Questioning Techniques—Asking Questions EffectivelyI . Successful communications: asking the right questions—improving many communication skills: e.g.1)collecting better【T1】______【T1】______2)strengthening【T2】______【T2】______3)dealing with people effectively4)helping others to learnII. Techniques of putting forward questions and their effectsA. Open questions—【T3】______long answers【T3】______—helping develop open conversation—including more【T4】______【T4】______—knowing the other's viewsB. Closed questions—answers being short, factual—being good for testing understandings, drawing a conclusion, and for【T5】______【T5】______—being avoided for【T6】______【T6】______C. Funnel questions—focusing on one point for more details—helping witnesses【T7】______the scene【T7】______—arousing the interest and increasing the【T8】______of the listener【T8】______D.【T9】______questions【T9】______—asking an example to help with understanding—asking extra information to【T10】______what is being said —making sure to get the whole story and【T11】______information from othersE. Leading questions—leading the hearer to your way of thinkinge. g. adding a personal appeal: giving a choice between two【T12】______—getting your【T13】______without imposing the hearerF.【T14】______questions—statements being in question form actually—making the listener slip into【T15】______with you

In a frantic society where efficiency is put great emphasis on, maybe it is high time we should take a breath and think about the bad consequences brought about by the head-spinning life. In the following excerpt, the author presents his opinion on the slow lifestyle versus the fast one. Read the excerpt carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the author's opinion; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Fast-free Living What Americans would do if they were serious about stopping to smell the flowers? Is the American lifestyle slowing down, in a response to national trauma and the onset of war? Judging from commentaries by cultural analysts and newspaper columnists, the answer is yes. A Boston Globe editorial looked back on a hard year: "But it brought growth, too, and a deeper understanding of just how fragile life is, and what we often take for granted—the kiss goodbye in the morning, the chat with a friend, the Saturday soccer game—is what matters most." An observation from The Washington Post: "People seem to walk more slowly. They are off their brisk, self-important stride... Motorists are driving better. They lay off their horns. They don't jump lights." From The Dallas Morning News: " Americans are experiencing a sort of ' cocooning of the heart', cultural experts say. They're using this time to reconnect with their families and friends." If Americans really were beginning to slow down, the contemporary simplicity movement would not be adding another meeting or two a month to our schedules. The antidote to a frenetic work life wouldn't be something called "power leisure". The celebration of the new slowness may not reflect reality, but it surely does reflect some degree of yearning. Yet there may be a few bold steps we should take to get us on the path to fast-free living. Backpacks. The task of slowing the country down must begin with efforts aimed at prevention. It should begin early, as an inspection of any schoolchild's backpack will reveal. These encumbrances typically have a capacity of one and a half cubic feet and hold loads of forty pounds. The contents, unpacked and spread out like a GI's battle kit, represent hyper-achievement in microcosm. A simple yet revolutionary reform would be to decree that the capacity of school backpacks be reduced by two thirds. Drive-thru windows. The whole point of these amenities is speed, and without intervention drive-thru service will only get faster. According to The Futurist, McDonald's will soon introduce e-mail billing at some of its drive-thru facilities in southern California. Other chains are experimenting with an E-Z Pass system, similar to the one used for bridge and highway tolls; a transponder in the car would permit purchases to be deducted automatically from prepaid accounts. Electric light. Another issue related to biorhythms is the seemingly inexorable drift toward a 24/7 economy. The rule of thumb is that if anything can be done twenty-four hours a day, it will be; daycare centers and dentists' offices are now open at midnight. Almost by definition, the maintenance of basic diurnal rhythms is essential to a humane way of life. Political arithmetic may forever doom a significant rise in the gasoline tax, but what about levying a ten-cent-a-watt tax on light bulbs? One happy consequence might be a shift back to daytime baseball. Computer keyboards. Yes, computers have made many aspects of modern life more tolerable, enabling stupendous feats of calculation, storage and management. But they are also an attractive nuisance, putting unimaginable amounts of sheer capability—to buy, to pry, to surf, to meddle—into the hands of people unaccustomed to its wise use. One way would be to decide that every computer must have two separate keyboards—one with all the vowels and the other with the consonants. The measures outlined above would be a start. Should more impetus be needed, we could ban cup holders from cars, demand that breaking news be delivered only by mail, and add a ball and a strike to the standard at-bat. If Americans intend to take slowness seriously, they need to start picking up the pace. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.

我的生活曾经是悲苦的，黑暗的。然而朋友们把多量的同情，多量的爱，多量的欢乐，多量的眼泪分给了我。这些东西都是生存所必需的。这些不要报答的慷慨的施舍，使我的生活里有了温暖，有了幸福。我默默地接受了它们。我并不曾说过一句感激的话，我也没有做过一件报答的行为。但是朋友们却不把自私的形容词加到我的身上。对于我，他们太慷慨了。

Meaning in LiteratureI. AUTHOR— Interpret author's intended meaning bya)Reading other works by【T1】_____【T1】______b)Knowing common meanings in a particular parameterc)Knowing how authors and readers of that time interpreted textsd)Knowing cultural【T2】_____ of that time【T2】______— Personal meaning are influenced by【T3】_____ and cultural meanings【T3】______— Authorial intention is complicateda)Cultural constraintsb)Develop meanings not originally【T4】_____by the author【T4】______c)Cultural or symbolic meanings unclear to authord)Not realise all of the【T5】_____ in the work【T5】______II. TEXT—【T6】_____ of the text【T6】______a)Grammarb)Languagec)Uses of【T7】_____【T7】______— Meanings are agreed upon based on the factors ofa)Conventions of meaningb)Traditionsc)【T8】_____【T8】______d)Conventions of usage, practice and【T9】_____【T9】______— Meanings are complicateda)A text is a(n)【T10】_____【T10】______b)Meanings are cultural and contextual III. READER— Meaning is sociala)Language and conventions work as meanings are【T11】_____【T11】______b)Readers participate in social or cultural meaningc)【T12】_____ is part of culture and history【T12】______— Meaning is contextuala)Codes in literatureb)Reader competency:the experience and knowledge of【T13】_____texts【T13】______— Meaning is culturala)Different conventions and ways of reading and writingb)Understand the【T14】_____ of the author【T14】______c)Negotiation across time,【T15】_____, etc.【T15】______

(1)This month Singapore passed a bill that would give legal teeth to the moral obligation to support one's parents. Called the Maintenance of Parents Bill, it received the backing of the Singapore Government. (2)That does not mean it hasn't generated discussion. Several members of the Parliament opposed the measure as un-Asian. Others who acknowledged the problem of the elderly poor believed it a disproportionate response. Still others believe it will subvert relations within the family; cynics dubbed it the "Sue Your Son" law. (3)Those who say that the bill does not promote filial responsibility, of course, are right. It has nothing to do with filial responsibility. It kicks in where filial responsibility fails. The law cannot legislate filial responsibility any more than it can legislate love. All the law can do is to provide a safety net where this morality proves insufficient. Singapore needs this bill not to replace morality, but to provide incentives to shore it up. (4)Like many other developed nations, Singapore faces the problems of an increasing proportion of people over 60 years of age. Demography is inexorable. In 1980, 7.2% of the population was in this bracket. By the turn of the century, that figure will grow to 11%. By 2030, the proportion is projected to be 26%. The problem is not old age per se. It is that the ratio of economically active people to economically inactive people will decline. (5)But no amount of government exhortation or paternalism will completely eliminate the problem of old people who have insufficient means to make ends meet Some people will fall through the holes in any safety net (6)Traditionally, a person's insurance against poverty in his old age was his family. This is not a revolutionary concept. Nor is it uniquely Asian. Care and support for one's parents is a universal value shared by all civilized societies. (7)The problem in Singapore is that the moral obligation to look after one's parents is unenforceable. A father can be compelled by law to maintain his children. A husband can be forced to support his wife. But, until now, a son or daughter had no legal obligation to support his or her parents. (8)In 1989, an Advisory Council was set up to look into the problems of the aged. Its report stated with a tinge of complacency that 95% of those who did not have their own income were receiving cash contributions from relations. But what about the 5% who aren't getting relatives' support? They have several options:(a)get a job and work until they die;(b)apply for public assistance(you have to be destitute to apply); or(c)starve quietly. None of these options is socially acceptable. And what if this 5% figure grows, as it is likely to do, as society ages? (9)The Maintenance of Parents Bill was put forth to encourage the traditional virtues that have so far kept Asian nations from some of the breakdowns encountered in other affluent societies. This legislation will allow a person to apply to the court for maintenance from any or all of his children. The court would have the discretion to refuse to make an order if it is unjust. (10)Those who deride the proposal for opening up the courts to family lawsuits miss the point Only in extreme cases would any parent take his child to court If it does indeed become law, the bill's effect would be far more subtle. (11)First, it will reaffirm the notion that it is each individual's—not society's—responsibility to look after his parents. Singapore is still conservative enough that most people will not object to this idea. It reinforces the traditional values and it doesn't hurt a society now and then to remind itself of its core values. (12)Second, and more important, it will make those who are inclined to shirk their responsibilities think twice. Until now, if a person asked family elders, clergymen or the Ministry of Community Development to help get financial support from his children, the most they could do was to mediate. But mediators have no teeth, and a child could simply ignore their pleas. (13)But to be sued by one's parents would be a massive loss of face. It would be a public disgrace. Few people would be so thick-skinned as to say, "Sue and be damned". The hand of the conciliator would be immeasurably strengthened. It is far more likely that some sort of amicable settlement would be reached if the recalcitrant son or daughter knows that the alternative is a public trial. (14)It would be nice to think that Singapore doesn't need this kind of law. But that belief ignores the clear demographic trends and the effect of affluence itself on traditional bonds. Those of us who pushed for the bill will consider ourselves most successful if it acts as an incentive not to have it invoked in the first place.

Over the past two decades, the popularity of the bicycle as a mean of transportation and recreation has increased tremendously in the United States.

我小的时候在幼儿园表演藏族舞蹈，每个小姑娘都要扎一条花围裙，那是藏族女装最显著的标志，我们都喜欢得不得了。可那么多的小朋友，到哪里去找真正的藏族小围裙呢?幼儿园的阿姨很会想办法，买来自毛巾，贴上彩色蜡光纸的窄条，一条五光十色的藏族小围裙就做好了。 我把这条毛巾和纸做的围裙扎在腰间，对着落地的穿衣镜一照，哈!美丽极了。雪山上的仙女就是这个样子啊!

LanguageDespite the fact that many definitions of language have been proposed, succinct definitions of language usually bring various questions. To understand the notion of language better, there are several aspects that should be taken into consideration.I. Vocal communication in childhood Composition of the system of vocal communication Functions of the system of vocal communication:A.【T1】_____【T1】______B. Express feelings and emotionsC. Influence the activities of othersD.【T2】_____ oneself with friendliness or hostility【T2】______II. Different systems of vocal communication constitute different languages Hard to define the【T3】_____ between languages【T3】______ Different languages- people do not understand each otherwithout【T4】_____ by both parties【T4】______ 【T5】_____【T5】______- different systems of communication that may impede but do not prevent mutual comprehension Idiolect- the【T6】_____ of a single person【T6】______III. Acquisition of languages 【T7】_____: spoken by one's parents or by those【T7】______with whom they are brought up from infancy Second Language: learned to different degrees of competence under various conditions Bilingualism: Completely【T8】_____ two languages【T8】______A. Raised by parents speaking different languages at homeB. Raised within【T9】_____【T9】______IV. Language is species-specific to human beings Animals communicate through【T10】_____ or else【T10】______ Human language is infinitely【T11】_____ and creative【T11】______V.【T12】_____ of language【T12】______ Facilitate communication Express a national or local【T13】_____【T13】______ 【T14】_____ function of language: puns, riddles, and crossword puzzles【T14】______ Functions in imaginative or symbolic contexts: poetry, drama, and religionVI. Language and its relation to society Language is a working system of communicationin a certain【T15】_____【T15】______ The product of history and source of its future development

China has the fastest-ageing population in human history but the state provides very little support for elderly people. Ageing parents have traditionally been looked after by their children—but in today’s China that is not always the case. The following news report gives details of this issue. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the news report; 2. give your comment. "Who will take care of my aging parents?" Millions of people ponder that question regularly in China, a country with a demographic crisis that its leaders are only starting to confront. According to United Nations figures, nearly 200 million Chinese are now over age 60. Roughly half are "empty nest" parents living alone in rural areas. In the next 15 years, nearly one in four Chinese—more than 320 million people—will be 60 and older, including tens of millions of disabled seniors. In the past, Chinese elders could be assured that, when they were frail and no longer able to work, their children would look after them. But because of the government's one-child policy and the migration of young people to urban jobs, China's traditional system of elder care has been shredded. "The old people in their own homes are often not getting checks from their own children," said Timothy Beardson, author of "Stumbling Giant," a book that examines China's looming challenges, including its demographics. "It is not a happy picture. It is a very gloomy picture." China's government seems well aware that in a nation that is increasingly silver-haired and vulnerable, elder neglect is an ugly side effect of the nation's economic miracle. Three years ago, the government even felt compelled to pass a controversial law, Protection of the Rights and Interests of Elderly People, that spelled out the obligations of young offspring. Yet unlike most industrialized countries, China doesn't have an insurance safety net like Medicare to provide medical treatment for seniors. Nor does it have anywhere near enough nursing home beds to ensure care for the seriously infirm. Recently, a Chinese state media reported that there could be a 100-year wait to get into Beijing's top-ranked nursing home, as some 10,000 applicants were waiting for 1,100 available beds. The nation currently has about 4 million nursing home spots. There are roughly 30 million Chinese age 80 or older. "There are a lot of smart people in the government," said Beardson. "But are they going to be able to respond effectively to the challenges China is facing? I am not sure." A graying population is just one of the bumps China's encountered as it speeds through the 21st century. As Beardson notes in "Stumbling Giant," the percentage of young people in China is shrinking, and with it, the work force that has powered the Chinese economy in recent decades. And while the government has recently loosened its one-child policy, surveys suggest that young urban families—facing high rents and concerns about college costs—have little interest in rearing more than one or two children. All that poses questions for China's leaders: Can they keep the nation's economic engine running without a large pool of low-paid workers? And how will it pay for health care and living costs of hundreds of millions of people who will enter their golden years in the decades ahead?

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For a long time, punishing kids who are not performing well academically has been one of the most hotly-debated topics. Should schools be allowed to punish students with bad grades? The following are opinions from different sides. Read the excerpts carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the different opinions; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.MisterPanda What does it teach the students when you punish them with corporal punishment? It teaches them that the use of force is always right. I'm all for punishment as long as it is smart punishment ( extra lessons, community service, etc. ) and only if the children are not behaving properly. You can't punish a kid for failing an exam. If he didn't study, it means the parents didn't do their job, so parents should be punished. If he studied but failed, then it means the teacher didn't get through, so the teacher should reflect on how to get through to this child.Ratfink Punishing a child for bad grades achieves nothing. Those who have studied education know that school education is a one-size-fits-all approach to teaching; it does not allow for students who do not learn by the methods employed. It's a well-known and documented fact that there are a number of learning models and almost everyone falls into one or more categories based loosely on four main groups, eg: audible (spoken word) , tactile (hands on) , visual (seeing it done) and written (reading about it). Some children, however, will never achieve good grades; this can be due to many reasons including lack of intelligence, motivation, missing out on essential core knowledge when younger or lack of self-worth and many other reasons. So rather than punish students with poor grades it would be better to try to find out why they perform badly at school and then devise ( where possible) a working remedial solution.nl20051405 Punishment is necessary to students' performance at school. For any student at school to study well and get some definite judgments from their teachers and parents is the first step to enter the real society. Some punishment or rewards may be very necessary for the students to reach their aims at school. Competitions cannot be avoided out of campus although the bad grades just show the past experience. A good school may influence a student's whole life, especially for those eager to get advanced education. Chinese usually think nothing is as important as studying. The parents and the students themselves must have more and more specific requirements for the schools they pay for a satisfying result.foreignchinese I remembered those schooldays. The headmaster would personally distribute report cards of pupils. He handed out our report cards accompanied by his magic weapon, a cane. For each subject that we failed, we got a stroke of his stinging cane. This punishment was done in full public view. Of course we feared him as a tyrant and hated him then. Now 30 years later, things have changed. We organized dinner and events to honor this headmaster and even started off charity funds. His old pupils hug him and thanked him for his strict discipline that guided us through our tender years. It was through his strict guidance that the school has produced pupils who triumphed to become doctors, architects, engineers, accountants and lawyers. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.

Passage Three

The Oriental plaza, which is used for ice-skating in winter and dining and dancing in summer, is one of Beijing's most popular attraction.

(1) A period of climate change about 130,000 years ago would have made water travel easier by lowering sea levels and creating navigable lakes and rivers in the Arabian Peninsula, the study says. Such a shift would have offered early modern humans—which arose in Africa about 200,000 years ago—a new route through the formerly scorching northern deserts into the Middle East. The new paper was spurred by the discovery of several 120,000-year-old tools at a desert archaeological site in the United Arab Emirates. The presence of the tools—whose design is uniquely African, experts say—so early in the region suggests early humans marched out of Africa into the Arabian Peninsula directly from the Horn of Africa, roughly present-day Somalia. Previously, scientists had thought humans first left via the Nile Valley or the Far East. (2) "Up till now we thought of cultural developments leading to the opportunity of people to move out of Africa," said study co-author Hans-Peter Uerpmann, a retired archaeobiologist at the University of Tubingen in Germany. "Now we see, I think, that it was the environment that was the key to this," Uerpmann said during a press briefing Wednesday. (3) The discovery "leaves a lot of possibilities for human migrations, and keeping this in mind, might change our view completely." During the past few years, a series of tools were discovered at the Jebel Faya site in the U.A.E., some of which—such as hand axes—had a two-sided appearance previously seen only in early Africa. (4) Scientists used luminescence dating to determine the age of sand grains buried with the stone tools. This technique measures naturally occurring radiation stored in the sand. For the climatic data, scientists studied the climate records of ancient lakes and rivers in cave stalagmites, as well as changes in the level of the Red Sea. This warmer period 130,000 years or so ago caused more rainfall on the Arabian Peninsula, turning it into a series of lush rivers that humans might have boated or rafted. (5) During this period the southern Red Sea's levels dropped, offering a "brief window of time" for humans to easily cross the sea—which was then as little as 2.5 miles wide, according to Adrian Parker, a physical geographer from Oxford Brookes University in the United Kingdom. (6) Once humans entered the peninsula, they dispersed and likely reached the Jebel Faya site by about 125,000 years ago, according to the study, published in the journal Science. (7) Geneticist Spencer Wells called the discovery a "very interesting find," especially because the Arabian Peninsula is becoming a hot spot for archaeological finds—particularly underwater, since the Persian Gulf was a fertile river delta during early human migrations. But he noted that the study doesn't "rewrite the book on what we know about human migratory history." That's because tools dating to the same period have already been found in Israel, so it's "consistent with what we suspected" about an earlier wave of migration into the Middle East, said Wells, director of the National Geographic Society's Geographic Project. Wells also noted there's no evidence yet that the migrants in the new paper were our ancestors—the group, and their genes, may have died out long ago. (8) Bence Viola, of the Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, agreed the finding was interesting but not that surprising, also citing the evidence of humans in Israel about 120,000 years ago. Viola, who wasn't involved in the study, added that the migration route proposed in the paper makes sense on another level—the Arabian Peninsula would have been something early humans were used to. "If you look even today, the environment in the Horn of Africa, in Somalia or northern Ethiopia, is similar to what you see in Oman or Yemen—not like the big desert," Viola noted. "It's not like they needed to adapt to a completely different environment—it's an environment that they knew." (9) Why they made the trek is another question, since they wouldn't have been hurting for food or resources in their African homeland, Viola noted. "Curiosity," he said, "is a pretty human desire."

手机反映出我们的“社交饥渴症”。最为常见的是，一个人走着走着突然停下来，眼睛盯着手机屏幕发短信。他不在乎停在马路中央还是厕所旁边。

他们终于弄清了这件事的来龙去脉。

冬天，一个冰寒的晚上。在寂寞的马路旁边，疏枝交横的树下，候着最后一辆搭客汽车的，只我一人。虽然不远的墙边，也蹲有一团黑影，但他却是伸手讨钱的。马路两旁，远远近近都立着灯窗明灿的别墅，向暗蓝的天空静静地微笑着。在马路上是冷冰冰的，还刮着一阵阵猛厉的风。留在枝头的一两片枯叶，也不时发出破碎的哭声。 那蹲着的黑影，接了我的一枚铜板，就高兴地站起来向我搭话，一面抱怨着天气：“真冷呀，再没有比这里更冷了!……先生，你说是不是？”

The education authorities in south China's Guangdong Province have decided to introduce finance into the curriculum in primary and middle schools in Guangzhou. The finance course will cover basic financial knowledge, stock market investment and financial management. This decision has sparked discussions among the public. From the following excerpts, you can find two different opinions toward this policy. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the arguments on both sides; 2. give your comment on whether it is suitable to set up finance course in primary and middle schools.Excerpt 1 Chen Fang from Xinmin Evening News When it comes to finance, people usually focus on investment and money making. Knowing how to spend one's money is also a part of it. In China, most children are not familiar with financial concepts. During the Spring Festival, for example, how to best put their "lucky money," monetary gifts given to them by adults, to use is a popular topic of discussion, implying a need to begin financially educating young students. Such an idea is not alien to Western countries. The British, for instance, require schools to educate children in financial management at a young age, even requiring youngsters to complete compulsory courses on the topic. In China, college students' daily expenses have gleaned discussion. Some students' excess spending is shocking. Partly, this is because they have rich families, but this is also a reflection of their poor financial common sense. Nowadays, a lot of young people spend every penny of their monthly wages without depositing anything into savings. Isn't this a result of their poor capacity for financial management? Educating students on the proper use of money and giving them some financial knowledge will help them make better use of their allowance and plan for their lives when they mature.Excerpt 2 Pi Haizhou from finance.21cn.com Primary and middle school students should be informed of basic financial knowledge, such as what money is, the function of money and how to properly use money. A correct understanding of money will help foster positive consumption concepts and habits. However, investment topics are too heavy for such young minds. Besides, they may not have an opportunity to practice. If children are sent to the bank to deposit money, their parents and bank staff may feel uneasy. It's all right for students in middle schools to gain financial knowledge, but it's too risky for them to go to the stock market. Also, it will squeeze their already limited study time. Their study will be seriously affected if they are distracted by financial issues. To become a rational investor, one must know how to make a basic analysis of the stock market and gain a sense of the macroeconomic situation, domestically and internationally. These are difficult topics—how can you expect middle school students to cope with the stock market? A stock market investor must be capable of independently bearing risks, as speculation in this market is a risky practice. There is no necessity to encourage young students to get involved in this speculative activity.

A Short History of the Origins and Development of EnglishI. Origins— dated back to【T1】 1 of three Germanic tribes:【T1】 2the Angles,【T2】 3 and the Jutes.【T2】 4II. Development of EnglishA. Old English1. much more highly inflected【T3】 5 than Middle English【T3】 62. consists of most【T4】 7 words and some borrowed ones【T4】 8B. Middle English1. French words were【T5】 9 the vocabulary【T5】 102. much change on grammar and【T6】 11【T6】 12C. Early Modern English1. elimination of a vowel sound in certain【T7】 13positions【T7】 142. the Great Vowel Shift3. invention of printing:1)common language appearing【T8】 15【T8】 162)bringing【T9】 17 to English【T9】 184. a period of English Renaissance: borrowing words from French ,Latin, GreekD. Late Modern Englishtwo principal factors【T10】 19 more words:【T10】 201. the Industrial Revolution and technology2.【T11】 21 foreign words from many countries【T11】 22III. Main influencing factors on the varieties of EnglishA. the English【T12】 23 of North America【T12】 24example: trash for rubbish:【T13】 25 for lend etc.【T13】 26B.【T14】 27 words like canyon, ranch, stampede etc.【T14】 28C. French wordsD.【T15】 29 words【T15】 30 A Short History of the Origins and Development of EnglishI. Origins— dated back to【T1】 31 of three Germanic tribes:【T1】 32the Angles,【T2】 33 and the Jutes.【T2】 34II. Development of EnglishA. Old English1. much more highly inflected【T3】 35 than Middle English【T3】 362. consists of most【T4】 37 words and some borrowed ones【T4】 38B. Middle English1. French words were【T5】 39 the vocabulary【T5】 402. much change on grammar and【T6】 41【T6】 42C. Early Modern English1. elimination of a vowel sound in certain【T7】 43positions【T7】 442. the Great Vowel Shift3. invention of printing:1)common language appearing【T8】 45【T8】 462)bringing【T9】 47 to English【T9】 484. a period of English Renaissance: borrowing words from French ,Latin, GreekD. Late Modern Englishtwo principal factors【T10】 49 more words:【T10】 501. the Industrial Revolution and technology2.【T11】 51 foreign words from many countries【T11】 52III. Main influencing factors on the varieties of EnglishA. the English【T12】 53 of North America【T12】 54example: trash for rubbish:【T13】 55 for lend etc.【T13】 56B.【T14】 57 words like canyon, ranch, stampede etc.【T14】 58C. French wordsD.【T15】 59 words【T15】 60