross Cultural AdvertisingA successful cross cultural advertising campaign largely depends on effective cross cultural communication, which requires a deep understanding of a particular culture. There are several areas of cross cultural differences that are important to advertising.I. Language in cross cultural advertisinga)【T1】_____ of company or product names and slogans【T1】______Ford's introduction of "Pinto" in【T2】_____【T2】______b)Cultural【T3】_____ must also be analysed【T3】______II. 【T4】______in cross cultural advertising【T4】______a)Aim: potential customers can【T5】______the ads【T5】______b)Examples:【T6】_____: USA【T6】______— Assume that listeners are【T7】_____ background information【T7】______Implicit communicator Japan— Assume that listeners are well informedIII. Colours, numbers and images in cross cultural advertising1. Colours:a)Lucky colours: red in Chinab)Unlucky colours:【T8】_____ in Japan【T8】______c)Colours having【T9】_____:【T9】______Green in IslamColours with tribal associations in Africa2. Numbers:a)13 is unlucky in USA or UKb)【T10】_____ are unlucky in Japan【T10】______3. Images:— Bikinis are commonplace in London but【T11】_____in Middle East【T11】______IV. 【T12】______in cross cultural advertising【T12】______a)【T13】_____【T13】______b)【T14】_____ society【T14】______— Stress the word "I"c)【T15】_____ and hierarchical societies【T15】______— Avoid rebelliousness or lack of respect for authorityd)Political or economic ideology