Do pupils in school learn to read their mother tongue effectively?Yes and no. Up at the fifth and sixth grade, reading, on the whole is【S1】______effectively taught and well learned. To that level we find a steady and general improvement, but beyond it the curves flatten out to be a dead level.This is not because a person arrives his natural limitation of efficiency when【S2】______he reaches the sixth grade, for it has been shown again and again thatwith special tuition so much older children, and also adults, can【S3】______make enormous improvement. Nor does it mean that most sixth-graders read well enough for all practical purpose. A great many pupilsdo poorly in high school because of sheer inept in getting meaning【S4】______from the printed page. The average high-school graduate has done a great deal of reading, and if he goes on to college he will do a great deal more,and he is likely to be a poor and incompetent reader.(Note that【S5】______this holds true for the average student, not the person who is a【S6】______subject for special medical treatment.)He can follow a simplepiece of fiction and enjoy it. But put him up a closely【S7】______written exposition, an economical stated argument, or a passage【S8】______required critical consideration, and he is at a loss. It has been shown,【S9】______for instance, that the average high-school student is amazingly inept at indicating the central thought of a passage, or the levels of emphasisand subordination in an argument or exposition. For all intents and【S10】______purposes he remains a sixth-grade reader till well along in college.

It is generally accepted that people should visit their aged parents regularly if they live separately. But whether this requirement should be written into law has always been a controversial matter. And then not quite long ago, China issued a decree that requires children to pay regular visit to their parents. The following is an excerpt on this decree. Read it carefully and write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the excerpt, and then 2. give your comment. Not long ago, China issued a decree. According to the new legislation, parents have the legal right to request government mediation or even file a lawsuit against children who fail to regularly drop by for a visit or give them a phone call. The core intent of the law is "to protect the lawful rights and interests of parents aged 60 and older, and to carry on the Chinese virtue of filial piety." Unsurprisingly, the law has strong voices speaking for and against. "It is a great policy and I am very happy to see the government release such a policy to encourage children to fulfill their obligations to their parents," said Huang Kesheng, a 20-year-old student at Beijing's University of International Business and Economics: However, Bei Zhong, a late-20s white collar professional from Chongqing who works and lives in Shanghai, sees it differently. "I do not think there should be a law that requires people to visit their parents," she told a paper. "It gives the impression to other countries that Chinese people need a law to tell them they should visit their elders.It's quite embarrassing." Perhaps the controversial — some say silly — law should come as no surprise. After all, China gave the world Confucius — perhaps the most family-oriented philosopher in human history. Given the nation's Confucian foundations, the rift between its elderly and the post-1980s "me generation" has been especially felt when compared with similar changes that have taken place in other countries. Alongside the generational divide and deterioration of old-fashioned values, a major driving force behind China's Confucian fallout is urbanization, which often means moving far from home. This is especially true for young professionals like Zhong who are leaving the far flung comers of the country to congregate in economic hubs like Beijing or Shanghai. Simply put, this makes those filial visits both logistically difficult and often expensive. "How often I visit my parents depends oh my schedule," Zhong said "Last year I spent two months with them. But so far this year, I haven't even had the time to visit my parents yet Flights are also very expensive." Zhong said that she, along with her friends, often resort to squeezing trips to their hometowns into the brief national holiday of Chinese New Year. It's worth noting that any travel at this time is no leisurely trips for pleasure. During this time China sees the world's largest human migration, with hundreds of millions of people crisscrossing the country and completely blocking its transportation networks. While some will wage a war against these trends, it is highly unlikely that they will stop the forces as powerful as China's urbanization and its growing generation gap. Thankfully for Chinese youth, some parents understand. "My mom and dad would never dream of demanding for me to visit," Zhong said. "They just want me to be happy."

English serves as a functional alternative language in several areas of public activity for the many nations of the world whichuse it an international second language. Because of its【S1】______geographically widespread use, and because of the much number【S2】______of people who speak it, it has been adapted as the language of【S3】______aviation and air traffic. English has continued as one of the important languages of commerce, as the sphere of political andeconomic influence of the English-spoken nations has extended far【S4】______beyond their own bounds. The use of English in international【S5】______diplomacy is strengthened by its acceptance as one of the officiallanguages of the United Nations. But as a final example, English is【S6】______the language of the most majority of published materials in the【S7】______world, so that education, especially specialized higher education,has come to rely very heavily in an understanding of English In no【S8】______sense English replace the cultural heritage and emotional ties of【S9】______the first language, but for many speakers throughout the world, it provides a means of communicating with people of similar trainingand interests which would otherwise not be able to comprehend【S10】______them.

你刚才的话使他更恼火了。

Communication is far more than speech and writing. Most of usare aware that we are communicating in many different ways even【S1】______when we are not speaking. The same goes to other social animal【S2】______species. We are rarely taught about this most non-verbal form of【S3】______human communication in school even though it is very important foreffective interaction to others. Grown up in a society, we informally【S4】______learn how to use gestures, glances, slight changes in tone of voice,and other auxiliary communication devices to alter or emphasize how【S5】______we say and do. We learn these highly culture bound techniques over years largely by observing others and imitating them. Linguists refer to all of these auxiliary communication methods【S6】______paralanguage. It is part of the redundancy in communication that helps prevent ineffective communication. It can prevent the wrongmessage from inadvertently being passed on, as is often as the case【S7】______in a telephone call and even more so in a letter. The paralanguage messages that can be observed through face-to-face contact also makes it more difficult to lie or to hide emotions.【S8】______ Paralanguage is often less important in communication than【S9】______what is actually being said orally. It has been suggested that as much as 70% of what we communicate when talking directly with others are through paralanguage.【S10】______

The nature of work is changing. Recent technological advances, a shift from manufacturing to service-based organizations, increased global competition, and the importance of knowledge workers all have contributed to a dynamic and complex work environment. To survive, organizations must embrace flexibility and adaptability. They must have a systems view thathelp them to integrate the meaning of common everyday【M1】______occurrences into overall interrelationships, interdependencies, and patterns of change to allow them to achieve this neededadaptability. Very often, organizations accompany these goals【M2】______through the implementation of teams. A team is a collective of dependent individuals who together【M3】______have shared objectives, mental models, and procedures that guide their perceptions, thinking, and behaviors toward a common goal.The process which teams achieve this commonality is called【M4】______collaboration. Dissimilarly, cooperation has been discussed as a【M5】______team skill competency that includes offering help to those team members who need it, pacing activities to fit the needs of the team, and behaving so that actions are not misinterpreted. Collectiveorganizations immerse themselves to the virtues of collaboration【M6】______and cooperation by reducing the hierarchy of social stratificationon which traditional bureaucratic organizations rely. However,【M7】______they encourage decisions to be made by the collective group to foster a sense of community and shared purpose. Cooperation and teamwork facilitate coordination, communication, adaptability,enhance employee participation, and empowerment, thereby【M8】______allowing individuals to achieve collective outputs that are greater than the sum of their parts. Organizations continue to depend onteams and the synergy they engender to assist at streamlining work【M9】______processes that promote efficiency, the increased innovation, and【M10】______quality of products and services.

To guide you through the practice, let's start with the basic questions about abstract. First of all, what is a descriptive abstract? A descriptive abstract is the【T1】 1 you have already completed or work you are proposing. It is not the same thing as the introduction to your work. The abstract should give readers a short, concise【T2】 2 as a whole—not just how it starts. Remember that the readers of your abstract will sometimes【T3】 3, so in this short document you need to give them【T4】 4 of your work. If you are writing an abstract as a proposal for your research—in other words, as a request for permission to write a paper—the abstract serves to predict the kind of paper【T5】 5. Secondly, what's different about a conference paper or informative abstract? A conference abstract is one you submit to have your paper considered for【T6】 6 at a professional conference. Its length will be specified by the conference organizer but will rarely be more than 500 words... To guide you through the practice, let's start with the basic questions about abstract. First of all, what is a descriptive abstract? A descriptive abstract is the【T1】 7 you have already completed or work you are proposing. It is not the same thing as the introduction to your work. The abstract should give readers a short, concise【T2】 8 as a whole—not just how it starts. Remember that the readers of your abstract will sometimes【T3】 9, so in this short document you need to give them【T4】 10 of your work. If you are writing an abstract as a proposal for your research—in other words, as a request for permission to write a paper—the abstract serves to predict the kind of paper【T5】 11. Secondly, what's different about a conference paper or informative abstract? A conference abstract is one you submit to have your paper considered for【T6】 12 at a professional conference. Its length will be specified by the conference organizer but will rarely be more than 500 words... 【T1】

Preventing Cross Cultural MiscommunicationMiscommunications happen all the time between people whose native languages are different. Native English speakers, though boasting the advantage of speaking the world language, should also be aware of miscommunications. Here are several pieces of advice to English speakers:I. Cultural differences in【T1】_____ need to be addressed.【T1】______A. Americans like to use【T2】_____ and phrases.【T2】______B. Japanese people do not like to say "【T3】_____".【T3】______C. French people can get easily offended.D. Germans are【T4】_____.【T4】______E. Italians don't love details.II. Main【T5】_____ for foreigners to understand English speakers.【T5】______A. Metaphor【T6】_____:【T6】______a)sport metaphorsb)military metaphorsc)mixed metaphorsd)【T7】_____ metaphors【T7】______B. Conditionals can be【T8】_____.【T8】______C. Not aware of【T9】_____.【T9】______— Beginning a conversation informally can be【T10】_____【T10】______III. English【T11】_____ to avoid miscommunication.【T11】______A. Be aware of using metaphors.B. Avoid making a(n)【T12】_____ statement when possible.【T12】______C. Pay attention to cultural habits with regards to respect.—【T13】_____ before calling someone by the first name.【T13】______IV. Conclusion: use【T14】_____.【T14】______Downside: reduced【T15】_____.【T15】______Advantage: pertinent, direct, and stronger communication.

Working-class families in the United States are usually nuclear, and many studies indicate that working-class couples marry for love, not for money. Upper-class couples may marry for love, but their commitment of love is sometimes compromised by the recognition of their marriage【S1】______as a way to preserve their class identity. Middle-class couples may alsomarry for love, but the overridden task of middle-class families is also 【S2】______an economic thing—to enhance the earning power of the breadwinner. 【S3】______Of course, working-class people are also affected by the economicrealities for their families must operate like economic units as well. 【S4】______However, the economic tasks of families are more a part of their dreams 【S5】______about marriage than they are a part of the reality of their married life.Indeed, to many a working-class couples, love provides a way to escape 【S6】______from the difficulties of their parents' home and starts their own family life. 【S7】______ Another distinctive feature of working-class families is the majority 【S8】______of them have limited choices about the work available to them. Their "choices" are often the "leftovers" in the job market. People from working-classfamilies do seek self-esteem and personal confirmation, and they come 【S9】______to their jobs full of hopes. However, given the way which production 【S10】______and consumption are organized in advancing societies like the U.S., members of the working-class often experience exploitation in struggling at jobs that may be less meaningful.

记者招待会上，人们向他提了许多问题。

关于地铁是否该禁食，这两三年来上海、深圳、北京等大城市，陆续有很多讨论。 支持禁食者认为，在地铁车厢里吃东西，不仅气味难闻。而且一旦翻撒还会影响车厢整洁，也会造成安全隐患；更有人发现，中国香港、台湾以及新加坡等地的城市轨道都有严格的禁食规定，新加坡甚至严苛到就连矿泉水、瓶装饮料、含在嘴里的糖、花生也不行。不过，也有人对世界各大城市地铁做过详细的统计和分析，发现各地地铁都是因地制宜的；有的地铁既禁吃东西，又禁饮料；有的只禁饮料。 可见，不能一刀切地以“史上最严”的新加坡作为“标准答案”。

这些椅子舒适大方，携带方便。

IBM公司一直处在电脑行业的前沿。

There are different theories of Language Development. The learning perspective argues that children imitate what they see andhear, and what children learn from punishment and reinforcement.【S1】______The main theorist associated with the learning perspective is B. F. Skinner. Skinner argued that adults shape the speech of children byreinforcing the babbling of infants that sound mostly like words. The【S2】______nativist perspective argues that humans are biologically programming【S3】______to gain knowledge. The main theorist associated with this perspective is Noam Chomsky. Chomsky proposed that all humans have a language acquisition device(LAD). The LAD contains knowledgeof grammatical rules common in all languages. The LAD also allows【S4】______children to understand the rules of however language they are【S5】______listening to. Chomsky also developed the concepts of transformational grammar, surface structure, and deep structure. Transformational grammar is grammar that transforms a sentence. Surface structures are words that are actually written. Deep structureis underlying message or meaning of a sentence. Interactionists argue【S6】______that language development is both biological and social. Interactionists argue that language learning is influenced by thedesire of children to communicate with any others. Interactionists【S7】______argue that " children are born in a powerful brain that matures slowly【S8】______and predisposes them to require new understandings that they are【S9】______motivated to share with others". The main theorist associated with interactionist theory is Lev Vygotsky. Interactionists focus on Vygotsky's model of collaborative learning. Collaborative learning isthe idea that conversations with younger people can help children【S10】______both cognitively and linguistically.

中国人是刻苦耐劳的民族。

English as a Global LanguageI. English is a global language It's widely used in economic, political, and scientific fields, and in【T1】______【T1】______ English as a global language is bad news for【T2】_____【T2】______- Writers will write in English to reach a(n)【T3】_____【T3】______II. The positive impacts of English as a global language In【T4】_____ area: a medium of communication【T4】______ In【T5】_____: a language commonly used in lecture-rooms【T5】______or lecture-conferences In English Language Teaching: English-speaking countries【T6】_____【T6】______from the spread of EnglishIII. The negative impacts of English as a global language Inequality in language and【T7】_____【T7】______- e.g.: classrooma Students who don't speak fluent English tend to be【T8】_____【T8】______b. Students who speak fluent English tend to【T9】_____【T9】______ Social inequality- International conference: English speaking people areusually【T10】_____【T10】______ Linguistic power- Native English speakers will be more【T11】_____【T11】______than non-native English speakers- Native speakers have a(n)【T12】_____【T12】______ Linguistic【T13】_____【T13】______- English speakers are less【T14】_____to learn other languages【T14】______and cultures Linguistic death- The existence of a global language may lead to【T15】_____【T15】______and the death of other languages

Should high school seniors take a gap year before they go to universities? Gap Years originally started in the United Kingdom in the 1970's as a way to fill the 7- or 8-month gap between final exams and the beginning of university. Much opinion exists about the merits—or otherwise—of taking time out after completing school. The following is an article about this issue. Read it carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the author's opinion on the issue; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. While your friends sit through lecture this fall, you could be promoting HIV/AIDS awareness in Vietnam, learning Spanish in Peru, or interning in New York City. How? By taking a gap year. Taking time off before college is a major decision, so let us help you decide if this road less traveled is right for you.What is a gap year, exactly? "Gap time" is a year or semester students take off before enrolling in college. Gapers typically work to save money, volunteer, intern, or study a language abroad. Most students elect this time off because they don't feel prepared for college or they're looking for more life experience first. According to Jason Sarouhan, a counselor at Center for Interim Programs, gap years enable young people to gain more independence and self-empowerment. "The time between high school and college offers the natural opportunity to take a break and to recalibrate one's focus and centeredness," he says, adding that young people can benefit from structured time away from school or work.Why consider taking a gap year? Gap time is meant to revitalize your mind—to avoid the burnout that can accompany immediately taking on more intense coursework. Robin Pendoley, the Co-Founder and CEO of the gap year program Thinking Beyond Borders, says that gap-year students gain experience that helps them connect ideas in college—they're able to better put everything they'll be studying in context.How should you expect to grow during your gap year? "A well-designed gap year helps students find direction, purpose, and passion for their learning," said Pendoley. "They can return to school with a clear understanding of the opportunity it represents to become an expert in an area the student is truly passionate about and committed to.Can you afford to take a gap year? If you choose to work full-time at home during your gap year, you probably won't need to worry about expenses. Even if you choose to go abroad, gap year programs typically cost far less than one year of university tuition. Though prices may range from $10,000 to $15,000 for a full year program designed by a gap year organization, less costly programs are available. Keep in mind that it's possible to travel and work during your gap year in order to save money for your college years.Taking a gap year is an untraditional path. How do you tune out the naysayers? Although skewing from the traditional path from high school to college isn't the norm, the research reveals that as many as 30% of college students failing to graduate and the average length of an undergraduate career over 5 years, any investment we make to help students gain the sense of direction and purpose they need in college is a good thing.

Why We Don't Like English Classes I. People's【T1】 1 of how to learn English【T1】 2A. Preconception: intention—registration—paying—attending classes:then one will get【T2】 3【T2】 4B. Actually, classes are a(n)【T3】 5way of learning English【T3】 6II. Things students can do at an English classA lot of【T4】 7 are spent when attending English classes【T4】 8A Listening to bad English from peersB. Having the poor【T5】 9【T5】 10C. Reading a boring textbook— textbook makes【T6】 11 easier【T6】 12— but makes learning boringD. Learning stupid grammar rules—【T7】 13 of so many grammar rules is impossible【T7】 14— the practice of them in speaking is also impossible— as a result, test score may be improved but【T8】 15【T8】 16E. Doing useless【T9】 17【T9】 18— reviewing the useless grammar rules— testing English but not teaching any EnglishF. Getting boring homework【T10】 19【T10】 20— usually a grammar exercise or a composition— usually you don't care about the subject of the compositionG.【T11】 21 can't be gained【T11】 22— this fact is ignored by teachers— how to avoid making【T12】 23 is seldom taught【T12】 24— how to pronounce or use dictionary to learn about word pronunciation is seldom taughtIII.【T13】 25 to replace boring classes with interesting things【T13】 26A. Watching International or English-language channelB. Attending【T14】 27 or speaking English with friends【T14】 28C. Reading interesting texts and booksD. Reading and listening to English: increasing the【T15】 29【T15】 30E. Writing compositions for yourself instead of teachers Why We Don't Like English Classes I. People's【T1】 31 of how to learn English【T1】 32A. Preconception: intention—registration—paying—attending classes:then one will get【T2】 33【T2】 34B. Actually, classes are a(n)【T3】 35way of learning English【T3】 36II. Things students can do at an English classA lot of【T4】 37 are spent when attending English classes【T4】 38A Listening to bad English from peersB. Having the poor【T5】 39【T5】 40C. Reading a boring textbook— textbook makes【T6】 41 easier【T6】 42— but makes learning boringD. Learning stupid grammar rules—【T7】 43 of so many grammar rules is impossible【T7】 44— the practice of them in speaking is also impossible— as a result, test score may be improved but【T8】 45【T8】 46E. Doing useless【T9】 47【T9】 48— reviewing the useless grammar rules— testing English but not teaching any EnglishF. Getting boring homework【T10】 49【T10】 50— usually a grammar exercise or a composition— usually you don't care about the subject of the compositionG.【T11】 51 can't be gained【T11】 52— this fact is ignored by teachers— how to avoid making【T12】 53 is seldom taught【T12】 54— how to pronounce or use dictionary to learn about word pronunciation is seldom taughtIII.【T13】 55 to replace boring classes with interesting things【T13】 56A. Watching International or English-language channelB. Attending【T14】 57 or speaking English with friends【T14】 58C. Reading interesting texts and booksD. Reading and listening to English: increasing the【T15】 59【T15】 60E. Writing compositions for yourself instead of teachers

中秋时节的成都已有少许寒意。深夜拥被独坐，脑海和心怀一派空虚。突然间，一个念头不期而至——你何时才能结束心灵的流浪? 就在这个深夜，在经历了轰轰烈烈之后，在极度的倦怠和百无聊赖中，在不经意不设防时，这一念头引发了一系列强烈的情绪。久违的无以言喻的失落感，无可名状的孤寂感和无以复加的苦难感涨潮般匐然袭来，汪洋恣肆。至此我才明白，它们从未离我而去。 它们与生俱来，坚如磐石地坐落在心灵幽秘处，伺机而现。