进入21世纪，发达国家所面临的共同问题，不是缺资金，而是缺人才；不是缺最新的资讯，而是缺最新的知识。 “知识”变成了一个国家是否进步的关键因素。把相关的知识系统地运用到经济活动中，现在泛称为“知识经济"。唯有通过外在的教育与学习，浩瀚的资讯才可能变成系统的知识。 “知识”像土地和劳力一样，是个古老的生产因素。但因为现代知识成长迅速，变化巨大，又加以与经济、产业、科技、创新等结合，促成了“知识经济”的独领风骚。

Time sampling means that researchers choose various time intervals for their observation. Intervals may be selected systematically or【T1】 1. Suppose we want to observe students' classroom behaviour. Then in systematic time sampling, our observations might be made during five 20- minute periods,【T2】 2. The first observation period could begin at 9 am, the second at 10 am and so forth. However, in random sampling, these five 20-minute periods may be distributed randomly over the course of the day. That is to say, intervals between observation periods could 【T3】 3—some longer others shorter. One point I'd like to make is systematic and random time sampling are【T4】 4. They are often combined in studies. For example, while observation intervals are scheduled systematically, observations within an interval are made 【T5】 5. That means the researcher might decide to observe only during 【T6】 6that are randomly distributed within each 20-minute period. Time sampling means that researchers choose various time intervals for their observation. Intervals may be selected systematically or【T1】 7. Suppose we want to observe students' classroom behaviour. Then in systematic time sampling, our observations might be made during five 20- minute periods,【T2】 8. The first observation period could begin at 9 am, the second at 10 am and so forth. However, in random sampling, these five 20-minute periods may be distributed randomly over the course of the day. That is to say, intervals between observation periods could 【T3】 9—some longer others shorter. One point I'd like to make is systematic and random time sampling are【T4】 10. They are often combined in studies. For example, while observation intervals are scheduled systematically, observations within an interval are made 【T5】 11. That means the researcher might decide to observe only during 【T6】 12that are randomly distributed within each 20-minute period. 【T1】

The rapidly developing technology disturbs the relationship between parents and their children, which is now rated a social problem that we need to pay attention to and guard against. Read the following article carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the research findings; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. The increased presence of technology in the daily life of modern children has caused the relationship between parents and their children to be affected. Khan, an educator, did a study on the relationship between the duration of adolescents' (14 to 18 years old) technology usage on computer, mobile phone and video games and their relationship with their parents. This research was done in a New York high school on 63 students. These students represent a generation that has been exposed to technology the most throughout their lifetime. It was found that when they spent long time on computers, the closeness towards parents diminished. On the other hand, there was no correlation to be found between the usage of mobile and the closeness with parents as mobile phone is still a way for both parents and their children to communicate. Similarly, another research also has shown that relationship between children and their family members is affected by the amount of time they spend on the Internet. Young ( a psychologist) investigated whether any decline and loss of desire for face-to-face communication with their use was related to Internet surfing. The age range (14 to 18 years old) of this study was controlled because there may be restrictions implied in their use of Internet by parents and also because that generation is being exposed much to technology since birth. Young's research found that students use the Internet more often, which in turn causes them to spend less time with their family. Plus, the desire for face-to-face communication with family members declined when more time was spent on the Internet. Children who spend hours on the Internet will find that there is not much time left for any other types of interaction or bonding time with their family. Consequently, children and their parents as family members will have a poorer relationship instead of being able to maintain a stronger family relationship. On top of that, Lee ( a scholar) reported that the use of computer for recreational and communication purposes among 1,312 adolescents from the United States (age 12 to 18) replaced their time with their parents and Lee's result had showed " an increase of 1 hour in computer-mediated communication results in a decrease of 24 minutes in time with parents". Lee's finding shows a negative correlation between the time spent on computer and on parent-child relationship. However, one drawback that was found in Lee's study was that she did not consider including the specific type of online activity and also the type of social networking sites. Punamaki, Wallenius, Holtto, Nygard, and Rimpela's research had shown similarities in their findings. Their research was conducted on 478 Finnish children and adolescents from seven schools. The result found that using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for entertainment is related to poor peer and parental relations. In addition, engaging in intensive Internet surfing however was found to associate with poor maternal relation which is seen most in daughter-mother communication. As there is only 24 hours in a day, the time used on the computer will reduce the time spent on other activities. Thus, the relationship between parents and children are affected by the usage of ICT causing both parents and children to have poor communication with one another, when communication is essential in building a strong parent-child relationship. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.

(1)The Boy Scouts of America(BSA), the largest youth organization in the United States, has policies which prohibit atheists, agnostics, and "known or avowed" homosexuals from membership in its Scouting program; both youths and adults have had their memberships revoked as a result The BSA contends that these policies are essential in its mission to instill in young people the values of the Scout Oath and Law. (2)According to its mission statement, the Boy Scouts of America seeks "to prepare young people to make ethical and moral choices over their lifetimes by instilling in them the values of the Scout Oath and Law". All members are required, as a condition of membership, to promise to uphold and obey both of these pledges. (3)In reciting the Scout Oath, a Scout promises to be morally straight and to do their duty to God; the Scout Law holds that a Scout is clean and reverent. The BSA also prohibits girls from participating in Cub Scouting and Boy Scouting. These policies are controversial and are considered by some to be unfair. (4)The organization's legal right to have these policies has been upheld repeatedly by both state and federal courts. The Supreme Court of the United States has affirmed that as a private organization, the BSA can set its own membership standards. In recent years, the policy disputes have led to litigation over the terms under which the BSA can access governmental resources including public lands. (5)In certain municipalities, the conditions under which the Boy Scouts of America can access public and nonpublic governmental resources have become controversial, sometimes resulting in litigation. (6)When a private organization such as the BSA receives access on terms more favorable than other private organizations, it is known as "special" or "preferential" access. For example, state and local governments may lease property to nonprofit groups on terms that are preferential to or equal to the terms they offer to commercial groups. Special access includes access at a reduced fee or access to places off-limits to other groups. The categorization of access as "special" or "equal" is not always clear-cut. (7)Some cities, counties, and states have ordinances or policies that limit government support for organizations that practice some types of discrimination. When the BSA's membership policies are contrary to these laws, some government organizations have moved to change the terms under which the BSA is allowed to access its resources. Private individuals have filed lawsuits to prevent governmental entities from granting what they see as preferential access. The BSA on the other hand has sued governmental entities for denying what it sees as equal access. (8)In response to these changes and litigation, the federal government passed laws mandating the BSA's equal access to local and state-level governmental resources. However, state and local governments still have flexibility regarding the provision of special access to the BSA. (9)There also has been opposition to BSA's membership policies, both from organizations and individuals. Some within the Scouting movement, as well as long-time Scouting supporters, parents, chartered organizations, and religious organizations have expressed opposition to the policies in ways ranging from protests to forming organizations that advocate inclusiveness. Some push for a voluntary change within the BSA, others seek involuntary change by filing lawsuits, still others choose to disassociate themselves from the BSA or encourage others to do so. (10)The Unitarian Universalist Association's opposition to the BSA's membership exclusions led to a dispute between the organizations. In 2001, the Union for Reform Judaism's Commission on Social Action, citing a commitment to ending discrimination in all forms, issued a memorandum recommending that congregations stop hosting BSA troops and that parents withdraw their children from all of the Boy Scouts of America's programs. Additionally, the General Synod of the United Church of Christ issued a statement urging the BSA to change policy and stated that, "Discrimination against anyone based on sexual orientation is contrary to our understanding of the teachings of Christ." The Secular Coalition for America has urged Congress to revoke the federal charter of the BSA, stating: "Our government must not entangle itself in religious organizations; nor should it establish, with government imprimatur, a private religious club." (11)There have been numerous efforts to change the BSA's membership policies, but most of them have failed. Thus, the fight will go on and there is a long way to go before a satisfactory result is achieved.

{{B}}SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.{{/B}}

PASSAGE TWO

Industrial buyers are responsible for supplying the goods and services that an organization required for its operations.

I have two boys but none of them likes sweets. Therefore, I never buy candies for them.

English is one of the world's most widely spoken languages. This is partly because it was the language of the British Empire.The empire once controlled so much of the world when it was said【M1】______that the Sun never set on the British Empire. England, the birthplace of English, takes on most of the island【M2】______of Great Britain. It is one of the four land that form the United【M3】______Kingdom. The English that people speak there today is quitediffered from the English that was spoken long ago. If you were【M4】______read a book by Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the early writers of【M5】______English, someone would have to explain it to you what many【M6】______words mean. England has product many famous writers since Chaucer.【M7】______They include such poets as John Milton and Percy Bysshe Shelley and such novelists as Jane Austen and Charles Dickens. England is also known for its theater. That art has remained important since the time of playwright William Shakespeare some 400 years ago. England's Oxford and Cambridge are two of the oldest universitiesin the world. The country' s contributions of classical and folk【M8】______music, as well as to rock and roll, are also important. It's not hard【M9】______to imagine what rock would be like if there hadn't been English performers such as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and DavidBowie. The English also discovered two of the world' s most【M10】______popular sports: football(known as "soccer" in the United States)and cricket.

Study Activities in University In order to help college and university students in the process of learning, four key study activities have been designed and used to encourage them to make knowledge their own.1. essay writing: central focus of university work esp. in thehumanities, e.g.【T1】______【T1】______Benefits: 1)helping to【T2】______ interesting content in books【T2】______and to express understanding2)enabling teachers to know progress and to offer【T3】______【T3】______3)【T4】______ students with exam forms【T4】______2. seminars and classroom discussion: another form to internalize knowledge in specialized contextsBenefits: 1)【T5】______ enables you to know the effectiveness of【T5】______and others' response to your speech immediately2)Within the same period of time, more topics can be dealtwith than in【T6】______【T6】______3)The use of a broader range of knowledge is encouraged3. individual tutorials: a substitute for group discussionFormat: from teacher【T7】______ to flexible conversation【T7】______Benefit: encouraging acceptance of【T8】______ and producing interaction【T8】______4. lectures: a most【T9】______ used study activity【T9】______Disadvantages: 1)less【T10】______ than discussions or tutorials【T10】______2)more demanding in【T11】______【T11】______Advantages: 1)providing a general【T12】______ of a subject【T12】______under discussion2)offering more easily【T13】______ versions of a theory【T13】______3)updating students on【T14】______ developments【T14】______4)allowing students to follow different【T15】______【T15】______

When it is time to say good-bye to their pets, owners can bury their pets in a respectful pet cemetery.

我曾经因为有几个大学生登山迷途丧生，而访问某位登山专家，其中一个问题是：“如果我们在半山腰，突然遇到大雨，应该怎么办?” 登山专家说：“你应该向山顶走。”“为什么不往山下跑?山上风雨不是更大吗?”我怀疑地问。“往山顶走，固然风雨可能更大，却不足以威胁你的生命。至于向山下跑，看来风雨小些，似乎比较安全，但可能遇到爆发的山洪而被活活淹死。”登山专家严肃地说，“对于风雨，逃避它，你只有被卷入洪流；迎向它，你却能获得生存!”除了登山，在人生的战场上，不也是如此吗?

由小学到中学，所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。就是大学四年，所授课业也还是相当粗浅的学识。世人常称大学为“最高学府”，这名称易滋误解，好像过此以上即无学问可言。大学的研究所才是初步研究学问的所在，在这里做学问也只能算是初涉藩篱，注重的是研究学问的方法与实习。学无止境，一生的时间都嫌太短，所以古人皓首穷经，头发白了还是在继续研究，不过在这样的研究中确是有浓厚的趣味。

嘿，小伙子，千万别灰心。

There are two basic sorts of visual perspective—aerial perspective and linear perspective. Aerial perspective—and "aerial" just means "air" or "【T1】 1", not your view from an airplane! —aerial perspective is the way that the atmosphere affects【T2】 2, especially distant things. I won't try to go into the laws of physics that are involved here, but it is aerial perspective that makes a mountain in the distance appear to be a different color, that makes it seem hazier—less distinct—than closer objects. These are effects that【T3】 3 attempt to reproduce carefully. And impressionists also use it to create their own special effects. Just think of many of Turner's landscapes—or cityscapes like his "Dido Building Carthage"—to get an idea of how the air can affect what we see. The other perspective, linear perspective, is the way that things seem to get smaller the farther away they get. A classic example of this is the way we perceive【T4】 4or a line of telephone poles running away from us. They seem to get smaller and smaller as they recede—until they vanish in a point on the horizon—and this point is appropriately called "【T5】 5". This effect happens whenever there are【T6】 6, like the two train tracks, or the tops and bottoms of the telephone poles. There are two basic sorts of visual perspective—aerial perspective and linear perspective. Aerial perspective—and "aerial" just means "air" or "【T1】 7", not your view from an airplane! —aerial perspective is the way that the atmosphere affects【T2】 8, especially distant things. I won't try to go into the laws of physics that are involved here, but it is aerial perspective that makes a mountain in the distance appear to be a different color, that makes it seem hazier—less distinct—than closer objects. These are effects that【T3】 9 attempt to reproduce carefully. And impressionists also use it to create their own special effects. Just think of many of Turner's landscapes—or cityscapes like his "Dido Building Carthage"—to get an idea of how the air can affect what we see. The other perspective, linear perspective, is the way that things seem to get smaller the farther away they get. A classic example of this is the way we perceive【T4】 10or a line of telephone poles running away from us. They seem to get smaller and smaller as they recede—until they vanish in a point on the horizon—and this point is appropriately called "【T5】 11". This effect happens whenever there are【T6】 12, like the two train tracks, or the tops and bottoms of the telephone poles. 【T1】

The following two excerpts are about the spread of Chinese traditional culture against the backdrop of globalization and westernization. From the excerpts, you can find the merits of Chinese traditional culture, but there has been doubt about its worth on the contemporary international stage. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 WORDS, in which you should: 1. summarize the different opinions about Chinese traditional culture and western culture, and then 2. express your opinion towards this issue, especially whether the necessity to popularize Chinese traditional culture is justified. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET FOUR. Excerpt 1 There's Nothing New Under the Sun When Henry Kissinger was paying his pioneering visits to China in the early 1970s, the country was in the grip of a campaign to criticize Confucius. But China's own past—the 5,000 years of history of which its leaders often like to remind foreign interlocutors—is a constant presence in its domestic politics and its view of the world. Yet China's recent rise has taken place in a world organized along principles devised elsewhere, by foreign parvenus. For years scholars have struggled to develop a distinctively Chinese theory of international relations. This is almost a matter of national pride: "As a rapidly rising major power, it is unacceptable that China does not have its own theory," one Chinese official said. So attempts to apply precepts devised by ancient Chinese philosophers to the modern world are in vogue. One popular revival is the notion of tianxia, or "all under heaven". This dates back to the golden age of classical Chinese philosophy—of Confucius, Mencius, Laozi and the rest—in the "warring states" period. Instead of relying on force of arms, tianxia had the intention of drawing on its own moral and political example as the central state. It is a Utopian vision of universal harmony, where everybody opts into a system of global government. Tianxia is not advocating a world order led by China, but a system of equality. Nor is there to be compulsion. Tianxia is a voluntary choice. It has, however, made an impression. Some even see its influence in the ideal adopted by China's Communist Party leader of a "harmonious society". Some also heard tianxia echoes in the slogan for the 2008 Beijing Olympics; "One world, one dream". Excerpt 2 The Spread of Western Culture Threatens Local Cultures The aggressive spread of market economics and communication technologies often under the control of Western multinationals brings new challenges to local cultures and values in non-Western societies. Sometimes it seems as if a tidal wave of the worst Western culture is creeping across the globe like a giant strawberry milkshake oozing over the planet, with a flavor that is distinctly sweet, sickly and manifestly homogenous. Suddenly, people all over the non-Westernized regions appear to be imbibing materialistic and individualistic values previously associated with Western culture. One major reason of this is the structural change in the world economy: globalization and the flood of goods dumped in poor countries that are marketed by mass seductive advertising which is obviously superficial but nonetheless successful in creating fresh desires in peoples of traditional societies. Starting in the sixteenth century, Western adventurers made a conscious effort to undermine the cultural heritage of various peoples around the world; this has been accomplished by imposing Western religion and cultural practices on those with a different way of life. Colonialism has paved the way for today's cultural globalization by leaving the colonized in a state of cultural disorientation and consequently vulnerable to continuing cultural invasion. It may sound extreme but academic language studies have proven that as many as 90 percent of the world's languages will disappear in the next century. By far the most important far-reaching effect of cultural globalization is the commercialization of culture. Production and consumption of cultural goods and services have become commodities, along with the essentials of social life, which are the crucibles of cultural creation. As the former chairman of Coca-Cola, Robert Goizueta said; "People around the world are today connected by brand name consumer products as much as by anything else. "

Different Types of LearningI. The definition of learningA. A process of people experiencing relationship between eventsB.【T1】______ of subject's changing behavior【T1】______C. A process of recognizing how【T2】______【T2】______II. Two basic stages of learningA【T3】______: gradual process with trial and error【T3】______B. Maintenance: acting on the new information【T4】______【T4】______III. Four types of learningA Instrumental or【T5】______【T5】______— The common one in dog training— Behavior produces eventwhich can be a(n)【T6】______ or negative experience【T6】______— Dogs【T7】______ when rewarded by the experience【T7】______— Humans get burned when touching a hot stove— Events/consequences change the behaviorB. Classical/respondent【T8】______【T8】______— Learning that things go together— Dogs begin【T9】______ when hearing the bell rings【T9】______— The first form of learning is【T10】______【T10】______— For humans, it's likely to rain when it's cloudyC.【T11】______ learning【T11】______— Also called single event learning— Events are【T12】______【T12】______— Dogs won't perk up ears when hearing an irrelevant noise— People get【T13】______ to noises【T13】______D. Social learning— As a result of being in social groups— Chimpanzees learning how to【T14】______ by watching【T14】______— People learn from others— Frequently occurs in a situation of【T15】______ or being dynamic【T15】______

Social circumstances in Early Modern England mostly served to repress women's voices. Patriarchal culture and institutions constructed them as chaste, silent, obedient, and subordinate. At the beginning of the 17th century, the ideology of patriarchy, political absolutism, and gender hierarchy were reaffirmed powerfully by King James in The Trew Law of Free Monarchie and the Basilikon Doron; by that ideology the absolute power of God the supreme patriarch was seen to be imaged in the absolute monarch of the state and in the husband and father of a family. Accordingly, a woman's subjection, first to her father and then to her husband, imaged the subjection of English people to their monarch, and of all Christians to God. Also, the period saw an outpouring of repressive or overtly misogynist sermons, tracts, and plays, detailing women's physical and mental defects, spiritual evils, rebelliousness, shrewishness, and natural inferiority to men. Yet some social and cultural conditions served to empower women. During the Elizabethan era (1558—1603) the culture was dominated by a powerful Queen, who provided an impressive female example though she left scant cultural space for other women. Elizabethan women writers began to produce original texts but were occupied chiefly with translation. In the 17th century, however, various circumstances enabled women to write original texts in some numbers. For one thing, some counterweight to patriarchy was provided by female communities—mothers and daughters, extended kinship networks, close female friends, the separate court of Queen Anne (King James' consort) and her often oppositional masques and political activities. For another, most of these women had a reasonably good education (modern languages, history, literature, religion, music, occasionally Latin) and some apparently found in romances and histories more expansive terms for imagining women's lives. Also, representation of vigorous and rebellious female characters in literature and especially on the stage no doubt helped to undermine any monolithic social construct of women's nature and role. Most important, perhaps, was the radical potential inherent in the Protestant insistence on every Christian's immediate relationship with God and primary responsibility to follow his or her individual conscience. There is plenty of support in St Paul's epistles and elsewhere in the Bible for patriarchy and a wife's subjection to her husband, but some texts (notably Galatians 3:28) inscribe a very different politics, promoting women's spiritual equality: "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Jesus Christ. "Such texts encouraged some women to claim the support of God the supreme patriarch against the various earthly patriarchs who claimed to stand toward them in his stead. There is also the gap or slippage between ideology and common experience. English women throughout the 17th century exercised a good deal of accrual power: as managers of estates in their husbands' absences at court or on military and diplomatic missions; as members of guilds; as wives and mothers who apex during the English Civil War and Interregnum (1640—1660), as the execution of the King and the attendant disruption of social hierarchies led many women to seize new roles—as preachers, as prophetesses, as deputies for exiled royalist husbands, as writers of religious and political tracts.

花虽然多，但没有奇花异草。珍贵的花草不易养活，看着一棵好花生病要死是件难过的事。北京的气候，对养花来说，不算很好。冬天冷，春天多风，夏天不是干旱就是大雨倾盆；秋天最好，可是忽然会闹霜冻。在这种气候里，想把南方的好花养活，我还没有那么大的本事。因此，我只养些好种易活、自己会奋斗的花草。 不过，尽管花草自己会奋斗，我若置之不理，任其自生自灭，它们多数还是会死了的。我得天天照管它们，像好朋友似的关切它们。一来二去，我摸着一些门道：有的喜阴，就别放在太阳地里；有的喜干，就别多浇水。这是个乐趣，摸住门道，花草养活了，而且三年五载老活着、开花，多么有意思啊!不是乱吹，这就是知识啊!多得些知识，一定不是坏事。

云有云的地方性：中国北部的云厚重，人也同样那么厚重。南部的云活泼，人也同样那么活泼。海边的云幻异，渤海和南海的云又各不相同，正如两处海边的人性情不同。河南、河北的云一片黄，抓一把下来似乎就可以做窝窝头，云粗中有细，人亦粗中有细。湖南的云一片灰，长年挂在天空，无性格可言，然而橘子、辣子就在这种地方大量产生，在这种天气下成熟，给湖南人增加了生命的发展性和进取精神。