When Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger announced the final cuts to an already pain-peppered California budget in July, one of the most shocking indications of how dire things had become was the decision to close more than a third of the state's parks. Fort Ross State Historic Park, 80 miles north of San Francisco, is among those that would have been closed. It was founded in 1812 as thesouthernmost Russian settlement in North America. Demonstrators outside the State Capitol in Sacramento last summer hung photos to share memories of their park visits. On Friday, though, Mr. Schwarzenegger's office said sufficient alternative savings had been found within the California Department of Parks and Recreation to avoid any closings at all, at least in this fiscal year. The savings, which the department had been unable to identify during months of budget wrangling, were suddenly realized with the help of Schwarzenegger administration finance experts looking over the shoulders of parks officials. In the two months since the July announcement, Mr. Schwarzenegger's threat to close 100 parks had landed in a budget soft spot created by bipartisan outrage among lawmakers, their constituents and lobbyists, and by a growing sense in the administration that closing parks would do little to burnish the governor's reputation as a public figure committed to the environment. Though few will rue the preservation of the park system, the 11th-inning save does underscore how even in the worst fiscal conditions, the threat of vast cuts is sometimes false, fueling skepticism among lawmakers and voters about ominous budget pronouncements and the ballot measures that often ensue to address them. "The budget process is so complicated and confusing to people to begin with, and there is so much distrust in government, that when people hear about changes in spending cuts, they are left questioning whether or not real revenues are really needed," said Mark Baldassare, president of the Public Policy Institute of California, a nonpartisan research group based in San Francisco. A plan to cut $175 million from a health insurance program was also recently reversed, but that program was spared by bipartisan legislation that replaced one tax for another and used federal stimulus money to fill the gaps. The parks department situation is different, because it is essentially a re-do. The department's budget for the current fiscal year, which began July 1, was dealt a reduction of 10 percent, or $14.2 million. As a result, the state said in July, 100 of California's 279 parks were to close at least temporarily unless donations or private partnerships materialized. But in the last week, amid a growing outcry and a leaked parks department memorandum suggesting that closing state parks could result in breach-of-contract lawsuits by the parks' vendors, the administration began to back away. The backpedaling was apparently made complete with Friday's announcement by the governor's office, which said the savings would instead be realized with steps like cutting back on maintenance, delaying the purchase of equipment and reducing days of operation in some parks, hours of operation in others. The announcement described these savings as one-time, suggesting that the cost of running the parks would have to be addressed again in the budget for the next fiscal year. Roy Steams, a spokesman for the parks department, said the earlier budget negotiations, which lasted months, had perhaps not offered sufficient time to find the cuts that will now come to pass. Others attributed the impetus to political pressure from parks advocates and from lawmakers representing districts where businesses profit from the parks' presence. Mindful that Friday's rescue would nonetheless mean reduced hours for the parks, among other steps, Elizabeth Goldstein, president of the California State Parks Foundation, said: "They still have a $14.2 million budget cut. The governor found a clever way to find some political cover on this issue, but it's not clear that the plan won't actually leave Californians with just as limited an access to their state parks as if they were fully closed. " The foundation and other conservation groups hope to place a measure on the November 2010 ballot that would increase vehicle license fees by $15 a year to finance the parks, a move that would double their budget and free it from the state's general fund. In exchange, California drivers would get free admission to all state parks. The governor rejected a similar measure proposed by lawmakers during the legislative session.

More and more people live in towns and cities instead on farms and in villages.

The academic curriculum has never been all that schools and colleges offer to their students. Often a range of other classes, clubs and activities is available to students, referred to as extra-curricular activities and they are mostly voluntary for students. Examples would include sports, musical activities, debate, community service, Young Enterprise projects etc. Whether the extra-curriculum should be attached great importance in schools and colleges? The following are opinions from different sides. Read the excerpts carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the different opinions; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Lahowl: Students have the right to be able to choose a broad education. Every child and young person are entitled to experience a broad general education. Even if a student does not aim to be a professional musician they should still have the opportunity to learn an instrument. A career is not the only, or the most important, part of an adult's life—school needs to make sure they have interests and skills that will help them in their family and leisure life too. Megan: Extra-curricular activities are prohibitively expensive for schools. Giving a greater place in education to the extra-curriculum means that many more clubs and activities will have to be organised for students. This will be very expensive as it will require more staff and more resources to be paid for. This explains why most schools that currently offer a large extra-curriculum are well-funded fee-paying institutions. NimmO: Extra-curricular activities have important health benefits. Most extra-curricular activities are physically active, getting the students out from behind their desks and making them try new things. Physical activity is extremely important for general health whilst ensuring that students are exposed to practical tasks, not just what is taught in class. Sport clubs and teams give students the opportunity to do physical exercise in an enjoyable environment. TVO: Making extra-curricular activities compulsory makes them less attractive to students. It will take the fun out of it and strip it of its benefits. In the end, the key is fun. Successful extra-curricular groups work precisely because the students have voluntarily chosen to be there. If some were forced to take part, they would be less enthusiastic and spoil the activity for the rest. And the more the activity is like ordinary school, the less attractive it will be to young people. Most of the personal development benefits associated with extra-curricular commitments—such as altruistic service, initiative-taking, and leadership skills—come from the voluntary nature of the activity. Estelle: Extra-curricular activities encourage interpersonal interactions that are good for building a strong civil society. Boosting the place of the extra-curriculum in schools is one way of addressing a weakness in modern society, a lack of civil strength and community. Activities offered in schools are vital in providing opportunities to learn the diverse skills, and helping to equip young people with the civic spirit, initiative and organizing skills to set up their own clubs, teams and activity groups when they leave education. A successful extra-curriculum often depends on building links between the school and the wider community, bringing local enthusiasts in to work with students, and sending students out to work on community projects. Nicola: Students should focus on gaining the specialist skills they need for their chosen professions. Most specialist professions still provide a range of career opportunities, without any need to compromise academic education by over-emphasis on non-academic activities. There are concerns that schools do not focus enough on core subjects. School-leavers and even graduates lack basic literacy and numeracy skills, according to a survey of big employers. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.

[此试题无题干]

(1) Considering that anxiety makes your palms sweat, your heart race, and your brain seize up like a car with a busted transmission, it's no wonder people reach for the Xanax to vanquish it. But in a surprise, researchers who study emotion regulation—how we cope, or fail to cope, with the daily swirl of feelings—are discovering that many anxious people are bound and determined (though not always consciously) to cultivate anxiety. The reason, studies suggest, is that for some people anxiety boosts cognitive performance. (2) In one recent study, psychologist Maya Tamir of Hebrew University in Jerusalem gave 47 undergraduates a standard test of neuroticism, which asks people if they agree with such statements as "I get stressed out easily." She then presented the volunteers with a list of tasks, either difficult (giving a speech, taking a test) or easy (washing dishes), and asked which emotion they would prefer to be feeling before each. The more neurotic subjects were significantly more likely to choose feeling worried before a demanding task; non-neurotic subjects chose other emotions. Apparently, the neurotics had a good reason to opt for anxiety: when Tamir gave everyone anagrams to solve, the neurotics who had just written about an event that had caused them anxiety did better than neurotics who had recalled a happier memory. Among non-neurotics, putting themselves in an anxious frame of mind had no effect on performance. (3) In other people, anxiety is not about usefulness but familiarity, finds psychology researcher Brett Ford of the University of Denver. She measured the "trait emotions" (feelings people tend to have most of the time) of 139 undergraduates, using a questionnaire that lists emotions and asks "to what extent you feel this way in general." She then grouped the students into those characterized by "trait fear" (those who tended to be anxious, worried, or nervous), "trait anger" (chronically angry, irritated, or annoyed), and "trait happy" (the cheerful, joyful gang). Six months later, the volunteers returned to Ford's lab. This time she gave them a list of emotions and asked which they wanted to experience. Not surprisingly, the cheerful bunch wanted to be happy. But in a shock for those who think anyone who is chronically anxious can't wait to get their hands on some Ativan (氯羟安定), those with "trait fear" said they wanted to be worried and nervous—even though it felt subjectively unpleasant. (The "trait angry" students tended to prefer feeling the same way, too.) Wanting to feel an emotion is not the same thing as enjoying that emotion, points out neuroscientist Kent Berridge of the University of Michigan, who discovered that wanting and liking are mediated by two distinct sets of neurotransmitters. (4) In some cases, the need to experience anxiety can lead to a state that looks very much like addiction to anxiety. "There are people who have extreme agitation, but they can't understand why," says psychiatrist Harris Stratyner of Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York. They therefore latch on to any cause to explain what they're feeling. That rationalization doubles back and exacerbates the anxiety. "Some people," he adds, "get addicted to feeling anxious because that's the state that they've always known. If they feel a sense of calm, they get bored; they feel empty inside. They want to feel anxious." Notice he didn't say "like."

The millions of calculations involved, if they had been done by hand, all practical value have lost by the time they were finished.

Bullying has always existed in schools. In recent years, a better understanding of the traumatic effects it can have on its victims has increasingly highlighted how damaging a phenomenon bullying is. It can lead to serious psychological problems, like depression and even suicide. Should the bullies themselves in school face the force of the law? The following are opinions from different sides. Read the excerpt carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 WORDS, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the different opinions; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET FOUR. Excerpt Graeve: Individuals should only be held responsible for the consequences of their own actions. In any free and democratic society, criminal law should only hold people accountable for the things they do, not for the actions of others. We are all autonomous, moral agents who make decisions and have to live with their consequences and the consequences of our actions. While it might be justified to punish bullies for their bullying behavior, if it breaks the law, we cannot hold them accountable for another person's decision to commit suicide. Mona: The law should always punish actions that inflict serious harm—whether physical or psychological. Bullying can inflict serious psychological harm on its victims, especially in the case of young people. It leads to low self-esteem, depression, and for some kids it leads to suicide. Bullied children are almost 6 times more likely to think about or attempt suicide. This phenomenon has been termed "bullycide" and the law should recognize it. Many forms of behavior that result in the death of another person are criminal, from murder to negligence. It is the duty of the law to brand such behavior as unacceptable, deter future incidents, punish the perpetrators, and offer comfort to victims. Jose: Defining bullying would be nearly impossible. Spreading rumors, giving someone the silent treatment, inviting all your classmates but one to a party, expressing a religious belief about someone's sexuality, eye rolling, making faces, these can all be hurtful and perceived as bullying. Yet this is perfectly legal behavior. Criminalizing bullying would amount to criminalizing these acts. They may be offensive, they may even be hurtful, but these gestures should never, ever constitute criminal behavior in any society that is concerned with human rights, freedom of speech, and of expression. Throwing someone in prison for spreading rumors or eye rolling might be worthy of a totalitarian state, but not a liberal democracy. Andrew: The bully's intentions are irrelevant. In criminal law, the establishment of culpability(过失 ) does not always depend on the intentions of the perpetrator(犯罪者). If, during a fight on a train platform, I shove someone and that person falls on the tracks and is killed by a train, I will be guilty of manslaughter, whether I intended to kill the person or not, because the harm caused by my actions is so great. The same applies to bullying. Bullies try to hurt their victims through their actions, either physically or psychologically. Whether the bully intended the victim to die or not, is irrelevant. The bully's actions were responsible for the victim taking his own life. Josheh; It is difficult to make a direct, legally sound link between a bully's behavior and a victim's suicide. Many of the children and adolescents who take their own lives allegedly as a result of bullying have a far more complicated background. Some already struggle with depression, and have unstable family situations that make it hard to turn to their parents for help with their problems.

Chinese people are no longer strangers to food-safety crisis—the contaminated vinegar, the meat that glowed in the dark, the exploding watermelons, the mushrooms imbued with bleach, the pork so dosed with chemicals to make it lean and the infamous melamine-tainted milk. The following news report provides detailed information about this issue. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the news report; 2. give your comment, especially on what are the major causes of food-safety crisis in China. Food Safety Top Concern in China In China, where food safety scandals are commonplace, the public have to be extra careful before every bite. Reports of meat injected with steroids and unhealthy animals butchered for consumption give new weight to the phrases "beef up" and "sick as a pig". There have been reports of problems from every link in the production chain. Even agricultural produce, it seems, is not safe. A huge batch of bean sprouts was seized after they were found to contain worrying amounts of controlled chemicals. Last July, Shanghai Husi Food Co. Ltd, a supplier to leading fast food brands including McDonald's, KFC and Pizza Hut, were discovered using expired meat in their products. Six of the company's senior executives were arrested. The revised Food Safety Law comes into effect on Oct. 1, and brings harsher punishment for the adulteration of food intended for our plates. An annual China Youth Daily survey in March found that food safely was the public's top concern. In response to a list of "quality of life" issues including housing and the environment, 77.3 percent of respondents said food safety mattered most to them. The new law should rebuild confidence in the domestic food industry. Those found to have added substances unfit for human consumption to food could be jailed for up to 15 days, and producers may face fines of up to 30 times the value of their products. The amendment includes provisions for landlords and suppliers found to be complicit, at any stage of the production chain, in the adulteration of food. Should officials with food and drug regulators, or health and agriculture departments, be found negligent or involved in concealment, they will face administrative penalties, such as demotion or dismissal. Producers will now have to run tests on their products, conduct regular inspections and submit reports to regulatory bodies. Earlier this month, the Premier lauded the revamped Food Safety Law and its "zero tolerance" stance. He advised that a tracking system, which would record and monitor the whole food production process, should be established. Zhang Gaoli, a vice premier and head of a ministerial food safety committee under the State Council, called for strict supervision of food manufacturers and distributors. Wang Yang, another vice premier, concurred with his colleague and stressed the importance of risk management. He also reminded local governments that they must assume responsibility for food quality. The State Administration for Industry and Commerce has started to draw up a black list of firms, as a stepping stone toward a system to monitor corporate conduct. An administration official said last June that better records detailing the food companies' conduct would be kept, and they would be made available to the public to ensure an environment of honesty.

Humanity uses a little less than half the water available worldwide. Yet occurrences of shortages and droughts are causing famine in someareas, but industrial and agricultural by-products are polluting water supplies. 【S1】 1Since the world's population is expecting to double in the next 50 years, 【S2】 2many experts think we are on the edge of a widespread water crisis. But that doesn't have to be the outcome. Water shortages do nothave to trouble the world—if we started valuing water more than we 【S3】 3have in the past. Just like we began to appreciate petroleum more after 【S4】 4the 1970s oil crisis, today we must start looking at water from a fresheconomical perspective. We can no longer afford to consider water a 【S5】 5virtual free resource of which we can use as much as we like. 【S6】 6 Instead, for all uses except the domestic demand of the poor,governments should price water to reflect their actual value. This means 【S7】 7charging a fee for the water itself as well as for the demand costs. 【S8】 8 Governments should also protect this resource by providingwater with more economically and environmentally sound ways. 【S9】 9Often the cheapest way to provide irrigation water in the dry tropicsis through small-scaled projects, such as gathering rainfall in depressions 【S10】 10and pumping it to nearby cropland. 【S1】

While many companies are spending more money on sales promotion than on media advertising, it is difficult to say just what percentage of a firm' s overall promotional budget should beallocated to advertise versus consumer- and trade-oriented【M1】______promotions. This relocation depends on a number of factors,【M2】______including the specific promotional objectives of the campaign, the market and competitive situation, and the brand's stage in its life cycle. Consider, for example, what allocation of the promotional【M3】______budget may vary according to a brand's stage in the product life cycle. In the introductory stage, a large amount of the budget may be allocated to sales promotion techniques such as sampling andcouponing to induce trial. In the growth stage, moreover,【M4】______promotional dollars may be used primarily for advertising to stressbrand differences and keep the brand name in competitors' minds.【M5】______When a brand moves to the maturity stage, advertising is primarilya reminder to keep consumers aware the brand. Consumer-oriented【M6】______sales promotions such as coupons, price-offs, premiums, and bonus packs may be needed periodically to maintain consumer loyalty, attract new users, and protect against competition.Trade-oriented promotions needed to maintain shelf space and【M7】______accommodate retailers' demands for better margins as long as【M8】______encourage them to promote the brand. A study on the synergistic effects of advertising and promotion examined a brand in themature phase of its life cycle and has found that 80 percent of its【M9】______sales at this stage was due to sales promotions. When a brand【M10】______enters the decline stage of the product life cycle, most of the promotional support will probably be removed and expenditures on sales promotion are unlikely.

Hot Spots in Cross Cultural CommunicationI.【T1】______Conversations【T1】______— Modes of address—【T2】_____【T2】______— Levels of deference to age or social position— Acceptable ways to conclude—【T3】_____【T3】______II. Taking Turns During Conversations— Some cultures: take turns in a(n)【T4】_____ way【T4】______— Others: response might be regarded as a challenge or a humiliation, depending ona)the context of the conversationb)【T5】_____【T5】______c)the levels of personal knowledge/relationship— Example: western give and take in a public marketIII. Interrupting— Interruption, vocal and emotional expression are considered to be the default conversational style for those considered to be equalsand for【T6】_____【T6】______— Northern European or American extract: argument and hostilityIV. Use of Silence— Silence: a sign of【T7】_____ and deference【T7】______a sign of hostility— In the west:【T8】_____ seconds silence is terribly long【T8】______V. Appropriate Topics of Conversation— Vulgar: speak openly about money, intimate【T9】_____ issues【T9】______— Travelers or businessmen should learn【T10】_____【T10】______VI. Use of Humor— In the west: use humor to【T11】_____【T11】______— Some other cultures: humor is a sign of disrespectVII. Knowing How Much to Say— In the west: less is more— Some other places: a【T12】_____ wrap-up【T12】______— Factors to determine how much to say:a)Ageb)【T13】_____【T13】______c)CultureVIII. Sequencing Elements During Conversation— When to bring up more【T14】_____【T14】______— When to ask for directions— Ask the right question in the right way at【T15】_____【T15】______

学问要有根底，根底要打得平正坚实，以后永远受用。初学阶段的科目之最重要的莫过于语文与数学。语文是阅读达意的工具，国文不通便很难表达自己，外国文不通便很难吸取外来的新知。数学是思想条理之最好的训练。其他科目也各有各的用处，其重要性很难强分轩轾，例如体育，从一方面看也是重要得无以复加。总之，我们在求学时代，应该暂且把趣味放在一旁，耐着性子接受教育的纪律，把自己锻炼成为坚实的材料。 学问的趣味，留在将来慢慢享受一点也不迟。

“假若我再上一次大学”，多少年来我曾反复思考过这个问题。我曾一度得到两个截然相反的答案：一个是最好不要再上大学，“知识越多越反动”，我实在心有余悸。一个是仍然要上，而且偏偏还要学现在学的这一套。后一个想法最终占了上风，一直到现在。 我为什么还要上大学而又偏偏要学现在这一套呢?没有什么堂皇的理由。我只不过觉得，我走过的这一条道路，对己，对人，都还有点好处而已。我搞的这一套东西，对普通人来说，简直像天书，似乎无补于国计民生。然而世界上所有的科技先进国家，都有梵文、巴利文以及佛教经典的研究，而且取得了辉煌的成绩。这一套冷僻的东西与先进的科学技术之间，真似乎有某种联系。其中消息耐人寻味。

的确，生活不会按照我们预想的方式进行。总有些情节非我们所望，却躲之不过。这或许才生活魅力的真正所在。其实，在那天，身在重庆的我，就已经开始相信这或许就是最好的结局。如今我在西安，这里的一切我都很喜欢。虽然一切都和我当初的设想不同。 “人生没有如果，命运不相信假设。”记得我在高考百天宣誓大会上把这句话送给了我们年级所有同学。在这个雨夜里，我要把这句话送给我自己。就像滴在地上的雨无法再回到天际，有太多的遗憾，就让它被这场雨洗去。因为，毕竟，明年还会在这里听到夜雨。到那时，我不想让那时的自己还梦想着要回到今天。人在此地，心归故里，一切甚好，满心欢喜……这就是关于夜雨的那个故事的最好的结局。

A little more than a year later, Ramanujan was at Cambridge University, and beginning to be recognized as one of the amazing mathematicians the world has ever known.

It is reported that Chinese lawmakers are considering regulations to promote reading among the public. The news has caused concern over what exactly a new policy regarding reading might entail, but some do believe that the measure could help promote the average literacy rate across China. The following are excerpts of opinions. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions; 2. give your comment.Ye Zhurong from Beijing While entertainment and leisure magazines are extremely popular, traditional publications are no longer well received. People read books more flippantly. With the increase of soap operas and other TV shows, fewer and fewer people are attached to reading. Although electronic media help spread information, it still defers the traditional practice of reading. Raising the overall literacy rate is no easy target. With reading not stressed at all, efforts to stimulate public interest will have to be plentiful. For example, schools should create encouraging atmospheres for reading and allow students to fall in love with books to eventually affect all of society. Furthermore, it's important to set up more libraries. At some existing facilities, most books are old, procedures outdated and borrowing fees absolute. To boost national literacy, implementation is the key. We need to put into practice all kinds of effective measures to promote reading.Jia Zhiyong from Chongqi While a reading law places emphasis on national literacy levels, it also reflects the worrying fact that reading has yet to be encouraged among the Chinese public, which likes to boast about its 5,000-year-old history and rich culture. People read for certain purposes, including making money or conducting research. It is also a leisurely pastime to be enjoyed in one's spare time. No matter what type you are engaged in, reading is helpful for both personal and social progress. A lack of reading could well damage the advancement of an innovative culture or civilization. In whatever form, reading is meant to make people feel good, improve personal qualities, tap into potential capabilities and promote innovation. How to develop and promote such a culture remains the key question.Qiu Shi from Shanghai To determine the necessity of a law we need to first ascertain what it entails. Officials claim the regulation would protect people's right to read, while it remains unclear as to what would happen to those who do not enjoy books. Relevant authorities should provide sufficient investment in libraries and balance the distribution of reading materials across different areas, while ensuring people get enough time to read within a conducive environment. With a serious shortage of public facilities geared toward reading, laws are required to redress the matter.Mao Jianguo from Qingdao A nation's literacy rate to a large extent affects its future development potential. When it comes to reading, we have to look at two problems. First, the public must be provided with quality books, not trash ones on the market. Because pay is low, many writers can only survive by churning out as much of the latter as possible. Is it possible to better support authors in writing books with more literary value? Second, it's important to make reading more convenient, which requires the construction of more libraries. In some cities, such facilities lack books or are remotely situated. If people could have better access to quality reading material, surely public interest in books would increase. Therefore, at present, what we need is not a law, but more investment in facilities to boost enthusiasm for reading.

[此试题无题干]

忘记在哪本书上读到的了，说每个城市都有独特的气味。你去旅游，如果带上灵敏度高、能辨识多种气味的鼻子，就能在看风景之外，多上一重享受。对一个城市、一个地区的印象，如果光凭眼睛，你会倾心于它的景致，但要真正喜欢上它，留恋它，还需嗅觉的认可。前者依赖于你的修养，从美学到对城市风俗和历史的把握；但气味仅仅诉诸感觉，它决定着，你和城市亲昵到哪种程度。

To stay warm in cold weather, cold-blooded animals must expose itself to a source of warmth such as direct sunlight.